Article(id=1266471373078675774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, issueId=1266471145588019694, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11884/HPLPB202638.250270, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1756137600000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-26, revisedDate=1767456000000, revisedDateStr=2026-01-04, acceptedDate=1767456000000, acceptedDateStr=2026-01-04, onlineDate=1779879905241, onlineDateStr=2026-05-27, pubDate=1776182400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1779879905241, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1779879905241, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1779879905241, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1266471145588019694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, year='2026', volume='38', issue='4', pageStart='041001-1', pageEnd='049003-11', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1779879851004, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1779879869427, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1266471222939374548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, issueId=1266471145588019694, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1266471222943568853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, issueId=1266471145588019694, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=041003-1, endPage=041003-6, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1266471375502983488, articleId=1266471373078675774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, language=EN, title=Metallization and sealing technology of quartz vacuum window film, columnId=1266471245458591845, journalTitle=High Power Laser and Particle Beams, columnName=High Power Laser Physics and Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Background

Although quartz exhibits excellent light transmittance, the significant difference in thermal expansion coefficients between quartz and metal sealing materials has long been a critical technical bottleneck, leading to interface stress concentration and vacuum sealing failures in low-leakage quartz windows.

Purpose

This study addresses the urgent demand for ultra-high vacuum precision optical systems by conducting systematic research on sealing technologies for high-performance quartz vacuum windows.

Methods

To overcome this challenge, this paper innovatively proposes using magnetron sputtering technology to sequentially deposit a Ti/Mo/Cu/Ag multilayer film system on the quartz welding surface, thereby creating a gradient functional metallization layer with thermal stress buffering capability that achieves effective surface metallization.

Results

Scanning electron microscopy observations revealed continuous, dense, and structurally uniform film layers. Nanoindentation experiments further demonstrated a bonding strength of approximately 3.83 N between the metallized layer and quartz substrate, indicating robust adhesion. Experimental results show that vacuum window components fabricated using this metallization scheme achieve leakage rates below 1012 Pa·L/s.

Conclusions

This achievement has broad applications in synchrotron radiation, quantum measurement, and space exploration, providing crucial technical support for the development of high-performance vacuum devices.

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面向超高真空精密光学系统的迫切需求,对高性能石英真空窗的封接技术展开系统性研究。石英虽具备优异透光性,但其与金属封接时因热膨胀系数差异较大导致的界面应力集中与真空密封失效,一直是制约低漏率石英真空窗制备的关键技术瓶颈。针对这一难题,提出采用磁控溅射技术在石英焊接面依次沉积Ti/Mo/Cu/Ag多层膜系,构建具有热应力缓冲能力的梯度功能金属化层,实现了石英表面的有效金属化。扫描电镜观察表明,所制备膜层连续致密、结构均匀;纳米压痕实验进一步测得金属化层与石英基底的结合强度约为3.83 N,表明膜层附着牢固可靠。实验结果表明:基于该金属化方案所制备的真空窗口组件,其漏率低于1012 Pa·L/s。该成果可广泛应用于同步辐射、量子测量及空间探测等领域,为高性能真空器件的发展提供关键技术支撑。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
刘鲁伟,
李炜,
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 《强激光与粒子束》编辑部 2026, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=g94tIDKrYp4WNuGeUuYUog==, magXml=Ti9IBqgK/liAQz8FjsDegQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=3HqYB7o/hq68R+JCksH4Dg==, pdfFileSize=7945122, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=NPohHBq6iK5AyXIxAI9xAg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=aJ/82KvBsmJrlFyDMIAnAQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

唐青,

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Physical parameters of materials

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materialhermal expansivity/℃coefficient of heat conduction/(W·m−1·K−1)Young modulus/GPa
quartz glass0.59×10−61.870
Ti10.5×10−62070
Mo5.8×10−695245
Cu19.5×10−69030
Ag22.5×10−610015
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各层材料的物理参数

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materialhermal expansivity/℃coefficient of heat conduction/(W·m−1·K−1)Young modulus/GPa
quartz glass0.59×10−61.870
Ti10.5×10−62070
Mo5.8×10−695245
Cu19.5×10−69030
Ag22.5×10−610015
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石英真空窗薄膜金属化及封接技术研究
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唐青 1 , 刘鲁伟 1, 3 , 李炜 1 , 余强 1 , 孙文通 1 , 王锴 2
强激光与粒子束 | 强激光物理与技术 2026,38(4): 041003-1-041003-6
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强激光与粒子束 | 强激光物理与技术 2026, 38(4): 041003-1-041003-6
石英真空窗薄膜金属化及封接技术研究
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唐青1 , 刘鲁伟1, 3 , 李炜1 , 余强1, 孙文通1, 王锴2
作者信息
  • 1安徽工程大学 集成电路学院,安徽 芜湖 241000
  • 2国防科技大学 电子对抗学院电子制约技术安徽省重点实验室,合肥 230037
  • 3电子科技大学 电子科学与工程学院,成都 611731

通讯作者:

刘鲁伟,
李炜,
Metallization and sealing technology of quartz vacuum window film
Qing Tang1 , Luwei Liu1, 3 , Wei Li1 , Qiang Yu1, Wentong Sun1, Kai Wang2
Affiliations
  • 1School of Integrated Circuits, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu 241000, China
  • 2Key Laboratory of Electronic Restriction Technology, School of Electronic Warfare, National University of Defense Technology, Hefei 230037, China
  • 3School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
出版时间: 2026-04-15 doi: 10.11884/HPLPB202638.250270
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面向超高真空精密光学系统的迫切需求,对高性能石英真空窗的封接技术展开系统性研究。石英虽具备优异透光性,但其与金属封接时因热膨胀系数差异较大导致的界面应力集中与真空密封失效,一直是制约低漏率石英真空窗制备的关键技术瓶颈。针对这一难题,提出采用磁控溅射技术在石英焊接面依次沉积Ti/Mo/Cu/Ag多层膜系,构建具有热应力缓冲能力的梯度功能金属化层,实现了石英表面的有效金属化。扫描电镜观察表明,所制备膜层连续致密、结构均匀;纳米压痕实验进一步测得金属化层与石英基底的结合强度约为3.83 N,表明膜层附着牢固可靠。实验结果表明:基于该金属化方案所制备的真空窗口组件,其漏率低于1012 Pa·L/s。该成果可广泛应用于同步辐射、量子测量及空间探测等领域,为高性能真空器件的发展提供关键技术支撑。

石英  /  真空钎焊  /  磁控溅射  /  真空窗  /  光电子器件
Background

Although quartz exhibits excellent light transmittance, the significant difference in thermal expansion coefficients between quartz and metal sealing materials has long been a critical technical bottleneck, leading to interface stress concentration and vacuum sealing failures in low-leakage quartz windows.

Purpose

This study addresses the urgent demand for ultra-high vacuum precision optical systems by conducting systematic research on sealing technologies for high-performance quartz vacuum windows.

Methods

To overcome this challenge, this paper innovatively proposes using magnetron sputtering technology to sequentially deposit a Ti/Mo/Cu/Ag multilayer film system on the quartz welding surface, thereby creating a gradient functional metallization layer with thermal stress buffering capability that achieves effective surface metallization.

Results

Scanning electron microscopy observations revealed continuous, dense, and structurally uniform film layers. Nanoindentation experiments further demonstrated a bonding strength of approximately 3.83 N between the metallized layer and quartz substrate, indicating robust adhesion. Experimental results show that vacuum window components fabricated using this metallization scheme achieve leakage rates below 1012 Pa·L/s.

Conclusions

This achievement has broad applications in synchrotron radiation, quantum measurement, and space exploration, providing crucial technical support for the development of high-performance vacuum devices.

quartz glass  /  vacuum brazing  /  magnetron sputtering  /  vacuum window  /  optoelectronic devices
唐青, 刘鲁伟, 李炜, 余强, 孙文通, 王锴. 石英真空窗薄膜金属化及封接技术研究. 强激光与粒子束, 2026 , 38 (4) : 041003-1 -041003-6 . DOI: 10.11884/HPLPB202638.250270
Qing Tang, Luwei Liu, Wei Li, Qiang Yu, Wentong Sun, Kai Wang. Metallization and sealing technology of quartz vacuum window film[J]. High Power Laser and Particle Beams, 2026 , 38 (4) : 041003-1 -041003-6 . DOI: 10.11884/HPLPB202638.250270
石英真空窗主要由石英和金属材料真空钎焊封接而成,其作为输出窗口广泛应用在光谱仪[1]、高性能激光器[2]、激光核聚变装置及原子钟等光学系统中,其性能直接影响这些光学系统的透光性、稳定性和使用寿命。真空窗不仅应有良好的光学特性,而且还应具备高硬度、耐腐蚀、耐冲击等特性[3]。石英作为一种良好的透光材料,在还原性气氛中不能长时间承受1000 ℃以上的高温,否则会产生再结晶,使强度下降,以至于发生龟裂。因此,石英的金属化不能采用像陶瓷那样用高温烧结的方法。另外,石英的热膨胀系数较小,仅为0.55×10−6/℃,因此很难找到相匹配的金属材料与之封接。目前常用可伐合金(4J29)与石英进行封接,两者热膨胀系数相差10倍左右,在真空钎焊过程中极易出现漏气、石英炸裂现象[4-5]。因此,如何实现石英与可伐合金之间高可靠、超高气密的封接,一直是该领域的技术难题。
为应对石英与金属封接的技术挑战,目前已发展出多种金属化工艺。高温烧结金属化法[6]虽在陶瓷封装中成熟,但其工艺温度远超石英的耐受极限,易导致石英失透与破裂,故不适用于石英基体。采用Ag-Cu-Ti活性钎料[7]虽可通过界面反应实现直接连接,但反应层厚度与成分难以精确控制,工艺窗口狭窄,且对石英与可伐合金这类高热失配体系,仅依靠界面反应难以有效缓解残余应力,封接气密性难以达到高标准要求。真空蒸镀金属化[8-9]作为常用低温工艺,可在石英表面沉积铬、镍等金属层,但镀层往往附着力较弱、致密性不足,在热循环中易发生界面退化,其典型漏气率约在109 Pa·L/s量级,无法满足航天级等高可靠应用需求。结构优化法[10]虽可将漏气率提升至1010 Pa·L/s量级,但其性能提升受限于金属化层本身的质量,难以实现气密性的数量级突破。磁控溅射金属化技术[11-12]因其沉积效率高、膜层致密且附着力强,近年来在石英表面金属化处理中展现出显著优势,能够为高气密性真空窗封装提供高质量的过渡层。
针对金属化层与石英基体结合强度不足、热应力缓冲能力有限这一核心问题,本文提出一种融合表面处理与梯度结构设计的石英/可伐合金封接新方法[13]。首先,采用磁控溅射技术在石英侧面制备高附着力、高致密度的金属化薄膜,为钎焊提供稳定的过渡界面;其次,在可伐合金外侧引入热膨胀系数更低的钼环,以抑制高温下可伐合金对石英的热应力;最后,通过系统优化真空钎焊工艺,特别是精准调控降温曲线,实现对残余应力的有效管理。本研究旨在通过上述多环节协同优化,实现漏气率低于1012 Pa·L/s量级的超高气密性石英真空窗封接,为高性能石英真空窗的制备提供新的技术参考。
本实验所用石英的尺寸为直径25 mm、厚度3 mm,石英的型号为JGS1。石英侧面与可伐合金进行真空钎焊,因此需要对石英侧面进行金属化。由于石英与金属材料的热膨胀系数等性能差异较大,常规方法的金属化层结合力不高,热稳定性不好,在恶劣条件下会出现针孔、起皮甚至脱落情况。
本文采用斜靶磁控溅射镀膜技术对石英侧面进行金属化处理。磁控溅射是一种物理气相沉积技术,其利用磁场约束电子运动轨迹,以提高等离子体电离效率,使氩离子轰击靶材表面,溅射出的靶材原子在基片表面沉积形成薄膜。该方法具有沉积速率高、膜层质量好等优点,是一种较为理想的石英金属化工艺。
实验中使用的设备为MSP-300B型直流磁控溅射仪,其极限真空度优于6.6×105 Pa,膜层表面不均匀性小于5%。石英样品上表面使用金手指胶带覆盖保护后,均匀放置于设备的圆形样品底座上,如图1所示。溅射过程中,设置底座加热温度为200 ℃,转速为3 r/min,靶材平面与底座平面夹角调整为22°。工艺气体氩气流量控制为40 cm3/min,腔体工作气压维持在0.3 Pa。
石英热膨胀系数的数值,大概是可伐合金热膨胀系数的1/10,因此石英侧面的金属化层不仅要与石英的结合强度高,金属化膜层还应具有一定的应力缓冲的作用,以免与可伐合金钎焊时石英被拉裂。金属钛(Ti)具有很强的金属活性,能够与石英基体形成良好的结合。Ti能够与石英表面的硅氧键结合形成Ti−O键,这种化学键可以显著提高金属化层与石英基体的结合强度[14-15]
本文首先在石英侧面磁控溅射50~100 nm的钛膜,使石英表面形成牢固的金属Ti层。然后在Ti层上镀一定厚度的钼(Mo)层,Mo与Ti 物理性能相近,并且无限固溶,且不生成脆性化合物。为缓解热应力过大问题,在Mo层外磁控溅射微米量级的铜层,如表1所示,由于铜具有较大的热膨胀系数(19.5×10−6/℃)且具有较好的金属延展性能够起到应力缓冲作用。为进一步改善膜层热膨胀系数过度,在铜层表面磁控溅射银层(Ag)。Ag层能够与Cu层形成合金,且不易与电镀的焊接层金属Ni形成脆性合金。最后在Ag层外面电镀6~10 µm的镍层,从而完成石英的金属化。表1为各层材料主要物理参数。
利用扫描电子显微镜对金属化处理后的膜层进行放大表征,结合膜层的形貌观测结果,衡量其表面平整度、致密度等关键质量指标。图2为表面膜层放大1.5万倍的电子形貌图。可以看到膜层致密,表面凹凸不平是由于石英侧面粗糙不平导致。这种粗糙不平有利于真空钎焊时焊料的流淌,可以更好的提高封接的气密性和焊接强度。在测试之前,需要对测试样品喷金处理,目的是增加样品的导电性,减少充电效应对测试结果的影响。
为深入研究磁控溅射金属化层的元素分布及界面结合特征,对其进行了EDS面扫描分析,结果如图3所示。图中不同颜色代表Ag、Cu、Ti等元素的分布情况。可以看出,各元素在膜层内呈现梯度分布并存在相互扩散,表明在沉积过程中发生了界面间的互扩散行为,有利于提高膜层的整体内聚强度及其与石英基底的结合性能。对图3所示区域开展成分定量分析,结果如图4所示。表征数据显示,石英金属化膜层中银(Ag)元素的平均原子分数为62.65%,与预设设计值64.45%相比存在小幅偏差。该偏差源于高温溅射过程中银元素的轻微挥发、磁控溅射炉内温度场的细微波动及测试设备的固有系统误差,处于实验允许的波动区间内,不影响对石英金属化结合性能的后续分析。膜层中部出现明显的Ag富集区域,对应图3中颜色最深的区域,这与采用高功率Ag靶沉积的工艺设计目标契合。同时,Ti元素主要分布于靠近石英基底的界面区域,其原子分数约为0.38%,该分布特征有助于Ti元素与石英基底及金属层发生界面反应,通过形成Ti−O−Si化学键合机制,强化金属化层与石英基底之间的冶金结合强度。
图5为金属化后膜层的照片,其中图5(a)为磁控溅射后最外层Ag膜层的照片,图5(b)为电镀后镍层外表照片;图5(c)为磁控溅射膜层的扫描电镜(SEM)成像结果。由图5(a)图5(b)可知:Ag膜和Ni膜层表面致密,光滑,这可有效保证焊接的气密性。由图5(c)可知金属化膜层比较均匀,从石英基体到金属Ag层最大距离为2.66 µm,膜层部分区域呈现“岛屿”状,“岛屿”的形成是在材料沉积过程中,原子或分子在基底上成核并生长,这种结构的形成与沉积速率、基底温度、原子迁移率等因素有关。当基底表面自由能小于材料沉积材料表面自由能与界面之和时,就会产生“岛屿”。低温形成高密度小岛;高温促进原子扩散,易形成尺寸更大、更稀疏的岛。钛作为底层粘附层,在150~250 ℃温度区间能提升钛原子的表面扩散能力,增强钛与石英基底的结合力,同时避免高温导致钛过度氧化,保障后续膜层的附着稳定性。钼作为过渡层,最佳温度200~300 ℃区间内。钼的熔点高,适度升温可降低薄膜的晶格缺陷密度,促进钼膜的致密化生长,减少孔洞和柱状晶结构,为上层铜膜提供平整的沉积界面。铜和银均为低熔点贵金属,温度过高(超过250 ℃)易导致原子团聚形成岛状结构,破坏薄膜连续性;而100~200 ℃的温度可提升原子迁移率,使铜、银膜生长得更均匀、致密,同时保持优异的导电性。
本文采用的磁控溅射基底温度在200 ℃,为了促进膜层生长可采用阶梯式升温钛层→钼层逐步升温,铜、银层适当降温,适配石英金属化的高温烧结后续工序。
膜层的结合强度是影响接头真空钎焊后气密性的重要因素之一,本文通过纳米压痕实验对磁控溅射后膜层的结合力进行定量分析。由于压痕实验对圆弧形的表面测量误差较大,为此采用平面石英,将石英表面粗糙度处理到与圆形石英侧面相近的粗糙度,然后在相同磁控溅射参数下,制作平面玻璃的金属化膜层,以此来近似量化研究圆弧形表面金属化层的结合力。
通过微小的压头压入金属化膜层的表面,结合分辨率的载荷和位移传感器,可获得材料的力学性质。实验压头为金刚石钻头,压头的初始载荷给定为300 mN,终止载荷为3000 mN,施加载荷线性增加,划痕速率为4 000 μm/min,划痕总长度约为2.4 mm,图6为划痕形貌图,图6为切向力-声发射与划痕长度变化曲线图。
图6为石英金属膜层划痕形貌图,由图可知,随着附加载荷的增加,膜层被划破,露出白色的基底,划痕轨迹并非直线,这跟膜层的粗糙度密切相关,从初始位置到膜层划破点距离长度约为1.5 mm。
图7可知,随着划痕长度的增加,切向力整体呈上升的趋势。由于石英的表面有一定粗糙度,所以会产生走刀现象,导致切向力发生变化,产生多个尖峰,膜层的结合力需要结合形貌图及声发射曲线共同判断。增大切向力时膜层会脱落分离,形成环状鼓包。载荷的增加,曲线会出现突变点,这些突变点对应的力可作为判断膜层结合力的依据。
界面结合强度是决定封接气密性的关键性能指标,图7中AE代表声发射信号,当切向力发生改变会产生声发射信号,信号经过放大器放大,被接受器所接受。当声发射信号产生突变时,表示该点处的切向力发生改变。结合划痕形貌图及声发射曲线,当划痕长度约为1.5 mm处,膜层脱落,露出基底,该处的切向力及声发射信号产生突变,实验测得金属化膜层结合力为3.83 N,结合真空窗制备结果表明该金属化膜层结合力能够有效维持界面在热应力下的稳定性。该发现对于确保石英与金属组件实现高气密性封接这一关键技术目标具有重要参考价值。
真空窗模型如图8所示,主要由石英和可伐合金组成。透明石英的抗压强度可达1 150 MPa,抗拉强度仅为40~50 MPa。其脆性较大,在受到拉伸应力时容易沿解理面开裂[16]。钎焊过程中,可伐合金的热膨胀量大于石英的热膨胀量,很容易把石英拉裂。因此,本文在可伐合金的外面增加一个薄钼环来减小可伐合金高温热膨胀对石英的拉力。钎焊封接时通过对钎焊曲线适当的调整以防止两种材料热应力释放较快引起焊接面不连续而导致石英炸裂的现象。图9为真空钎焊的实物图。
为了测量真空窗漏气率,实验采用氦质谱仪检漏法。首先将氦质谱仪连接到真空腔体上,将整个系统抽至高真空,启动氦质谱仪,进行预热和校准。将检漏仪切换到“检漏”模式。用氦气喷枪,在光学的外部一侧,有顺序、缓慢地吹氦气。重点区域包括:窗口玻璃与金属封接的边缘、安装法兰的密封圈处、焊缝等。同时密切观察检漏仪示数。当气枪吹到某个特定位置时,检漏仪的漏率读数显著、快速地上升,说明该处存在漏点。实验测得石英真空窗的漏气率小于1×10−12 Pa·L/s,测试结果如图10所示。
本研究聚焦超高真空精密光学系统对低漏率石英真空窗的迫切需求,针对石英与金属封接时热膨胀系数差异大引发的应力集中、密封失效核心瓶颈展开系统性研究,为高性能真空器件研发提供关键技术支撑。研究创新性采用斜靶磁控溅射技术,搭配后续电镀工艺实现石英侧面金属化,构建Ti/Mo/Cu/Ag多层梯度功能金属化层,各膜层分工明确、协同作用:Ti层与石英形成Ti−O键强化结合,Mo层保障层间兼容性,微米级Cu层凭借高延展性缓冲热应力,Ag层优化热膨胀过渡,外层电镀6~10 μm Ni层完善金属化效果。同时,设计外加钼环结构削弱可伐合金高温热膨胀对石英的拉力,优化钎焊降温曲线减缓热应力释放,进一步提升封接稳定性。实验所用磁控溅射设备极限真空度小于等于6.6×105 Pa,膜层表面不均匀度小于5%,工艺参数精准可控。
实验检测结果表明,制备的金属化膜层连续致密、结构均匀,元素分布相互渗透无明显缺陷,经纳米压痕实验测得膜层与石英基底结合强度约3.83 N,附着牢固可靠;通过氦质谱仪检漏测试,石英真空窗漏率低于1×1012 Pa·L/s。该技术突破了石英与金属封接的关键难题,可广泛应用于同步辐射、量子测量、空间探测等高端领域,具备极高实用价值。后续将重点开展石英真空窗长期可靠性与多环境适应性评估,进一步完善技术体系,拓展其应用场景。
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2026年第38卷第4期
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doi: 10.11884/HPLPB202638.250270
  • 接收时间:2025-08-26
  • 首发时间:2026-05-27
  • 出版时间:2026-04-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-26
  • 修回日期:2026-01-04
  • 录用日期:2026-01-04
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    1安徽工程大学 集成电路学院,安徽 芜湖 241000
    2国防科技大学 电子对抗学院电子制约技术安徽省重点实验室,合肥 230037
    3电子科技大学 电子科学与工程学院,成都 611731

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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