Article(id=1266471335787123429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, issueId=1266471145588019694, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11884/HPLPB202638.250331, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1759939200000, receivedDateStr=2025-10-09, revisedDate=1770220800000, revisedDateStr=2026-02-05, acceptedDate=1771603200000, acceptedDateStr=2026-02-21, onlineDate=1779879896351, onlineDateStr=2026-05-27, pubDate=1776182400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1779879896351, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1779879896351, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1779879896351, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1266471145588019694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, year='2026', volume='38', issue='4', pageStart='041001-1', pageEnd='049003-11', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1779879851004, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1779879869427, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1266471222939374548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, issueId=1266471145588019694, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1266471222943568853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, issueId=1266471145588019694, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=043003-1, endPage=043003-7, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1266471336005227239, articleId=1266471335787123429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, language=EN, title=Simulation investigation of Ku-band coaxial relativistic magnetron with axial output, columnId=1266471146649178608, journalTitle=High Power Laser and Particle Beams, columnName=High Power Microwave Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Background

With the development of pulse power technology and plasma physics, high-power microwave technology has developed rapidly, giving rise to various types of high-power microwave sources. Among them, the relativistic magnetron stands out as one of the most promising high-power microwave sources due to its high power conversion efficiency, compact structure, and tunable frequency. At present, the investigations of the relativistic magnetron mainly focus on microwave generation mechanisms, operation characteristics and radiation characteristics at relatively low frequency bands, such as L-band and S-band. The operating characteristics of the relativistic magnetron at higher frequencies are scarcely studied.

Purpose

A Ku-band coaxial relativistic magnetron (RM) is designed in this paper to broaden working frequency range of this type of high-power microwave (HPM) source, further expanding its application scope.

Methods

A coaxial magnetron structure with 18 inner cavities is applied in this tube. A particle-in-cell (PIC) simulation has been carried out with the coaxial-axial output.

Results

The high power microwave with power of 108 MW was detected at 14.613 GHz with a power conversion efficiency of about 43% when the applied voltage was 180 kV, the current was 1.4 kA, the inducing magnetic field was about 0.4 T, and the mode of output microwave in coaxial waveguide is TE01 mode.

Conclusions

The simulation results show that the presented tube has a relative high conversion efficiency with low guiding magnetic field and more compact structure, which is convenient for decreasing the volume and weight of the system.

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现阶段,对相对论磁控管的研究还主要集中在频率较低的L、S等波段,而对高频段相对论磁控管的研究却鲜有报道。为了拓展相对论磁控管的工作频段,本文设计了一种Ku波段同轴相对论磁控管,该管子采用内腔为18腔的同轴磁控管结构,并采用同轴轴向输出技术,在电压180 kV、电流1.4 kA、工作磁场0.4 T的条件下,三维PIC仿真得到108 MW的仿真功率,工作频率14.613 GHz,功率转换效率约43%,同轴输出波导输出口监测到的微波模式为TE01模。仿真结果表明该器转换效率高,引导磁场低,结构紧凑,有利于系统的轻小型化。

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刘振帮,
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 《强激光与粒子束》编辑部 2026, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=RKmqPo9WDXWQsQUG3+S8sA==, magXml=NXzsJUW0wPEB+WS/6k6jtQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=qzbbn2MhnZLUBBSpojMiUw==, pdfFileSize=1324194, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=hKBYd+VyA4Xm/ExXwbYVIw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=p9nEfD4b6vzW8ejblOtuvw==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

雷禄容,

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Brief dimension parameters of Ku-band coaxial RM

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ku 波段相对论磁控管主要结构参数

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Ku波段轴向输出同轴相对论磁控管仿真设计
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雷禄容 , 王冬 , 何琥 , 徐莎 , 秦奋 , 刘振帮
强激光与粒子束 | 高功率微波技术 2026,38(4): 043003-1-043003-7
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强激光与粒子束 | 高功率微波技术 2026, 38(4): 043003-1-043003-7
Ku波段轴向输出同轴相对论磁控管仿真设计
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雷禄容 , 王冬, 何琥, 徐莎, 秦奋, 刘振帮
作者信息
  • 中国工程物理研究院 应用电子学研究所,先进激光与高功率微波全国重点实验室,四川 绵阳 621900
  • 雷禄容,

通讯作者:

刘振帮,
Simulation investigation of Ku-band coaxial relativistic magnetron with axial output
Lurong Lei , Dong Wang, Hu He, Sha Xu, Fen Qin, Zhenbang Liu
Affiliations
  • National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Laser and High Power Microwave, Institute of Applied Electronics, CAEP, Mianyang 621900, China
出版时间: 2026-04-15 doi: 10.11884/HPLPB202638.250331
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现阶段,对相对论磁控管的研究还主要集中在频率较低的L、S等波段,而对高频段相对论磁控管的研究却鲜有报道。为了拓展相对论磁控管的工作频段,本文设计了一种Ku波段同轴相对论磁控管,该管子采用内腔为18腔的同轴磁控管结构,并采用同轴轴向输出技术,在电压180 kV、电流1.4 kA、工作磁场0.4 T的条件下,三维PIC仿真得到108 MW的仿真功率,工作频率14.613 GHz,功率转换效率约43%,同轴输出波导输出口监测到的微波模式为TE01模。仿真结果表明该器转换效率高,引导磁场低,结构紧凑,有利于系统的轻小型化。

高功率微波  /  同轴相对论磁控管  /  轴向输出  /  Ku波段  /  TE01
Background

With the development of pulse power technology and plasma physics, high-power microwave technology has developed rapidly, giving rise to various types of high-power microwave sources. Among them, the relativistic magnetron stands out as one of the most promising high-power microwave sources due to its high power conversion efficiency, compact structure, and tunable frequency. At present, the investigations of the relativistic magnetron mainly focus on microwave generation mechanisms, operation characteristics and radiation characteristics at relatively low frequency bands, such as L-band and S-band. The operating characteristics of the relativistic magnetron at higher frequencies are scarcely studied.

Purpose

A Ku-band coaxial relativistic magnetron (RM) is designed in this paper to broaden working frequency range of this type of high-power microwave (HPM) source, further expanding its application scope.

Methods

A coaxial magnetron structure with 18 inner cavities is applied in this tube. A particle-in-cell (PIC) simulation has been carried out with the coaxial-axial output.

Results

The high power microwave with power of 108 MW was detected at 14.613 GHz with a power conversion efficiency of about 43% when the applied voltage was 180 kV, the current was 1.4 kA, the inducing magnetic field was about 0.4 T, and the mode of output microwave in coaxial waveguide is TE01 mode.

Conclusions

The simulation results show that the presented tube has a relative high conversion efficiency with low guiding magnetic field and more compact structure, which is convenient for decreasing the volume and weight of the system.

high power microwave  /  coaxial relativistic magnetron  /  axial output  /  Ku-band  /  TE01 mode
雷禄容, 王冬, 何琥, 徐莎, 秦奋, 刘振帮. Ku波段轴向输出同轴相对论磁控管仿真设计. 强激光与粒子束, 2026 , 38 (4) : 043003-1 -043003-7 . DOI: 10.11884/HPLPB202638.250331
Lurong Lei, Dong Wang, Hu He, Sha Xu, Fen Qin, Zhenbang Liu. Simulation investigation of Ku-band coaxial relativistic magnetron with axial output[J]. High Power Laser and Particle Beams, 2026 , 38 (4) : 043003-1 -043003-7 . DOI: 10.11884/HPLPB202638.250331
20世纪70年代,随着脉冲功率技术[1-2]和等离子体物理的发展[3],以及高功率微波在定向能武器、粒子加速、短脉冲雷达等领域的潜在应用[4-6],高功率微波技术迅速发展起来,出现了多种不同类型的高功率微波源[7-10]。其中,相对论磁控管(Relativistic Magnetron, RM)因具有功率转换效率高、结构紧凑和频率可调谐等优点,成为了最具有应用前景的高功率微波源之一[11-12]。本世纪初随着透明阴极技术[13]和一系列高效轴向提取技术[14-16]等技术的提出和应用,相对论磁控管的输出微波性能得到了大大地提高,成为了轻小型化高功率微波源研究的热点[17-21]。由于受物理机理、功率容量及模式竞争等问题的影响,目前相对论磁控管研究多集中于L、S或C等低频段,而高频段相对论磁控管(如X、Ku波段)的研究鲜有报道。本文模拟仿真了一支工作在Ku波段的轴向输出同轴相对论磁控管,模拟结果表明该器件转换效率较高,工作磁场较低,较易实现永磁包装,有利于系统的轻小型化和紧凑化,具有一定的应用价值。
同轴相对论磁控管与普通相对论磁控管结构相似,同轴磁控管是在普通磁控管谐振腔(同轴磁控管中称为内腔)的外面增加了一个同轴谐振腔(称为同轴外腔),每隔一个内腔的侧壁上开有缝隙使得内腔、同轴外腔相互耦合。同轴相对论磁控管也是典型的正交场器件,主要由阴极、阳极、内腔(角向均匀分布在阳极上,阴、阳极之间的区域被称为互作用空间)、同轴外腔及微波输出结构组成。其阴极表面沿径向发射的电子流在径向直流电场和轴向磁场的共同作用下沿角向作旋转漂移运动,漂移的电子束在内腔谐振腔内激励起高频振荡而产生电磁波。通常,内腔π模振荡的电磁波幅度最强,这一电磁波反过来对漂移的电子束进行调制而形成电子轮辐。当电子轮辐的漂移速度接近并稍大于π模振荡电磁波的相速度时在互作用空间产生强烈的束波互作用,电子束的势能转换成电磁波的能量而通过内腔与同轴外腔间的耦合孔耦合到同轴外腔内,再耦合到微波输出结构而产生高功率微波。根据理论[22],同轴磁控管的工作波长与内腔横向尺寸共度,即
$ \dfrac{\lambda }{4}={R}_{{\mathrm{v}}}-{R}_{{\mathrm{a}}} $
式中:λ为工作波长,对于Ku波段λ在2 cm左右;RvRa分别为内腔半径和阳极半径。对Ku波段的同轴相对论磁控管,从式(1)可知,其阳极尺寸较小,内腔径向深度较浅,为了保证慢波系统储能能量满足正常工作要求,本文采用增加阳极腔数量(18腔)来扩大阳极腔内的储能[23]
同轴磁控管的内腔设计可根据磁控管的设计原则[24],通常用经验公式
$ \sigma =0.85-\dfrac{3.83}{N} $
式中:$ \sigma $为磁控管结构的阴极半径Rc与阳极半径Ra之比,N为磁控管的腔数。把N=18代入式(2)可得$ \sigma \approx 0.637 $,即
$ \dfrac{{R}_{{\mathrm{c}}}}{{R}_{{\mathrm{a}}}}=0.637 $
取阳极半径Ra为14 mm,可得阴极半径Rc约为9 mm。
通过以上分析和计算,初步确定同轴磁控管内腔结构的阳极半径Ra=14 mm,阴极半径Rc=9 mm,谐振腔腔数 N=18,取谐振腔张角θ=10°,谐振腔半径 Rv=17.9 mm,由文献[25]可以计算得到慢波结构色散曲线如图1所示,横向坐标为模式数,纵向坐标为频率。从图1看出,其π模频率约为14.83 GHz,其与相邻模式的频率几乎没有间隔,这就需要优化内腔尺寸来尽量避免产生模式竞争。
本文中同轴磁控管的同轴外腔工作模式为TE01模,可以根据内腔的半径Rv大致确定同轴外腔的内腔Ri,本文Ri取19 mm,由文献[26]可得出同轴腔中TE01模的本征方程为
$ \mathrm{J}_n'(TR_{\mathrm{i}})\mathrm{N}_n'(TR_{\mathrm{o}})-\mathrm{J}_n'(TR_{\mathrm{o}})\mathrm{N}_n'(TR_{\mathrm{i}})=0 $
式中:T为同轴外腔内TE01模的横向角波数;Ro为同轴外腔的外径。拟取工作频率为14.5 GHz,可以计算得到工作频率下同轴腔的横向截止角波数Tc=303.687,把T=TcRi的值代入式(4)并求解该式可以得到同轴外腔内存在TE01模时同轴腔的外径Ro的最小值为27.2 mm,本文取Ro=32 mm。
现有文献中的大功率同轴磁控管一般采取径向矩形波导输出方式[27-29],在这种输出方式下,一方面对于输出微波达到约百MW时,由于功率容量问题会导致矩形波导内打火而使得输出微波功率下降、输出微波脉宽缩短;另一方面径向输出波导极易破坏器件阳极角向对称性,而使得器件转换效率降低,而且输出波导需要从径向引出,进而增加了励磁系统的设计难度,会造成系统的体积和重量较大,不利于系统的轻量化、小型化及紧凑性设计。因此,本文设计的Ku波段同轴相对论磁控管采用轴向输出的技术路线,即将同轴外腔内的TE01模式沿着纵向提取到下游。最终所设计器件结构如图2所示,主要结构参数如表1所示。
在平衡状态下,做轮辐运动的电子刚好擦过阳极表面而不打在阳极上的条件,称为 Hull条件[30],即
$ \dfrac{eU}{{m}_{\rm{e}}{c}^{2}}=\sqrt{{\Bigg(\dfrac{eB(R_{\rm{a}}^{2}-R_{\rm{c}}^{2})}{2mc{R}_{\rm{a}}}\Bigg)}^{2}+1}-1 $
式中:em分别为电子的电荷与静止质量;c为真空中的光速;UB分别为工作电压与外加轴向磁场。
在静态坐标系下,电子轮辐在互作用空间的旋转与高频场的相速同步,确保电子与高频场的换能保持长时间进行的条件,称为Buneman-Hartree条件或起振条件。由文献[30]得到Buneman-Hartree条件,即
$ \dfrac{eU}{m{c}^{2}}=\dfrac{eB{\omega }_{n}(R_{{\mathrm{a}}}^{2}-R_{{\mathrm{c}}}^{2})}{2m{c}^{2}n}-1+\sqrt{1-{\Bigg(\dfrac{{R}_{{\mathrm{a}}}{\omega }_{n}}{cn}\Bigg)}^{2}} $
式中:ωn为谐振模式角频率;n为谐振模式号数。对于工作于14.5 GHz、内腔谐振于π模、内腔数为18腔的同轴磁控管,其n=9, ωn=91.1 GHz。
根据前面初步选定器件阴极、阳极半径、Buneman-Hartree谐振条件(简称B-H条件)及Hull条件,计算得到的器件工作曲线如图3所示,当工作电压高于 Hull 曲线时,电子直接打上阳极,虽然有阳极电流,但没有电子与场的能量交换,这时同轴RM工作在传导区。当工作电压低于 B-H 曲线时,电子的能量不能使电子达到与场同步所要求的角向速度,电子与场也不能进行换能,这时同轴RM工作在截止区。据此选择器件工作电压170~200 kV,工作磁场0.4 T。
利用粒子模拟软件对器件进行了仿真研究,设置工作磁场为0.4 T,工作电压为180 kV,其上升沿约为30 ns。仿真时间140 ns,模拟中发现内、外腔之间的耦合孔张角及轴向长度影响着模式纯度,通过优化该耦合孔张角和轴向长度可以抑制非工作模式的起振,当耦合孔的张角As为5°、轴向长度为8 mm时,输出微波频谱纯净、没有模式竞争。优化结构参数得到器件互作用区横向电子空间分布如图4(a)所示。可见此时电子已经形成9个稳定的轮辐,电子与π模换能充分。电子纵向分布如图4(b)所示,可见电子在轴向运动区域被限制在阴极两个端帽之间,几乎没有电子逃逸出互作用区域,这样就有较多的电子参与束波互作用,可以保证较高的束波互作用效率。
三维仿真中采用的电压波形和阴极爆炸发射得到的电流波形分别如图5所示,从图5可见器件稳态电流为1.4 kA。
经过优化器件结构参数,得到典型工作状态下器件输出口的微波功率瞬时、平均波形及输出微波的频谱如图6图7所示。从图6图7可以看出,器件稳定输出微波功率为108 MW,效率约为43%,中心频率为14.613 GHz,器件工作频谱纯净,无竞争模式出现。仿真得到的中心频率稍微低于图1所示色散曲线中π模的频率,这可能是由于理论计算色散曲线时没有考虑内腔与同轴外腔之间开有的耦合缝隙导致的。
图8为饱和后器件内部电场分布,可见器件内部电场最大值出现在两个阴极端帽表面和腔内位置,约为600 kV/cm,小于Ku波段频率为14.613 GHz时的真空射频击穿阈值984 kV/cm,表明工作时器件内不会出现射频击穿情况。
图9为该管子高频腔内和同轴波导输出口横截面上的场分布,可以看出内腔内的工作模式为π模,而同轴外腔内的工作模式为TE01模,输出到同轴波导内的微波模式为TE01模。
此外,在保持模式纯度的基础上,取磁场强度为0.4 T时,得到电压工作区间及相应的功率转换效率如图10所示。保持电压为180 kV时,得到磁场的工作区间及相应的功率转换效率如图11所示。
图10图11可以看出,在磁场强度为0.4 T时,工作电压的范围为173~194 kV:在电压180 kV时,引导磁场的工作范围为0.38~0.41 T。
本文设计并仿真研究了Ku波段同轴相对论磁控管,首先通过理论和经验公式计算并选取了其内腔和同轴外腔的结构参数,得到了内腔的色散曲线、模式分布、π模工作频率、器件工作区的电压参数和磁场参数。采用粒子模拟软件对其进行了粒子模拟仿真分析,仿真结果表明:该器件能够在180 kV、0.4 T的条件下得到108 MW的Ku波段高功率微波输出,功率转换效率43%,输出微波频率14.613 GHz。模拟结果表明该器件转换效率较高,工作磁场较低,且采用轴向输出,较易实现永磁包装,有利于系统的轻量化和紧凑化,具有一定的应用价值。
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2026年第38卷第4期
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doi: 10.11884/HPLPB202638.250331
  • 接收时间:2025-10-09
  • 首发时间:2026-05-27
  • 出版时间:2026-04-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-10-09
  • 修回日期:2026-02-05
  • 录用日期:2026-02-21
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    中国工程物理研究院 应用电子学研究所,先进激光与高功率微波全国重点实验室,四川 绵阳 621900

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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genus
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species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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