Article(id=1266471409183244738, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, issueId=1266471145588019694, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11884/HPLPB202638.250403, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1761926400000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-01, revisedDate=1767801600000, revisedDateStr=2026-01-08, acceptedDate=1767801600000, acceptedDateStr=2026-01-08, onlineDate=1779879913850, onlineDateStr=2026-05-27, pubDate=1776182400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1779879913850, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1779879913850, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1779879913850, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1266471145588019694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, year='2026', volume='38', issue='4', pageStart='041001-1', pageEnd='049003-11', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1779879851004, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1779879869427, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1266471222939374548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, issueId=1266471145588019694, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1266471222943568853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, issueId=1266471145588019694, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=042002-1, endPage=042002-7, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1266471411146179012, articleId=1266471409183244738, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, language=EN, title=Research status of doped low-density polymer foams for inertial confinement fusion, columnId=1266471321748783145, journalTitle=High Power Laser and Particle Beams, columnName=Inertial Confinement Fusion Physics and Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This paper focuses on the element doping technology of low-density polymer foams for inertial confinement fusion (ICF) experiments and summarizes their research status and development trends. As key target materials for ICF, low-density polymer foams can optimize radiation transport, suppress hydrodynamic instability, and achieve diagnostic functions by introducing doping elements such as chlorine, argon, and germanium. The paper systematically analyzes the principles, advantages, disadvantages, and application bottlenecks of two major types of doping technologies: physical doping (particle dispersion, physical vapor deposition) and chemical doping (copolymerization, monomer functionalization, polymer substitution), with an emphasis on core issues such as uniformity control and doping precision. Finally, it discusses cutting-edge directions including composite doping, two-photon polymerization, and ion implantation, providing technical references for the high-performance and precise preparation of ICF target materials and facilitating the development of high-repetition-rate ICF experiments.

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在惯性约束聚变(ICF)实验中,可通过在低密度聚合物泡沫中引入氯、氩、锗、铜等元素来调控辐射不透明度、改善流体力学稳定性及实现温度、密度示踪诊断。本文综述了掺杂聚合物泡沫的制备研究现状,分析了当前掺杂过程中存在的问题,并展望了未来面向高重复频率、高掺杂精度需求的技术发展趋势。该综述可为ICF实验靶材料的设计与制备提供参考。

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张海军,
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石宝龙,

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惯性约束聚变用低密度聚合物泡沫掺杂研究现状
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石宝龙 , 周秀文 , 晏良宏 , 王维仁 , 张海军
强激光与粒子束 | 惯性约束聚变物理与技术 2026,38(4): 042002-1-042002-7
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强激光与粒子束 | 惯性约束聚变物理与技术 2026, 38(4): 042002-1-042002-7
惯性约束聚变用低密度聚合物泡沫掺杂研究现状
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石宝龙 , 周秀文, 晏良宏, 王维仁, 张海军
作者信息
  • 中国工程物理研究院 激光聚变研究中心,四川 绵阳 621900

通讯作者:

张海军,
Research status of doped low-density polymer foams for inertial confinement fusion
Baolong Shi , Xiuwen Zhou, Lianghong Yan, Weiren Wang, Haijun Zhang
Affiliations
  • Laser Fusion Research Center, CAEP, Mianyang 621900, China
出版时间: 2026-04-15 doi: 10.11884/HPLPB202638.250403
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在惯性约束聚变(ICF)实验中,可通过在低密度聚合物泡沫中引入氯、氩、锗、铜等元素来调控辐射不透明度、改善流体力学稳定性及实现温度、密度示踪诊断。本文综述了掺杂聚合物泡沫的制备研究现状,分析了当前掺杂过程中存在的问题,并展望了未来面向高重复频率、高掺杂精度需求的技术发展趋势。该综述可为ICF实验靶材料的设计与制备提供参考。

惯性约束聚变  /  靶材  /  聚合物泡沫  /  元素掺杂  /  均匀性

This paper focuses on the element doping technology of low-density polymer foams for inertial confinement fusion (ICF) experiments and summarizes their research status and development trends. As key target materials for ICF, low-density polymer foams can optimize radiation transport, suppress hydrodynamic instability, and achieve diagnostic functions by introducing doping elements such as chlorine, argon, and germanium. The paper systematically analyzes the principles, advantages, disadvantages, and application bottlenecks of two major types of doping technologies: physical doping (particle dispersion, physical vapor deposition) and chemical doping (copolymerization, monomer functionalization, polymer substitution), with an emphasis on core issues such as uniformity control and doping precision. Finally, it discusses cutting-edge directions including composite doping, two-photon polymerization, and ion implantation, providing technical references for the high-performance and precise preparation of ICF target materials and facilitating the development of high-repetition-rate ICF experiments.

inertial confinement fusion (ICF)  /  target material  /  polymer foam  /  element doping  /  uniformity
石宝龙, 周秀文, 晏良宏, 王维仁, 张海军. 惯性约束聚变用低密度聚合物泡沫掺杂研究现状. 强激光与粒子束, 2026 , 38 (4) : 042002-1 -042002-7 . DOI: 10.11884/HPLPB202638.250403
Baolong Shi, Xiuwen Zhou, Lianghong Yan, Weiren Wang, Haijun Zhang. Research status of doped low-density polymer foams for inertial confinement fusion[J]. High Power Laser and Particle Beams, 2026 , 38 (4) : 042002-1 -042002-7 . DOI: 10.11884/HPLPB202638.250403
在惯性约束聚变(ICF)实验中,低密度聚合物泡沫(<50 mg/cm3)因具有高孔隙率、低密度和可控的微观结构等特性,被广泛用作靶材料,如填充介质、燃料支撑层及诊断载体[1-5]。为进一步优化靶材料的辐射输运性能、抑制流体力学不稳定性或实现温度、密度示踪诊断,需向聚合物泡沫中引入氯、碘、铜、铁、钛、锗等掺杂元素[2,4-11]。其中,氩、氯等低Z元素在靶材被压缩形成等离子体时,会发射特征X射线谱线,而谱线的强度、波长等参数与等离子体温度、密度强相关,通过分析谱线即可反推等离子体状态[12-13];锗作为高Z元素,能够调整磁化套筒的径向辐射温度,减小磁场能斯特对流速度,进而减少燃料边界磁通损失,搭配碳氢(CH)掺杂还可平衡辐射损失与燃烧效率,最终实现聚变产额的提升[14-16];铜的原子序数适中,光谱特征易与其他元素区分,将其制成成分渐变壳层后,可通过监测其光谱分布,追踪靶材壳层与燃料的混合过程[17];钛、铁等中高Z元素则可用于诊断靶丸压缩状态,在靶丸被高压压缩过程中,钛会产生发射光谱,铁会产生吸收光谱,通过分析这些光谱的相关参数,便能判断靶丸的压缩程度和状态[18];碘作为高Z掺杂元素,可改变靶丸烧蚀前沿的密度梯度,并借助自身质量和惯性为靶体界面提供额外阻尼,从而抑制流体力学不稳定性[19]
聚合物泡沫掺杂需要解决的关键问题包括掺杂量的精确添加(原子分数通常为1%~3%)[20]、元素分布的均匀性控制、微观结构(低密度、高孔隙率)稳定性及力学性能(可加工性)的保持或提升[1-3]。目前,ICF实验中使用的低密度聚合物基质主要包括聚-4-甲基-1-戊烯(PMP)、聚苯乙烯(PS)、聚双环戊二烯(PDCPD)及聚二乙烯基苯(DVB)等[6,21-28]
从掺杂剂与聚合物基质的相互作用本质来看,现有制备技术可划分为物理掺杂与化学掺杂两大类,两类技术在原理、性能与适用场景上存在显著差异。物理掺杂的核心优势在于操作简便、元素选择灵活,但需解决颗粒沉降与团聚问题;化学掺杂通过共价键或配位键将掺杂元素引入聚合物分子链,稳定性远优于物理掺杂,但合成难度较高且元素选择受限于化学反应活性。本文通过系统梳理近年来各类掺杂聚合物泡沫的制备方法、最优参数及性能优劣,总结了当前两类掺杂技术面临的瓶颈(物理掺杂均匀性不足、化学掺杂合成效率低、泡沫激光耐受性差)及未来的发展趋势,为高性能靶材料的开发提供技术参考。
物理掺杂是通过物理手段,如机械混合(颗粒分散)或气相沉积将掺杂剂引入聚合物泡沫中,不改变聚合物的化学结构。该技术的核心优势是操作简单、掺杂元素选择范围广,但存在两大问题:一是均匀性难于精准控制,物理掺杂的掺杂剂与聚合物基质无化学键结合,容易出现团聚或沉降,即使通过工艺优化实现初始均匀分布,在后续工艺中(如干燥、切割),仍可能因热运动或外力作用下出现掺杂剂迁移(如颗粒沉降、气相掺杂剂脱附),稳定性远低于化学掺杂;二是掺杂量的高精度调控难度大,物理掺杂的掺杂量主要依赖颗粒添加量、吸附时间等宏观参数控制,难以实现高精度调控(如原子分数0.1%以下的微量掺杂或掺杂量的准控制)。物理掺杂主要包括颗粒分散掺杂技术和(物理)气相沉积掺杂技术两种方法。
颗粒分散掺杂是将纳米/微米级掺杂剂颗粒(如Au、W、SnO2)混入聚合物前驱体(单体溶液、凝胶等),前驱体经聚合和干燥形成低密度泡沫。该方法是最常用的物理掺杂方式,其核心难点在于颗粒团聚与沉降控制——高表面能的纳米/微米颗粒易因范德华力聚集形成大尺寸团聚体,且高密度颗粒(如W)与低密度前驱体(如PMP溶液)存在显著密度差,易在制备过程中沉降,导致泡沫内掺杂元素分布不均。针对颗粒团聚与沉降问题,目前已形成四类较成熟的解决方案,分为直接分散、表面改性法、粘度调控法和共同凝胶法,其原理如图1所示。
直接分散法:通过超声振动或机械搅拌等外力打破颗粒团聚体,将颗粒直接混入单体溶液。该方法工艺最简单,适用于低掺杂浓度泡沫制备,但无法适用于高浓度、高密度颗粒掺杂。Steckle等[29]将85 nm Au颗粒(原子分数2.0%)超声分散到苯乙烯-DVB乳液中,成功制备出密度为30.0 mg/cm3的Au掺杂聚苯乙烯泡沫,Au颗粒分布均匀性达90%,满足低浓度掺杂实验需求。当原子分数大于5.0%,外力分散不足以对抗颗粒间的团聚时,仍然会出现尺寸>1 μm的掺杂颗粒团聚问题;当颗粒与前驱体密度差大于5.0 mg/cm3时,沉降率大于15%。
表面改性法:通过硫醇(如丁二酸硫醇)和聚合物分散剂(如聚[4-乙烯基苯酚],PVP)等修饰颗粒表面,降低颗粒表面能并增强其与聚合物基质的相容性以抑制团聚。方瑜等[30]采用丁二酸硫醇包覆Au纳米颗粒,使Au颗粒在HIPE水相中实现无明显团聚的均匀分散;刘小林等[31]采用PVP调控Au颗粒在DVB乳液中的分散,有效地减少了团聚现象。该方法虽然能显著提升颗粒分散稳定性,但表面改性剂的选择需与聚合物基质匹配(如PVP仅适用于苯乙烯类单体),且改性过程可能会引入微量杂质,对部分高精度诊断实验(如离子输运测量)存在潜在干扰。
粘度调控法:通过添加增稠剂(如超高分子量聚乙烯,UHWPE)提高前驱体粘度,利用粘稠体系的阻力抑制颗粒沉降。张庆军等[20]在W掺杂PMP泡沫制备中,添加质量分数25%的UHWPE,使PMP溶液粘度从17 mPa/s提升至20.1 mPa/s,不仅实现W颗粒在泡沫体内的均匀分布,还将W掺杂质量分数最高提升至60%,解决了高密度W颗粒的沉降难题,但需平衡溶胶粘度与泡沫微观结构性能。
共同凝胶法:将易溶于溶剂的掺杂剂(如六溴苯)与聚合物(如PMP)共同溶解后形成凝胶,利用分子级溶解状态避免颗粒团聚与沉降。尹强[32]采用该方法制备Br掺杂的PMP泡沫,六溴苯与PMP在溶剂中完全溶解,凝胶干燥后Br元素均匀分布,较完美地解决了传统颗粒掺杂的均匀性问题。但该方法仅适用于可溶性掺杂剂,对Au、W等不溶性金属颗粒无效,适用范围受限。
尽管上述颗粒分散掺杂方法有效地解决了低密度泡沫柱掺杂的部分问题,但仍存在两大核心局限:一是高浓度掺杂均匀性瓶颈,当原子分数过高时,即使结合表面改性与粘度调控,仍可能出现局部团聚(如Au颗粒在原子分数5.0%以上时团聚率回升[29]);二是工艺兼容性不足,粘度调控、表面改性等优化手段可能与特定泡沫的制备工艺冲突(如高粘度不利于微球泡沫成型),需针对不同泡沫基质(PMP、PS、DVB等)开发定制化方案。
物理气相沉积掺杂是将易挥发掺杂剂(如I2和Br2)以气相形式引入聚合物泡沫,通过物理吸附附着在泡沫骨架表面,如图2所示。该方法主要用于卤素元素掺杂,其难点在于掺杂均匀性存在空间梯度问题——泡沫的高比表面积虽有利于吸附掺杂剂,但掺杂剂蒸气的扩散依赖浓度梯度,易导致“表面富集、内部匮乏”。泡沫表层因直接接触蒸气而快速达到饱和吸附,内部则因扩散阻力大,掺杂量远低于表层;尤其当泡沫厚度>1 mm时,内外掺杂量差异可达3~5倍,无法满足厚泡沫靶材(如ICF靶丸外壳,厚度常为1~2 mm)的均匀掺杂需求。
目前,主要通过工艺参数优化提升气相沉积掺杂的均匀性。一是控制掺杂温度与时间,在低温(如25 ℃)下,延长吸附时间(如24 h),减缓表层吸附速率,为内部扩散提供更充足时间;二是采用“分步吸附-脱附”循环,通过多次吸附与轻度脱附,平衡表层与内部的掺杂量。Kim等[2]采用25 ℃下I2蒸气吸附聚双环戊二烯(PDCPD)气凝胶24 h,使I元素原子分数达1.9%。该方法的厚度适配性较差,仅适用于薄膜状泡沫(厚度<1 mm),厚泡沫的内部掺杂量仍显著不足;另外,该方法的掺杂稳定性较低,气相吸附的掺杂剂仅通过分子间作用力附着在骨架表面,在高温或激光辐照下易脱附流失,导致实验过程中掺杂浓度下降,影响辐射诊断的准确性。
化学掺杂是通过化学反应将掺杂元素以共价键或配位键形式引入聚合物分子结构中,可实现掺杂剂的原子级均匀分布,稳定性远优于物理掺杂。化学掺杂的技术难点为元素兼容性存在局限、掺杂量难以精准控制和热稳定性与杂质残留矛盾。针对上述难点,研究人员通过工艺优化与技术创新,形成了共聚掺杂、单体功能化掺杂及聚合物取代掺杂三类方案,图3为三种掺杂方式原理示意图(图中涉及物质仅作举例说明使用,不代表实际应用)。
化学掺杂反应过程中掺杂单体易发生团聚或副反应(如自由基捕获),导致实际掺杂量与理论值偏差较大。含金属的功能单体在共聚时,部分金属离子可能与引发剂结合,降低有效掺杂效率,需反复调试反应参数以缩小偏差。通过设计含掺杂元素的功能性单体(如含Au、Sn的苯乙烯衍生物),与主体单体(如DVB、DCPD)通过特定聚合反应(自由基聚合、ROMP)形成共聚物,利用化学键束缚实现掺杂元素的分子级分散,同时通过控制功能性单体比例精准调控掺杂量。
自由基共聚适用于苯乙烯类体系,Croix等[10]合成含Au的苯乙烯衍生物(p-乙烯基苯基三乙基膦金),并将其与DVB在60 ℃下共聚,制备出Au掺杂DVB泡沫,泡沫中Au含量达31.0%,且无明显团聚,满足高浓度掺杂需求。ROMP共聚(开环易位聚合)适用于环烯烃类单体,如图4所示。Kim等[2]采用ROMP法将含Sn的降冰片烯单体(NB-Sn)与双环戊二烯(DCPD)共聚,借助第一代Grubbs催化剂调控反应速率,使Sn原子分数精准控制在0.068%(理论值0.07%),偏差小于3%,泡沫收缩率小于2%,解决了低浓度精准掺杂难题。
掺杂元素需能通过化学反应(如配位、取代)与聚合物分子链结合,但仅有活泼金属(如Au、Sn)或卤族元素(Cl、Br、I)可满足反应条件,高原子序数元素(如W、Pt)因化学惰性难以接入分子链。在单体合成阶段,可通过亲电取代(如苯环溴代)或配位反应,将掺杂元素直接引入单体分子结构(如制备含Ge的苯乙烯单体Ge-St),再进行聚合发泡,避免后续掺杂时元素与聚合物的反应惰性问题。黄传群等[33]利用三甲基溴化锗和对溴代苯乙烯制备Ge-St单体,聚合后Ge原子分数达2.6%(理论值3.6%),成功将Ge元素(传统化学掺杂难兼容元素)引入聚合物链,泡沫密度可在32~74 mg/cm3范围内调控,满足不同实验对靶材料密度的需求,拓展了化学掺杂的元素适用范围。
为实现高效反应,常需使用强氧化剂(如三氟乙酰氧基次碘酸)或催化剂(如SnCl4),氧化剂或催化剂易在聚合物骨架中残留,高温下(如ICF实验中的激光加热环境)易引发掺杂元素脱离,残留杂质可能干扰等离子体诊断信号。通过选择反应活性较高的聚合物骨架(如PS、PMP等),采用温和反应条件(如室温、弱催化剂)进行卤代或磺化反应,可以减少氧化或催化试剂使用,同时通过后续清洗工艺(如溶剂萃取)去除残留杂质,可以提升热稳定性。尹强等[34]在光照条件下,将液溴与PMP的四氯化碳溶液反应,通过烷烃氢原子的亲电取代引入Br原子,制备的Br掺杂PMP泡沫在150 ℃以下稳定,Br原子分数可达7.79%,泡沫中无明显杂质残留。Overturf等[12]采用三氟乙酰氧基次碘酸(CF3COOI)为碘代试剂,在室温下对PS进行15 h自由基链式碘代,I原子分数可控在0.1~0.9%;反应条件温和,避免了高温对聚合物结构的破坏,同时通过乙醇清洗去除残留试剂,降低对诊断信号的干扰。
三种掺杂方案有效改善了化学掺杂性能,但仍存在一些问题限制了化学掺杂泡沫在ICF实验中的应用。一是合成效率低,难以规模化:功能性单体(如含Sn的NB-Sn)合成需多步反应(如单体修饰、纯化),周期长达数周,如ROMP共聚等反应需特定催化剂(如Grubbs催化剂),且反应速率慢(单次反应需24~48 h),无法满足高重复频率实验对靶材料的批量需求;二是低密度泡沫高温稳定性仍不足,虽通过温和反应提升了常温稳定性,但在ICF实验的极端高温环境中,部分掺杂元素仍会脱离。
尽管当前聚合物泡沫掺杂技术已取得显著进展,但在HEDP实验的高精度、高稳定性需求下,需要进一步发展物理或化学泡沫掺杂技术以解决高均匀性、宽元素范围的掺杂、同一泡沫中实现梯度掺杂量和泡沫中实现定点局部掺杂等。针对这些问题,国内外已有初步研究进展。
单一掺杂方式难以同时满足“高均匀性”与“宽元素范围”的需求,而复合掺杂(如“化学掺杂+物理掺杂”)可实现优势互补,拓展掺杂体系的应用场景。先通过化学掺杂引入原子级掺杂剂(如Sn),再通过物理掺杂引入颗粒级掺杂剂(如Au),形成“分子-颗粒”双掺杂体系。Moreau等[35]在ICF靶丸制备中,先将含Sn的单体与DVB共聚(Sn原子分数0.1%),再超声分散Au颗粒(质量分数1.0%)。在双掺杂泡沫中,Sn实现分子级分散(均匀性大于98%),Au颗粒团聚率小于5%。该靶丸在激光驱动下可同时实现等离子体温度诊断(Sn的Kn线)与界面成像(Au的M壳层辐射),靶丸的功能集成度显著提升。本课题组的王朝阳[36]等曾将含ZIF-67结构的碳气凝胶微球与Te粉在氮气-氩气环境中进行反应,使得碳气凝胶表面生长CoTe2纳米颗粒的同时在气凝胶内部引入N元素,这种复合掺杂手段为有机泡沫的掺杂提供了参考。
双光子聚合技术(2PP)在制备低密度泡沫方面具有精度高、密度控制灵活和可分层等多种优势。使用商业化的2PP系统和丙烯酸光敏树脂,可以打印多种靶标结构,包括管状结构、具有空间周期性的类瑞利-泰勒表面结构和低密度泡沫结构。Jiang等[37]利用2PP系统制备出具有垂直密度梯度的分级密度泡沫,包含12个单独的层,密度从600 mg/cm3降至80 mg/cm3,如图5所示[37]。利用该技术进行双组分打印,利用每层不同组分配比,有望实现高效高精度制备不同掺杂浓度超轻聚合物泡沫。本所卫来[38]等曾将膨胀石墨(EG)分散在改性聚硅氧烷树脂中,并通过紫外-热场复助直写技术成功打印出具有悬挂特征的各种蜂窝结构,为双组分2PP打印制备提供一定技术参考。
离子束注入掺杂的原理是利用高能离子穿透泡沫孔隙并与聚合物骨架碰撞,最终使离子以小尺寸颗粒的形式停留在指定深度(由离子能量决定),形成窄分布的掺杂层,该技术有希望实现对低密度泡沫的精准局部掺杂。Hund等[39]将该技术用于SiO2气凝胶的掺杂,通过控制离子剂量,实现了Au掺杂的深度分布范围控制。在SiO2气凝胶中,注入的Au元素以单原子或小团簇(<5 nm)形式存在,无明显团聚。如图6所示[39],SiO2掺杂区域存在明显边界,故对掺杂元素的范围精准控制具备可行性。Shin[40]等利用该技术对GDP胶囊进行氙掺杂,通过提高注入剂量可提高掺杂元素的留存率,但辐射损失会导致胶囊的变形。该方法也可制备梯度掺杂泡沫,满足ICF靶丸的分层诊断需求。离子束注入掺杂技术的另一个优势在于无团聚与污染,离子注入直接将原子级掺杂剂引入泡沫,避免颗粒团聚问题,且无溶剂残留。该技术的缺点为设备成本高,且高剂量注入可能破坏泡沫结构,只能适用于小尺寸靶材。
本文系统综述了惯性约束聚变(ICF)实验中低密度聚合物泡沫掺杂的研究现状,从物理掺杂与化学掺杂两大技术路径,剖析了各类掺杂技术的原理、优点、缺点以及未来的发展方向。分析认为,随着物理掺杂与化学掺杂的成熟与融合,有望突破“高均匀性-宽元素范围”协同调控,满足ICF实验对多元素精准掺杂的需求;实现掺杂量的空间梯度与局部定点控制,为ICF靶丸分层诊断提供关键材料支撑;提升泡沫的高温稳定性与批量制备效率,满足高重复频率实验的靶材供应需求,推动ICF领域靶材料设计与制备技术的发展。
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2026年第38卷第4期
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doi: 10.11884/HPLPB202638.250403
  • 接收时间:2025-11-01
  • 首发时间:2026-05-27
  • 出版时间:2026-04-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-11-01
  • 修回日期:2026-01-08
  • 录用日期:2026-01-08
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    中国工程物理研究院 激光聚变研究中心,四川 绵阳 621900

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张海军,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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