Article(id=1266471321522290727, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, issueId=1266471145588019694, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11884/HPLPB202638.250346, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1760371200000, receivedDateStr=2025-10-14, revisedDate=1769443200000, revisedDateStr=2026-01-27, acceptedDate=1769443200000, acceptedDateStr=2026-01-27, onlineDate=1779879892950, onlineDateStr=2026-05-27, pubDate=1776182400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1779879892950, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1779879892950, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1779879892950, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1266471145588019694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, year='2026', volume='38', issue='4', pageStart='041001-1', pageEnd='049003-11', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1779879851004, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1779879869427, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1266471222939374548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, issueId=1266471145588019694, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1266471222943568853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, issueId=1266471145588019694, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=042001-1, endPage=042001-18, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1266471321853640746, articleId=1266471321522290727, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, language=EN, title=Research progress on hohlraum energy deficit in inertial confinement fusion, columnId=1266471321748783145, journalTitle=High Power Laser and Particle Beams, columnName=Inertial Confinement Fusion Physics and Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In indirect-drive laser inertial confinement fusion (ICF), the precise calculation of X-ray drive intensity at the capsule is crucial for accurately predicting the implosion performance of deuterium-tritium fuel capsules. Achieving this requires detailed radiation-hydrodynamic simulations that accurately capture processes such as laser-to-X-ray conversion and X-ray absorption losses at the hohlraum walls. However, since the inception of the National Ignition Campaign at the National Ignition Facility (NIF), radiation-hydrodynamic simulations have consistently overestimated the experimentally measured X-ray drive flux intensity at the capsule, reflecting the widespread presence of hohlraum energy deficits. Although extensive experimental studies have been conducted at NIF along with continuous optimization of its radiation-hydrodynamic simulation models, the challenging issue of hohlraum energy deficit remains unresolved, constituting one of the critical barriers to achieving high-gain inertial confinement fusion. This paper systematically reviews the critical research developments regarding hohlraum energy deficit at NIF and introduces the methods adopted by NIF and China for characterizing the X-ray radiation flux intensity at the capsule.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 High Power Laser and Particle Beams. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xuelong Qin, Hang Zhao, Qi Li, Kaiqiang Pan, Yaoyuan Liu, Sanwei Li, Lu Zhang, Dong Yang, Tao Gong, Zhichao Li), CN=ArticleExt(id=1266471332024828033, articleId=1266471321522290727, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, language=CN, title=惯性约束聚变中黑腔能量亏损问题研究进展, columnId=1266471321983664171, journalTitle=强激光与粒子束, columnName=惯性约束聚变物理与技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

在间接驱动的激光惯性约束聚变中,对靶丸处X射线驱动强度的精确计算是精准预言氘氚燃料靶丸内爆性能的基础。这需要利用辐射流体模拟程序,对激光到X射线转换和腔壁X光吸收损失等过程进行精确模拟。然而,自美国国家点火装置(NIF)的点火攻关计划启动以来,辐射流体模拟程序预测的靶丸处X射线驱动强度持续高于实验测量值,即普遍存在的黑腔能量亏损现象。尽管NIF开展了大量实验研究并持续优化其辐射流体模拟模型,但这一挑战性的黑腔能量亏损问题至今未能得到彻底解决,成为实现高增益惯性约束聚变的关键障碍之一。本文将系统介绍NIF黑腔能量亏损问题上的关键研究进展,并对NIF与我国表征靶丸处辐射流强度的方法展开介绍。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
龚韬,
李志超,
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 《强激光与粒子束》编辑部 2026, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=0OsDFBd4x1tNMgIAF//PjA==, magXml=IlHmOlERIbdzrhyF3V1EKg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=GJIrjwXAYaWUn1cE9J8wBA==, pdfFileSize=60939810, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=k19vc0t72UmF5EKtdPOckQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=hPX14MIUaqwNqZQvKRGO7A==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

秦雪龙,

, authorsList=秦雪龙, 赵航, 李琦, 潘凯强, 刘耀远, 李三伟, 张璐, 杨冬, 龚韬, 李志超)}, authors=[Author(id=1266743863172551346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=qxl19@pku.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1266743863264826037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, authorId=1266743863172551346, language=EN, stringName=Xuelong Qin, firstName=Xuelong, middleName=null, lastName=Qin, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=National Key Laboratory of Plasma Physics, Laser Fusion Research Center, CAEP, Mianyang 621900, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1266743863357100726, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, authorId=1266743863172551346, language=CN, stringName=秦雪龙, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=中国工程物理研究院 激光聚变研究中心 等离子体物理全国重点实验室,四川 绵阳 621900, bio={"content":"

秦雪龙,

"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=

秦雪龙,

, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1266743863084470958, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1266743863088665263, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, companyId=1266743863084470958, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=National Key Laboratory of Plasma Physics, Laser Fusion Research Center, CAEP, Mianyang 621900, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1266743863097053872, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, companyId=1266743863084470958, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中国工程物理研究院 激光聚变研究中心 等离子体物理全国重点实验室,四川 绵阳 621900)])]), Author(id=1266743863621341880, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, orderNo=1, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1266743863738782394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, authorId=1266743863621341880, language=EN, stringName=Hang Zhao, firstName=Hang, middleName=null, lastName=Zhao, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=National Key Laboratory of Plasma Physics, Laser Fusion Research Center, CAEP, Mianyang 621900, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1266743864040772283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, authorId=1266743863621341880, language=CN, stringName=赵航, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=中国工程物理研究院 激光聚变研究中心 等离子体物理全国重点实验室,四川 绵阳 621900, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1266743863084470958, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1266743863088665263, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, companyId=1266743863084470958, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=National Key Laboratory of Plasma Physics, Laser Fusion Research Center, CAEP, Mianyang 621900, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1266743863097053872, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, companyId=1266743863084470958, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中国工程物理研究院 激光聚变研究中心 等离子体物理全国重点实验室,四川 绵阳 621900)])]), Author(id=1266743864128852669, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, orderNo=2, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1266743864460202687, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, authorId=1266743864128852669, language=EN, stringName=Qi Li, firstName=Qi, middleName=null, lastName=Li, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=National Key Laboratory of Plasma Physics, Laser Fusion Research Center, CAEP, Mianyang 621900, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1266743864535700160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, authorId=1266743864128852669, language=CN, stringName=李琦, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=中国工程物理研究院 激光聚变研究中心 等离子体物理全国重点实验室,四川 绵阳 621900, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1266743863084470958, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1266743863088665263, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, companyId=1266743863084470958, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=National Key Laboratory of Plasma Physics, Laser Fusion Research Center, CAEP, Mianyang 621900, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1266743863097053872, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, companyId=1266743863084470958, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中国工程物理研究院 激光聚变研究中心 等离子体物理全国重点实验室,四川 绵阳 621900)])]), Author(id=1266743864917381826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, orderNo=3, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1266743865303257796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, authorId=1266743864917381826, language=EN, stringName=Kaiqiang Pan, firstName=Kaiqiang, middleName=null, lastName=Pan, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=National Key Laboratory of Plasma Physics, Laser Fusion Research Center, CAEP, Mianyang 621900, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1266743865387143877, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, authorId=1266743864917381826, language=CN, stringName=潘凯强, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=中国工程物理研究院 激光聚变研究中心 等离子体物理全国重点实验室,四川 绵阳 621900, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1266743863084470958, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1266743863088665263, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, companyId=1266743863084470958, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=National Key Laboratory of Plasma Physics, Laser Fusion Research Center, CAEP, Mianyang 621900, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1266743863097053872, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, companyId=1266743863084470958, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中国工程物理研究院 激光聚变研究中心 等离子体物理全国重点实验室,四川 绵阳 621900)])]), Author(id=1266743865726882503, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, orderNo=4, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1266743865806574281, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, authorId=1266743865726882503, language=EN, stringName=Yaoyuan Liu, firstName=Yaoyuan, middleName=null, lastName=Liu, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=National Key Laboratory of Plasma Physics, Laser Fusion Research Center, CAEP, Mianyang 621900, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1266743866142118602, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, authorId=1266743865726882503, language=CN, stringName=刘耀远, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=中国工程物理研究院 激光聚变研究中心 等离子体物理全国重点实验室,四川 绵阳 621900, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1266743863084470958, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1266743863088665263, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, companyId=1266743863084470958, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=National Key Laboratory of Plasma Physics, Laser Fusion Research Center, CAEP, Mianyang 621900, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1266743863097053872, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, companyId=1266743863084470958, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中国工程物理研究院 激光聚变研究中心 等离子体物理全国重点实验室,四川 绵阳 621900)])]), Author(id=1266743866213421772, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, orderNo=5, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1266743866569937614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, authorId=1266743866213421772, language=EN, stringName=Sanwei Li, firstName=Sanwei, middleName=null, lastName=Li, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=National Key Laboratory of Plasma Physics, Laser Fusion Research Center, CAEP, Mianyang 621900, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1266743866658017999, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, authorId=1266743866213421772, language=CN, stringName=李三伟, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=中国工程物理研究院 激光聚变研究中心 等离子体物理全国重点实验室,四川 绵阳 621900, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1266743863084470958, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1266743863088665263, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, companyId=1266743863084470958, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=National Key Laboratory of Plasma Physics, Laser Fusion Research Center, CAEP, Mianyang 621900, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1266743863097053872, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, companyId=1266743863084470958, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中国工程物理研究院 激光聚变研究中心 等离子体物理全国重点实验室,四川 绵阳 621900)])]), Author(id=1266743867408798417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, orderNo=6, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1266743867983418067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, authorId=1266743867408798417, language=EN, stringName=Lu Zhang, firstName=Lu, middleName=null, lastName=Zhang, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=National Key Laboratory of Plasma Physics, Laser Fusion Research Center, CAEP, Mianyang 621900, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1266743868235076308, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, authorId=1266743867408798417, language=CN, stringName=张璐, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=中国工程物理研究院 激光聚变研究中心 等离子体物理全国重点实验室,四川 绵阳 621900, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1266743863084470958, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1266743863088665263, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, companyId=1266743863084470958, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=National Key Laboratory of Plasma Physics, Laser Fusion Research Center, CAEP, Mianyang 621900, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1266743863097053872, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, companyId=1266743863084470958, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中国工程物理研究院 激光聚变研究中心 等离子体物理全国重点实验室,四川 绵阳 621900)])]), Author(id=1266743868654506710, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, orderNo=7, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1266743869078131416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, authorId=1266743868654506710, language=EN, stringName=Dong Yang, firstName=Dong, middleName=null, lastName=Yang, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=National Key Laboratory of Plasma Physics, Laser Fusion Research Center, CAEP, Mianyang 621900, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1266743869149434585, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, authorId=1266743868654506710, language=CN, stringName=杨冬, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=中国工程物理研究院 激光聚变研究中心 等离子体物理全国重点实验室,四川 绵阳 621900, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1266743863084470958, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1266743863088665263, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, companyId=1266743863084470958, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=National Key Laboratory of Plasma Physics, Laser Fusion Research Center, CAEP, Mianyang 621900, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1266743863097053872, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, companyId=1266743863084470958, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中国工程物理研究院 激光聚变研究中心 等离子体物理全国重点实验室,四川 绵阳 621900)])]), Author(id=1266743869497561819, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, orderNo=8, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=gongtao5@mail.ustc.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1266743869577253597, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, authorId=1266743869497561819, language=EN, stringName=Tao Gong, firstName=Tao, middleName=null, lastName=Gong, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=National Key Laboratory of Plasma Physics, Laser Fusion Research Center, CAEP, Mianyang 621900, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1266743869921186526, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, authorId=1266743869497561819, language=CN, stringName=龚韬, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=中国工程物理研究院 激光聚变研究中心 等离子体物理全国重点实验室,四川 绵阳 621900, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1266743863084470958, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1266743863088665263, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, companyId=1266743863084470958, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=National Key Laboratory of Plasma Physics, Laser Fusion Research Center, CAEP, Mianyang 621900, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1266743863097053872, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, companyId=1266743863084470958, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中国工程物理研究院 激光聚变研究中心 等离子体物理全国重点实验室,四川 绵阳 621900)])]), Author(id=1266743870386754272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, orderNo=9, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=limatu@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1266743870781018850, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, authorId=1266743870386754272, language=EN, stringName=Zhichao Li, firstName=Zhichao, middleName=null, lastName=Li, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=National Key Laboratory of Plasma Physics, Laser Fusion Research Center, CAEP, Mianyang 621900, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1266743870860710627, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, authorId=1266743870386754272, language=CN, stringName=李志超, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=中国工程物理研究院 激光聚变研究中心 等离子体物理全国重点实验室,四川 绵阳 621900, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1266743863084470958, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1266743863088665263, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, companyId=1266743863084470958, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=National Key Laboratory of Plasma Physics, Laser Fusion Research Center, CAEP, Mianyang 621900, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1266743863097053872, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, companyId=1266743863084470958, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中国工程物理研究院 激光聚变研究中心 等离子体物理全国重点实验室,四川 绵阳 621900)])])], keywords=[Keyword(id=1266743872051892964, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, language=EN, orderNo=1, keyword=inertial confinement fusion), Keyword(id=1266743872135779045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, language=EN, orderNo=2, keyword=hohlraum), Keyword(id=1266743872429380326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, language=EN, orderNo=3, keyword=energy deficit), Keyword(id=1266743872563598055, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, language=EN, orderNo=4, keyword=radiation flux), Keyword(id=1266743872932696808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, language=EN, orderNo=5, keyword=research progress), Keyword(id=1266743873704448745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, language=CN, orderNo=1, keyword=惯性约束聚变), Keyword(id=1266743874123879146, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=黑腔), Keyword(id=1266743874543309547, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=能量亏损), Keyword(id=1266743874945962732, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=辐射流), Keyword(id=1266743875021460205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=研究进展)], refs=[Reference(id=1266743885624660790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=1, rfOrder=0, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Amendt P, Glendinning S G, Hammel B A, et al. Direct measurement of X-ray drive from surrogate targets in Nova hohlraums[J]. Physical Review Letters, 1996, 77(18): 3815-3818., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1266743885700158263, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=2, rfOrder=1, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Glenzer S H, Suter L J, Turner R E, et al. Energetics of inertial confinement fusion hohlraum plasmas[J]. Physical Review Letters, 1998, 80(13): 2845-2848., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1266743885754684216, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=3, rfOrder=2, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Kline J L, Glenzer S H, Olson R E, et al. Observation of high soft X-ray drive in large-scale hohlraums at the national ignition facility[J]. Physical Review Letters, 2011, 106: 085003., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1266743885905679161, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=4, rfOrder=3, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Clark D S, Hinkel D E, Eder D C, et al. Detailed implosion modeling of deuterium-tritium layered experiments on the National Ignition Facility[J]. Physics of Plasmas, 2013, 20: 056318., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1266743885964399418, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=5, rfOrder=4, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Kritcher A L, Clark D, Haan S, et al. Comparison of plastic, high density carbon, and beryllium as indirect drive NIF ablators[J]. Physics of Plasmas, 2018, 25: 056309., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1266743886039896891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=6, rfOrder=5, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Xie Xufei, Hou Lifei, Cai Hongbo, et al. Measurement of time-dependent drive flux on the capsule for indirectly driven inertial confinement fusion experiments[J]. Physical Review Letters, 2022, 128: 075001., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1266743886102811452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=7, rfOrder=6, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Meezan N B, Atherton L J, Callahan D A, et al. National ignition campaign Hohlraum energetics[J]. Physics of Plasmas, 2010, 17: 056304., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1266743886161531709, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=8, rfOrder=7, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Glenzer S H, Macgowan B J, Meezan N B, et al. Demonstration of ignition radiation temperatures in indirect-drive inertial confinement fusion hohlraums[J]. Physical Review Letters, 2011, 106: 085004., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1266743886320915262, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=9, rfOrder=8, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Farmer W A, Bruulsema C, Swadling G F, et al. Validation of heat transport modeling using directly driven beryllium spheres[J]. Physics of Plasmas, 2020, 27: 082701., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1266743886417384255, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=10, rfOrder=9, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Kline J L, Widmann K, Warrick A, et al. The first measurements of soft x-ray flux from ignition scale Hohlraums at the National Ignition Facility using DANTE (invited)[J]. Review of Scientific Instruments, 2010, 81: 10E321., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1266743886497076032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=11, rfOrder=10, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Rosen M D, Scott H A, Hinkel D E, et al. The role of a detailed configuration accounting (DCA) atomic physics package in explaining the energy balance in ignition-scale hohlraums[J]. High Energy Density Physics, 2011, 7(3): 180-190., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1266743886580962113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=12, rfOrder=11, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Kirkwood R K, Moody J D, Kline J, et al. A review of laser–plasma interaction physics of indirect-drive fusion[J]. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, 2013, 55: 103001., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1266743886685819714, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=13, rfOrder=12, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Town R P J, Rosen M D, Michel P A, et al. Analysis of the National Ignition Facility ignition hohlraum energetics experiments[J]. Physics of Plasmas, 2011, 18: 056302., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1266743886765511491, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=14, rfOrder=13, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Hicks D G, Meezan N B, Dewald E L, et al. Implosion dynamics measurements at the National Ignition Facility[J]. Physics of Plasmas, 2012, 19: 122702., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1266743886891340612, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=15, rfOrder=14, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Jones O S, Cerjan C J, Marinak M M, et al. A high-resolution integrated model of the National Ignition Campaign cryogenic layered experiments[J]. Physics of Plasmas, 2012, 19: 056315., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1266743887101055813, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=16, rfOrder=15, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Moody J D, Callahan D A, Hinkel D E, et al. Progress in hohlraum physics for the National Ignition Facility[J]. Physics of Plasmas, 2014, 21: 056317., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1266743887222690630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=17, rfOrder=16, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MacLaren S A, Schneider M B, Widmann K, et al. Novel characterization of capsule X-ray drive at the national ignition facility[J]. Physical Review Letters, 2014, 112: 105003., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1266743887335936839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=18, rfOrder=17, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Meezan N B, MacKinnon A J, Hicks D G, et al. X-ray driven implosions at ignition relevant velocities on the National Ignition Facility[J]. Physics of Plasmas, 2013, 20: 056311., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1266743887424017224, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=19, rfOrder=18, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Le Pape S, Divol L, Berzak Hopkins L, et al. Observation of a reflected shock in an indirectly driven spherical implosion at the National Ignition Facility[J]. Physical Review Letters, 2014, 112: 225002., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1266743887486931785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=20, rfOrder=19, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Robey H F, Boehly T R, Celliers P M, et al. Shock timing experiments on the National Ignition Facility: initial results and comparison with simulation[J]. Physics of Plasmas, 2012, 19: 042706., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1266743887583400778, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=21, rfOrder=20, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL). Laser Indirect Drive input to NNSA 2020 Report[R]. 2020., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1266743887700841291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=22, rfOrder=21, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Kritcher A L, Young C V, Robey H F, et al. Design of inertial fusion implosions reaching the burning plasma regime[J]. Nature Physics, 2022, 18(3): 251-258., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1266743887948305228, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=23, rfOrder=22, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Kritcher A L, Zylstra A B, Callahan D A, et al. Achieving record hot spot energies with large HDC implosions on NIF in Hybrid-E[J]. Physics of Plasmas, 2021, 28: 072706., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1266743888048968525, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=24, rfOrder=23, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Jones O S, Suter L J, Scott H A, et al. Progress towards a more predictive model for hohlraum radiation drive and symmetry[J]. Physics of Plasmas, 2017, 24: 056312., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1266743888128660302, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=25, rfOrder=24, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Hansen S B, Bauche J, Bauche-Arnoult C, et al. Hybrid atomic models for spectroscopic plasma diagnostics[J]. High Energy Density Physics, 2007, 3(1/2): 109-114., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1266743888384512847, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=26, rfOrder=25, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Lemos N, Farmer W A, Izumi N, et al. Specular reflections (“glint”) of the inner beams in a gas-filled cylindrical hohlraum[J]. Physics of Plasmas, 2022, 29: 092704., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1266743888476787536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=27, rfOrder=26, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Farmer W A, Jones O S, Barrios M A, et al. Heat transport modeling of the dot spectroscopy platform on NIF[J]. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, 2018, 60: 044009., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1266743888569062225, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=28, rfOrder=27, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Farmer W A, Koning J M, Strozzi D J, et al. Simulation of self-generated magnetic fields in an inertial fusion hohlraum environment[J]. Physics of Plasmas, 2017, 24: 052703., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1266743888787166034, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=29, rfOrder=28, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Schurtz G P, Nicolaï P D, Busquet M. A nonlocal electron conduction model for multidimensional radiation hydrodynamics codes[J]. Physics of Plasmas, 2000, 7(10): 4238-4249., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1266743888871052115, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=30, rfOrder=29, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Amendt P, Ross J S, Milovich J L, et al. Low-adiabat rugby hohlraum experiments on the National Ignition Facility: comparison with high-flux modeling and the potential for gas-wall interpenetration[J]. Physics of Plasmas, 2014, 21: 112703., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1266743888959132500, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=31, rfOrder=30, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Amendt P. Entropy generation from hydrodynamic mixing in inertial confinement fusion indirect-drive targets[J]. Physics of Plasmas, 2021, 28: 072701., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1266743889047212885, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=32, rfOrder=31, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Vandenboomgaerde M, Bonnefille M, Gauthier P. The Kelvin-Helmholtz instability in National Ignition Facility hohlraums as a source of gold-gas mixing[J]. Physics of Plasmas, 2016, 23: 052704., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1266743889210790742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=33, rfOrder=32, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Chen Hui, Woods D T, Farmer W A, et al. Understanding the deficiency in inertial confinement fusion hohlraum x-ray flux predictions using experiments at the National Ignition Facility[J]. Physical Review E, 2024, 110: L013201., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1266743889273705303, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=34, rfOrder=33, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Swadling G F, Farmer W A, Chen H, et al. Resolving discrepancies in bang-time predictions for indirect-drive ICF experiments on the NIF: insights from the Build-A-Hohlraum campaign[J]. Physics of Plasmas, 2025, 32: 052707., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1266743889353397080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=35, rfOrder=34, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ren Kuan, Liu Shenye, Du Huabing, et al. New two-dimensional space-resolving flux detection technique for measurement of hohlraum inner radiation in Shenguang-III prototype[J]. Review of Scientific Instruments, 2015, 86: 103112., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1266743889420505945, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=36, rfOrder=35, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ren Kuan, Liu Shenye, Xie Xufei, et al. First exploration of radiation temperatures of the laser spot, re-emitting wall and entire hohlraum drive source[J]. Scientific Reports, 2019, 9: 5050., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1266743889479226202, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=37, rfOrder=36, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Xie Xufei, Wu Changshu, Chen Jinwen, et al. Characterization of radiation drive by measuring the localized re-emitted flux from the capsule in inertial confinement fusion experiments[J]. Nuclear Fusion, 2022, 62: 126008., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1266743889609249627, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=38, rfOrder=37, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Kuang Longyu, Li Hang, Jing Longfei, et al. A novel three-axis cylindrical hohlraum designed for inertial confinement fusion ignition[J]. Scientific Reports, 2016, 6: 34636., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1266743889714107228, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=39, rfOrder=38, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Li Xin, Dong Yunsong, Kang Dongguo, et al. First indirect drive experiment using a six-cylinder-port hohlraum[J]. Physical Review Letters, 2022, 128: 195001., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1266743889777021789, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=40, rfOrder=39, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Farmer W A, Tabak M, Hammer J H, et al. High-temperature hohlraum designs with multiple laser-entrance holes[J]. Physics of Plasmas, 2019, 26: 032701., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1266743863084470958, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1266743863088665263, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, companyId=1266743863084470958, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=National Key Laboratory of Plasma Physics, Laser Fusion Research Center, CAEP, Mianyang 621900, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1266743863097053872, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, companyId=1266743863084470958, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中国工程物理研究院 激光聚变研究中心 等离子体物理全国重点实验室,四川 绵阳 621900)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1266743876250391278, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Agreement between measured radiation fluxes and simulations at subscale and ignition-scale energies in early NIC experiments, figureFileSmall=580FLoV935F9B4ePWhAMAw==, figureFileBig=kFGl/DFY46EFttkAi0GvCQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266743876653044463, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, language=CN, label=图1, caption=早期NIC实验辐射流测量结果与模拟值的一致性对比, figureFileSmall=580FLoV935F9B4ePWhAMAw==, figureFileBig=kFGl/DFY46EFttkAi0GvCQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266743877114417904, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Relationship between X-ray bangtime and peak radiation flux showing the systematic drive overprediction in subscale hohlraum simulations[7], figureFileSmall=9ncf41GSCF0JiuU52D3S0Q==, figureFileBig=k8XiPVx67avt9vkVTeQwqQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266743877449962225, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, language=CN, label=图2, caption=缩比黑腔实验中X 射线 bangtime 与峰值辐射流的关系,揭示缩比黑腔模拟对驱动强度的系统性高估[7], figureFileSmall=9ncf41GSCF0JiuU52D3S0Q==, figureFileBig=k8XiPVx67avt9vkVTeQwqQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266743877542236914, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Radiation flux measurements in 0.7-scale vacuum hohlraums demonstrating improved modeling with the high-flux approach, figureFileSmall=UaXNRzyU5lbkSYwWuBhF9g==, figureFileBig=TzWNr9gR8TZmaielEyHG4g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266743877877781235, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, language=CN, label=图3, caption=0.7 倍缩比真空黑腔的辐射流测量结果,体现高流模型对实验的改进拟合能力, figureFileSmall=UaXNRzyU5lbkSYwWuBhF9g==, figureFileBig=TzWNr9gR8TZmaielEyHG4g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266743877978444532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Peak X-ray flux in NIC gas-filled hohlraum experiments and its comparison with high-flux model and common hohlraum predictions[13], figureFileSmall=jpyeHqkWurTCXUQCNn1oFA==, figureFileBig=jZ089TltKC4PDnQkj1QMRQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266743878355931893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, language=CN, label=图4, caption=NIC充气黑腔实验中峰值X射线辐射流测量值与高流模型和普通黑腔模型模拟结果对比[13], figureFileSmall=jpyeHqkWurTCXUQCNn1oFA==, figureFileBig=jZ089TltKC4PDnQkj1QMRQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266743878444012278, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Measurements and simulations of implosion dynamics in NIC full-energy tuning experiments[15], figureFileSmall=3lsBf9sTbhdiE4qdK83T3g==, figureFileBig=WiozNPwr9snGJycYWq5C3g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266743878817305335, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, language=CN, label=图5, caption=NIC全能量内爆调谐实验中内爆动力学的测量结果与模拟值对比[15], figureFileSmall=3lsBf9sTbhdiE4qdK83T3g==, figureFileBig=WiozNPwr9snGJycYWq5C3g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266743879127683832, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Hohlraum geometry and diagnostic configuration used in the view-factor measurement platform[17], figureFileSmall=cZFlNdnOZg+fIkB1bfSrHQ==, figureFileBig=LWX6lSXl3gA7wKUL4gN6sQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266743879198987001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, language=CN, label=图6, caption=视因子测量平台中黑腔结构与诊断配置示意[17], figureFileSmall=cZFlNdnOZg+fIkB1bfSrHQ==, figureFileBig=LWX6lSXl3gA7wKUL4gN6sQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266743879266095866, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Measured and simulated X-ray fluxes in the view-factor experiment revealing the drive deficit at the capsule[17], figureFileSmall=8KJYprkbt4j6kwEVrFfGNA==, figureFileBig=THfwHA0hyx86DaXhPm1U7g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266743879329010427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, language=CN, label=图7, caption=视因子实验中 X 射线辐射流的测量与模拟对比,体现靶丸处驱动不足[17], figureFileSmall=8KJYprkbt4j6kwEVrFfGNA==, figureFileBig=THfwHA0hyx86DaXhPm1U7g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266743879614223100, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Radiation temperature, implosion trajectory and emission histories in NIF near-vacuum integrated implosion experiments [19], figureFileSmall=0TtzqjNZibMg5rdDhIa63Q==, figureFileBig=LcwlIHv4MD7+2GtQWfiFQA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266743879714886397, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, language=CN, label=图8, caption=NIF近真空综合内爆实验中的辐射温度、内爆轨迹及发射历程[19], figureFileSmall=0TtzqjNZibMg5rdDhIa63Q==, figureFileBig=LcwlIHv4MD7+2GtQWfiFQA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266743879970738942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Laser-energy fraction relative to simulations for hohlraums with different inner–outer cone wavelength differences[16], figureFileSmall=iVfOxbsHUy1xjNzeezbBbw==, figureFileBig=nJxMJ1/OQPgDNeKu6HOXzg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266743880033653503, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, language=CN, label=图9, caption=不同内外环波长差的黑腔类型及其相对模拟结果的激光能量利用率[16], figureFileSmall=iVfOxbsHUy1xjNzeezbBbw==, figureFileBig=nJxMJ1/OQPgDNeKu6HOXzg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266743880100762368, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Derivation of laser power multipliers by matching simulated and measured shock timing and implosion trajectory at NIF[4], figureFileSmall=mvDf/r709NfhuWk6SnoenQ==, figureFileBig=AnlZ/XwrbsVrvxOgfge4ww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266743880172065537, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, language=CN, label=图10, caption=NIF通过匹配冲击波定时与内爆轨迹获得激光功率乘积因子[4], figureFileSmall=mvDf/r709NfhuWk6SnoenQ==, figureFileBig=AnlZ/XwrbsVrvxOgfge4ww==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266743880390169346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Typical time-dependent laser power multipliers used in NIF implosion simulations[15], figureFileSmall=Zl/dozjzIZhFp2/Xx4XNIg==, figureFileBig=i4KfyEUxRiFNVhX2D+E8Sg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266743880532775683, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, language=CN, label=图11, caption=NIF 内爆模拟中典型时间依赖的激光功率乘积因子[15], figureFileSmall=Zl/dozjzIZhFp2/Xx4XNIg==, figureFileBig=i4KfyEUxRiFNVhX2D+E8Sg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266743880599884548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=Schematic of the simulation correction workflow based on laser power and inner-cone fraction multipliers at NIF[5], figureFileSmall=o1u6P6aZzZ7KMom76Z/cQg==, figureFileBig=LZYnjFDiVLx3M8c0f7Zp1A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266743880809599749, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, language=CN, label=图12, caption=NIF基于激光功率与内环份额乘积因子的模拟修正流程示意图[5], figureFileSmall=o1u6P6aZzZ7KMom76Z/cQg==, figureFileBig=LZYnjFDiVLx3M8c0f7Zp1A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266743880864125702, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, language=EN, label=Fig.13, caption=Laser power and inner-cone fraction multipliers for a typical NIF DT layered implosion[21], figureFileSmall=x2VGTSs5/VbA2zS/3nkbew==, figureFileBig=30ioPyRRjV6MwQsAwGjI1g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266743880935428871, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, language=CN, label=图13, caption=NIF 氘氚分层靶典型内爆实验中的激光功率与内环份额乘积因子[21], figureFileSmall=x2VGTSs5/VbA2zS/3nkbew==, figureFileBig=30ioPyRRjV6MwQsAwGjI1g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266743880989954824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, language=EN, label=Fig.14, caption=Drive multipliers used under different NIF experimental conditions[5], figureFileSmall=CYa/Cuk5UacjdT69R94G9A==, figureFileBig=uJOaIDzxLaIHStlpd1naTA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266743881044480777, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, language=CN, label=图14, caption=NIF不同实验条件采用的乘积因子[5], figureFileSmall=CYa/Cuk5UacjdT69R94G9A==, figureFileBig=uJOaIDzxLaIHStlpd1naTA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266743881115783946, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, language=EN, label=Fig.15, caption=Comparison of spectrally integrated Au emission versus temperature calculated using SCRAM and several DCA atomic models[24], figureFileSmall=qwk5GJGmnryieggLysOGxQ==, figureFileBig=XvhErTLKf+E0w4kwjcyrsQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266743881237418763, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, language=CN, label=图15, caption=SCRAM 与多种 DCA 原子模型计算的金光谱积分发射率随温度变化的比较[24], figureFileSmall=qwk5GJGmnryieggLysOGxQ==, figureFileBig=XvhErTLKf+E0w4kwjcyrsQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266743881438745356, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, language=EN, label=Fig.16, caption=Schematic of the glint process[26], figureFileSmall=smjjpnZqc6m9h16yn4BtNA==, figureFileBig=EtBHx5YimQ0kHYUl73vNqA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266743881501659917, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, language=CN, label=图16, caption=镜反光过程示意图[26], figureFileSmall=smjjpnZqc6m9h16yn4BtNA==, figureFileBig=EtBHx5YimQ0kHYUl73vNqA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266743881640071950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, language=EN, label=Fig.17, caption=Comparison of simulation results from three models with experimental data[24], figureFileSmall=s8aRdBYM7kr7vPDQm1+3Vw==, figureFileBig=7Db+qwBlcP6U1G4iEEvCSA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266743881707180815, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, language=CN, label=图17, caption=三种模型的模拟结果与实验结果的对比[24], figureFileSmall=s8aRdBYM7kr7vPDQm1+3Vw==, figureFileBig=7Db+qwBlcP6U1G4iEEvCSA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266743881774289680, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, language=EN, label=Fig.18, caption=Differences between simulated and measured X-ray bangtimes for three models at different fill densities[24], figureFileSmall=zRatLbErw0XyUQpVGDTDFg==, figureFileBig=/x0Ja0D3v+9E8ymcO/ax+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266743881849787153, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, language=CN, label=图18, caption=三种模型在不同充气密度条件下模拟的X光bangtime和实验结果的差异[24], figureFileSmall=zRatLbErw0XyUQpVGDTDFg==, figureFileBig=/x0Ja0D3v+9E8ymcO/ax+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266743881916896018, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, language=EN, label=Fig.19, caption=Ti witness-plate experimental setup for measuring inner-beam glint in gas-filled hohlraums[26], figureFileSmall=hiUeqU9LVvpL79xDkeKTaQ==, figureFileBig=A9m74z80kEwEoB66zVw/Cg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266743882067890963, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, language=CN, label=图19, caption=用于测量充气黑腔内环镜反光的 Ti 观测盘实验设计[26], figureFileSmall=hiUeqU9LVvpL79xDkeKTaQ==, figureFileBig=A9m74z80kEwEoB66zVw/Cg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266743882143388436, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, language=EN, label=Fig.20, caption=Comparison of X-ray images and raytracing simulations of glint at a gas-fill density of 0.6 mg/cm3[26], figureFileSmall=+WzoJTZtXLGGFO4IT52gBg==, figureFileBig=I3vNpIEG0yo1CEJtCRsMcQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266743882210497301, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, language=CN, label=图20, caption=0.6 mg/cm3充气密度下X射线图像与镜反光射线追踪模拟对比结果[26], figureFileSmall=+WzoJTZtXLGGFO4IT52gBg==, figureFileBig=I3vNpIEG0yo1CEJtCRsMcQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266743882487321366, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, language=EN, label=Fig.21, caption=Ti witness-plate measurements of glint power and X-ray images at different gas-fill densities [26], figureFileSmall=JMOPpnQodNwwwrVnTU8zWg==, figureFileBig=Gx8bcyiSU44F6l17BsRH+w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266743882550235927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, language=CN, label=图21, caption=不同充气密度下 Ti 观测盘镜反光功率和 X 射线图像的实验结果[26], figureFileSmall=JMOPpnQodNwwwrVnTU8zWg==, figureFileBig=Gx8bcyiSU44F6l17BsRH+w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266743882634122008, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, language=EN, label=Fig.22, caption=Schematic of the dot spectroscopy platform for diagnosing hohlraum plasma conditions [27], figureFileSmall=zWeXOwYjF/QDzBRoLBwJ0w==, figureFileBig=RAaXKlK21QuMd3mhsHu01Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266743882705425177, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, language=CN, label=图22, caption=用于诊断黑腔等离子体状态的埋点谱仪平台实验设计[27], figureFileSmall=zWeXOwYjF/QDzBRoLBwJ0w==, figureFileBig=RAaXKlK21QuMd3mhsHu01Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266743882755756826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, language=EN, label=Fig.23, caption=Dot-spectroscopy measurements and transport-model comparisons in the view-factor hohlraum platform[26], figureFileSmall=YKq1mvyK3VMuT8u+qeTOJA==, figureFileBig=UKDHt1g7uvKPlZ28Stmfyw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266743882835448603, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, language=CN, label=图23, caption=埋点谱仪平台实验结果及与不同热传导模型的对比[26], figureFileSmall=YKq1mvyK3VMuT8u+qeTOJA==, figureFileBig=UKDHt1g7uvKPlZ28Stmfyw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266743882957083420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, language=EN, label=Fig.24, caption=Comparison of simulated and measured P2 mode distortion in NIF rugby hohlraum experiments[30], figureFileSmall=gL99bJlaEoE34Ug8ZRhUTw==, figureFileBig=Ak6XeUf/JdDeoL95w91kWw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266743883019997981, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, language=CN, label=图24, caption=NIF橄榄球黑腔实验模拟和测量得到的P2模畸变的对比[30], figureFileSmall=gL99bJlaEoE34Ug8ZRhUTw==, figureFileBig=Ak6XeUf/JdDeoL95w91kWw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266743883099689758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, language=EN, label=Fig.25, caption=Hohlraum material state in NIF rugby-hohlraum simulations with and without wall–gas mix [30], figureFileSmall=X4Cvn5E8Wp/JAHBmhRAJoA==, figureFileBig=ylg4BK0woP8wg3r+RpfmQQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266743883170992927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, language=CN, label=图25, caption=NIF橄榄球黑腔模拟中引入与未引入腔壁–气体混合时的物质状态对比[30], figureFileSmall=X4Cvn5E8Wp/JAHBmhRAJoA==, figureFileBig=ylg4BK0woP8wg3r+RpfmQQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266743883271656224, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, language=EN, label=Fig.26, caption=SXI images from NIF cylindrical gold hohlraum experiments showing periodic perturbation structures [30], figureFileSmall=bi5LF8Tv4CmqQMEOOzmBSg==, figureFileBig=cJ9hEG1Z8csAJP1b0AChJg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266743883351348001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, language=CN, label=图26, caption=NIF 直柱金腔实验中呈现周期扰动结构的 X 光静态成像系统图像[30], figureFileSmall=bi5LF8Tv4CmqQMEOOzmBSg==, figureFileBig=cJ9hEG1Z8csAJP1b0AChJg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266743883426845474, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, language=EN, label=Fig.27, caption=Relationship between entropy generation from wall–gas mixing and normalized bubble amplitude at the Au–He interface[31], figureFileSmall=zDJWezaZIYTF3RkOxmj+MQ==, figureFileBig=+GqNHbPQsGRsPqoLWRWvgw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266743883489760035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, language=CN, label=图27, caption=腔壁–气体混合引起的熵增与金–氦界面金泡振幅归一化量之间的关系[31], figureFileSmall=zDJWezaZIYTF3RkOxmj+MQ==, figureFileBig=+GqNHbPQsGRsPqoLWRWvgw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266743883762389796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, language=EN, label=Fig.28, caption=Gold concentration distribution at the gold-gas interface of the NIF N140207 shot displaying KH roll-ups from high-resolution simulation[32], figureFileSmall=EkUD/6aDkn/wjZuLTG+0cQ==, figureFileBig=SxpkMo1DYIOMUqsb1RpX1A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266743883854664485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, language=CN, label=图28, caption=NIF N140207发高分辨率模拟中金-气体界面的金浓度分布呈现KH涡旋结构[32], figureFileSmall=EkUD/6aDkn/wjZuLTG+0cQ==, figureFileBig=SxpkMo1DYIOMUqsb1RpX1A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266743883938550566, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, language=EN, label=Fig.29, caption=NIF low-gas-fill viewfactor experimental design with LEH end down[33], figureFileSmall=ILRehDElhiWHa5xVi2W5eA==, figureFileBig=SvzMIpondFvHCyqX239EXg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266743884014048039, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, language=CN, label=图29, caption=NIF低充气视因子实验设计(LEH端向下)[33], figureFileSmall=ILRehDElhiWHa5xVi2W5eA==, figureFileBig=SvzMIpondFvHCyqX239EXg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266743884165042984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, language=EN, label=Fig.30, caption=NIF Low-Gas-Fill ViewFactor Experimental Design with open end down[33], figureFileSmall=ZRB+P+APBhMdKh/SWlNqoA==, figureFileBig=M6qW3gloKHPdoux1/jPrxQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266743884232151849, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, language=CN, label=图30, caption=NIF低充气视因子实验设计(敞口端向下)[33], figureFileSmall=ZRB+P+APBhMdKh/SWlNqoA==, figureFileBig=M6qW3gloKHPdoux1/jPrxQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266743884299260714, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, language=EN, label=Fig.31, caption=NIF low-gas-fill view-factor experimental results with LEH end down[33], figureFileSmall=l0I1WOts9ahQw9vLiqNjpw==, figureFileBig=IR8NQXoF8AIX4McTHnDiSQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266743884362175275, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, language=CN, label=图31, caption=NIF低充气视因子实验结果(LEH端向下)[33], figureFileSmall=l0I1WOts9ahQw9vLiqNjpw==, figureFileBig=IR8NQXoF8AIX4McTHnDiSQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266743884416701228, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, language=EN, label=Fig.32, caption=Radiant intensity deficits modeled with an opacity factor in the NIF “Build A Hohlraum” campaign[34], figureFileSmall=aQw3os71kLscaqnyUd4r4A==, figureFileBig=Ot5N934QsRKJCQ9TP8Q6ng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266743884488004397, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, language=CN, label=图32, caption=引入不透明度因子后NIF“Build A Hohlraum”能量亏损分解实验中的辐射强度亏损结果[34], figureFileSmall=aQw3os71kLscaqnyUd4r4A==, figureFileBig=Ot5N934QsRKJCQ9TP8Q6ng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266743884584473390, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, language=EN, label=Fig.33, caption=Gas-filled cylindrical hohlraum re-emitted flux experiment on capsule at SG-III Prototype[37], figureFileSmall=qQ1BTAjbmdkeYbUtBJmJLA==, figureFileBig=BwmlDrEFoU0YNt1KFdOVzQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266743884680942383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, language=CN, label=图33, caption=神光-III原型充气柱腔靶丸表面再发射流实验[37], figureFileSmall=qQ1BTAjbmdkeYbUtBJmJLA==, figureFileBig=BwmlDrEFoU0YNt1KFdOVzQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266743884752245552, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, language=EN, label=Fig.34, caption=Results of capsule surface re-emission flux in SG-III prototype gas-filled hohlraums[37], figureFileSmall=AabHWFtI7gRSjTWSTciW0A==, figureFileBig=BLNZTLv49l8ASGAnqTeggA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266743885016486705, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, language=CN, label=图34, caption=神光-III原型充气柱腔靶丸再发射流实验结果[37], figureFileSmall=AabHWFtI7gRSjTWSTciW0A==, figureFileBig=BLNZTLv49l8ASGAnqTeggA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266743885079401266, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, language=EN, label=Fig.35, caption=Schematic of joint diagnostics of re-emitted flux and shock wave velocity at Shenguang 100 kJ facility[6], figureFileSmall=jPv3Rd1nWAETqPc+exedTg==, figureFileBig=kmshgzC28HgtfjPdUZNClw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266743885146510131, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, language=CN, label=图35, caption=神光100 kJ装置再发射流和冲击波速度联合诊断示意图[6], figureFileSmall=jPv3Rd1nWAETqPc+exedTg==, figureFileBig=kmshgzC28HgtfjPdUZNClw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266743885196841780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, language=EN, label=Fig.36, caption=Experimental results of joint diagnostics of re-emitted flux and shock wave velocity at Shenguang 100 kJ facility[6], figureFileSmall=fMRXIpCvv7MdI4DFUDjDCw==, figureFileBig=fgVTFJ6vBh/CG+lc86xF+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266743885276533557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471321522290727, language=CN, label=图36, caption=神光100 kJ装置再发射流和冲击波速度联合诊断实验结果[6], figureFileSmall=fMRXIpCvv7MdI4DFUDjDCw==, figureFileBig=fgVTFJ6vBh/CG+lc86xF+g==, tableContent=null)], attaches=null, journal=Journal(id=1266357945773080624, delFlag=0, nameCn=强激光与粒子束, nameEn=High Power Laser and Particle Beams, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, issn=1001-4322, eissn=null, cn=51-1311/O4, coden=null, periodic=0, language=CN, oaType=null, ccby=null, superviseOffice=null, ownerOffice=null, pubOffice=null, editorOffice=null, officeType=null, aims=null, clcCode=null, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=null, officeZip=null, officeEmail=null, officePhone=null, editDirector=null, officeDirector=null, officeDirectorPhone=null, officeStaffNum=null, officeEmpNum=null, coverPicUrl=mmVSzpsbJpjM8AHqV4TWZw==, journalPrice=null, startedYear=null, abbrevIsoEn=High Power Laser and Particle Beams, journalRemark=null, publicationField=null, createdTime=1779852862067, updatedTime=1779853448289, createdBy=18614031015, updatedBy=13701087609, firstLetterCn=H, firstLetterEn=H, subjectCode=Engineering, subjectName=null, subjectCodeEn=Engineering, subjectNameEn=null, picCn=mmVSzpsbJpjM8AHqV4TWZw==, picEn=l0y7ZNTRmMZ2CXsN3d9BHQ==, jcr=null, cjcr=null, exts=[JournalExt(id=1266360404654580402, language=CN, name=强激光与粒子束, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=, createdTime=1779853448308, updatedTime=1779853448308, createdBy=13701087609, updatedBy=13701087609, submissionGuidelinesUrl=, submissionAuthorUrl=http://manuscript.hplpb.com.cn/qjgylzs, submissionEditorUrl=http://manuscript.hplpb.com.cn/qjgylzs, submissionReviewUrl=http://manuscript.hplpb.com.cn/qjgylzs, submissionCeEditorUrl=, submissionAeEditorUrl=, option={"copyright":""}), JournalExt(id=1266360404834935475, language=EN, name=High Power Laser and Particle Beams, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=, createdTime=1779853448351, updatedTime=1779853448351, createdBy=13701087609, updatedBy=13701087609, submissionGuidelinesUrl=, submissionAuthorUrl=http://manuscript.hplpb.com.cn/qjgylzs, submissionEditorUrl=http://manuscript.hplpb.com.cn/qjgylzs, submissionReviewUrl=http://manuscript.hplpb.com.cn/qjgylzs, submissionCeEditorUrl=, submissionAeEditorUrl=, option={"copyright":""})], databaseList=null, tenantJournalId=1266358635761254452, websiteList=[Website(id=1266361614849692217, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1266358635761254452, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/qjgylzs/CN, language=CN, createTime=1779853736842, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1779853814308, updateBy=18614031015, name=强激光与粒子束-中文, tplId=1146099689490845704, title=强激光与粒子束, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1266362063665386181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1266361614849692217, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1779853843847, updateTime=1779853843847, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1266362063644414658, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1266361614849692217, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1779853843842, updateTime=1779853843842, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1266362063686357704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1266361614849692217, code=grayFlag, value=0, createTime=1779853843852, updateTime=1779853843852, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1266362063640220353, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1266361614849692217, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/qjgylzs/CN/file/pic?fileId=EufB31AydCqs+AbRkXSL7g==, createTime=1779853843841, updateTime=1779853843841, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1266362063703134922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1266361614849692217, code=minRunFlag, value=0, createTime=1779853843856, updateTime=1779853843856, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1266362063661191876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1266361614849692217, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/qjgylzs/CN/file/pic, createTime=1779853843846, updateTime=1779853843846, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1266362063694746313, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1266361614849692217, code=silenceFlag, value=0, createTime=1779853843854, updateTime=1779853843854, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1266362063652803267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1266361614849692217, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_cn_619/, createTime=1779853843844, updateTime=1779853843844, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1266362063673774790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1266361614849692217, code=themeColor, value=null, createTime=1779853843849, updateTime=1779853843849, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1266362063677969095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1266361614849692217, code=themeStyle, value=null, createTime=1779853843850, updateTime=1779853843850, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)]), Website(id=1266361615055213122, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1266358635761254452, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/qjgylzs/EN, language=EN, createTime=1779853736890, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1779853809277, updateBy=18614031015, name=强激光与粒子束-英文, tplId=1146101810881728533, title=High Power Laser and Particle Beams, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1266362029007852215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1266361615055213122, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1779853835584, updateTime=1779853835584, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1266362028986880692, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1266361615055213122, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1779853835579, updateTime=1779853835579, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1266362029028823738, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1266361615055213122, code=grayFlag, value=0, createTime=1779853835589, updateTime=1779853835589, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1266362028978492083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1266361615055213122, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/qjgylzs/EN/file/pic?fileId=EufB31AydCqs+AbRkXSL7g==, createTime=1779853835577, updateTime=1779853835577, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1266362029045600956, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1266361615055213122, code=minRunFlag, value=0, createTime=1779853835593, updateTime=1779853835593, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1266362028999463606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1266361615055213122, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/qjgylzs/EN/file/pic, createTime=1779853835582, updateTime=1779853835582, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1266362029037212347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1266361615055213122, code=silenceFlag, value=0, createTime=1779853835591, updateTime=1779853835591, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1266362028991074997, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1266361615055213122, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_en_623/, createTime=1779853835580, updateTime=1779853835580, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1266362029012046520, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1266361615055213122, code=themeColor, value=null, createTime=1779853835585, updateTime=1779853835585, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1266362029020435129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1266361615055213122, code=themeStyle, value=null, createTime=1779853835587, updateTime=1779853835587, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)])], journalTitle=强激光与粒子束, weixinUrl=null, journalUrl=https://www.hplpb.com.cn/, iacademicId=null, status=1, seqNo=null, journalTitleEn=High Power Laser and Particle Beams, journalPhotoCn=mmVSzpsbJpjM8AHqV4TWZw==, journalPhotoEn=l0y7ZNTRmMZ2CXsN3d9BHQ==, journalFirstLetter=H, journalRecommend=null, journalNew=null, journalCollection=null, jcrJf=null, cjcrJf=null, jcrJfStr=null, cjcrJfStr=null, submissionFirstDecision=null, sciSubjectClassification=null, casSubjectClassification=null, citeScore=null, totalCitationFrequency=null, icpCode=null, psCode=null, advertisingLicenseCode=null, copyrightInformation=null, country=null, option=, provinceCode=null, provinceName=null, collectFlag=false), detailUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/qjgylzs/CN/10.11884/HPLPB202638.250346, detailUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/qjgylzs/EN/10.11884/HPLPB202638.250346, pdfUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/qjgylzs/CN/PDF/10.11884/HPLPB202638.250346, pdfUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/qjgylzs/EN/PDF/10.11884/HPLPB202638.250346, aliStartDate=null, aliEndDate=null, collectionFlag=false, citedCount=null, citedUrl=null, reference=null)
收藏切换
惯性约束聚变中黑腔能量亏损问题研究进展
收藏切换
PDF下载
秦雪龙 , 赵航 , 李琦 , 潘凯强 , 刘耀远 , 李三伟 , 张璐 , 杨冬 , 龚韬 , 李志超
强激光与粒子束 | 惯性约束聚变物理与技术 2026,38(4): 042001-1-042001-18
收起
收藏切换
强激光与粒子束 | 惯性约束聚变物理与技术 2026, 38(4): 042001-1-042001-18
惯性约束聚变中黑腔能量亏损问题研究进展
全屏
秦雪龙 , 赵航, 李琦, 潘凯强, 刘耀远, 李三伟, 张璐, 杨冬, 龚韬 , 李志超
作者信息
  • 中国工程物理研究院 激光聚变研究中心 等离子体物理全国重点实验室,四川 绵阳 621900
  • 秦雪龙,

通讯作者:

Research progress on hohlraum energy deficit in inertial confinement fusion
Xuelong Qin , Hang Zhao, Qi Li, Kaiqiang Pan, Yaoyuan Liu, Sanwei Li, Lu Zhang, Dong Yang, Tao Gong , Zhichao Li
Affiliations
  • National Key Laboratory of Plasma Physics, Laser Fusion Research Center, CAEP, Mianyang 621900, China
出版时间: 2026-04-15 doi: 10.11884/HPLPB202638.250346
文章导航
收藏切换

在间接驱动的激光惯性约束聚变中,对靶丸处X射线驱动强度的精确计算是精准预言氘氚燃料靶丸内爆性能的基础。这需要利用辐射流体模拟程序,对激光到X射线转换和腔壁X光吸收损失等过程进行精确模拟。然而,自美国国家点火装置(NIF)的点火攻关计划启动以来,辐射流体模拟程序预测的靶丸处X射线驱动强度持续高于实验测量值,即普遍存在的黑腔能量亏损现象。尽管NIF开展了大量实验研究并持续优化其辐射流体模拟模型,但这一挑战性的黑腔能量亏损问题至今未能得到彻底解决,成为实现高增益惯性约束聚变的关键障碍之一。本文将系统介绍NIF黑腔能量亏损问题上的关键研究进展,并对NIF与我国表征靶丸处辐射流强度的方法展开介绍。

惯性约束聚变  /  黑腔  /  能量亏损  /  辐射流  /  研究进展

In indirect-drive laser inertial confinement fusion (ICF), the precise calculation of X-ray drive intensity at the capsule is crucial for accurately predicting the implosion performance of deuterium-tritium fuel capsules. Achieving this requires detailed radiation-hydrodynamic simulations that accurately capture processes such as laser-to-X-ray conversion and X-ray absorption losses at the hohlraum walls. However, since the inception of the National Ignition Campaign at the National Ignition Facility (NIF), radiation-hydrodynamic simulations have consistently overestimated the experimentally measured X-ray drive flux intensity at the capsule, reflecting the widespread presence of hohlraum energy deficits. Although extensive experimental studies have been conducted at NIF along with continuous optimization of its radiation-hydrodynamic simulation models, the challenging issue of hohlraum energy deficit remains unresolved, constituting one of the critical barriers to achieving high-gain inertial confinement fusion. This paper systematically reviews the critical research developments regarding hohlraum energy deficit at NIF and introduces the methods adopted by NIF and China for characterizing the X-ray radiation flux intensity at the capsule.

inertial confinement fusion  /  hohlraum  /  energy deficit  /  radiation flux  /  research progress
秦雪龙, 赵航, 李琦, 潘凯强, 刘耀远, 李三伟, 张璐, 杨冬, 龚韬, 李志超. 惯性约束聚变中黑腔能量亏损问题研究进展. 强激光与粒子束, 2026 , 38 (4) : 042001-1 -042001-18 . DOI: 10.11884/HPLPB202638.250346
Xuelong Qin, Hang Zhao, Qi Li, Kaiqiang Pan, Yaoyuan Liu, Sanwei Li, Lu Zhang, Dong Yang, Tao Gong, Zhichao Li. Research progress on hohlraum energy deficit in inertial confinement fusion[J]. High Power Laser and Particle Beams, 2026 , 38 (4) : 042001-1 -042001-18 . DOI: 10.11884/HPLPB202638.250346
间接驱动惯性约束聚变(inertial confinement fusion,ICF)的过程中,通过黑腔将激光转换为X射线,从而压缩靶丸实现聚变。因而,靶丸感受到的驱动强度是关系点火成败的关键物理量,只有深入理解黑腔能量传输和分配,才能不断优化激光波形、黑腔构型、黑腔材料等关键参数,为靶丸内爆提供满足需求的X射线驱动源。
在实际物理过程中,激光束首先穿过黑腔注入口并与腔内填充气体相互作用,其中一部分能量因受激布里渊散射(SBS,Stimulated Brillouin Scattering)、受激拉曼散射(Stimulated Raman Scattering,SRS)等激光等离子体相互作用而损失,无法有效用于驱动;另一部分能量则用于加热黑腔内的填充气体。剩余的大部分激光能量沉积在黑腔壁的弹着点区域,并高效转换为X射线。生成的X射线进一步加热整个内壁,并产生再发射X射线。部分X射线通过激光注入口泄漏,无法有效利用。最终,黑腔内各位置发射的X射线共同构成驱动靶丸的辐射场,约有10%的初始激光能量可有效传输至靶丸表面,引发烧蚀与压缩,进而驱动其内爆过程。
因此,靶丸处的X射线驱动强度是决定燃料内爆性能的关键物理量。然而,受限于黑腔内部极端复杂的高温等离子体环境,无法在靶丸附近直接放置探测器进行测量。同时,从黑腔外部所观测到的腔泄露辐射流并不等同于靶丸处的实际驱动强度。因此,靶丸辐射流强度的获取主要依赖间接测量手段。例如,可以通过激光注入孔(Laser Entrance Hole, LEH)观测黑腔壁泄露的辐射流,与辐射流体模拟结果进行比对,从而反推出靶丸所受的X射线驱动强度[1-3];也可通过测量辐射驱动所产生的冲击波速度或靶丸内爆性能等宏观响应,进一步反演加载源的强度[4-6]
长期以来,ICF实验中普遍存在一个显著偏差:通过靶丸内爆性能反推出的辐射驱动强度往往显著低于辐射流体模拟的预测结果,这一现象被称为“黑腔能量亏损”。例如,在部分实验中,尽管模拟结果能够较好再现激光注入孔(LEH)处的辐射流测量值,但对应的X光峰值发射时刻(bangtime)却明显晚于实验观测,表明实际驱动强度偏弱。值得注意的是,在NIF建成之前,Nova和Omega等早期激光装置多采用真空腔和短脉冲驱动,并未显著暴露出该问题。直到NIF点火攻关阶段(NIC)引入充气黑腔后,黑腔能量亏损现象才首次被系统揭示[7]
围绕该问题,NIF随后开展了大量实验研究,并不断修正辐射流体模拟模型,力图弥合模拟与实验之间的差异。本文将系统梳理NIF在黑腔能量亏损问题上的主要研究进展与认识演化脉络,重点总结当前关于其可能成因的认识。同时鉴于黑腔能量亏损问题的长期存在与无法直接测量靶丸驱动强度的现实限制,发展和完善靶丸处辐射流表征技术显得尤为关键。因此,本文将进一步介绍当前NIF及我国在靶丸驱动强度表征方面所采用的主要方法与最新进展。
2009年,NIF建成后,美国将实现点火作为最重要的目标,开启了国家点火攻关(National Ignition Campaign,NIC)。为了判断黑腔辐射温度是否能够满足点火设计,先后开展了多组不同激光能量和黑腔尺度的实验,包括520 kJ及700 kJ缩比黑腔实验[7]和1.2 MJ点火尺度黑腔实验[8]。辐射流体模拟基于Nova/Omega建立的普通黑腔模型[9](common Hohlraum model),通过LASNEX程序对黑腔建模。普通黑腔模型中采用XSN平均原子模型,电子热传导限流因子f=0.05。该限流因子来源于 FL-SH(Flux-Limited Spitzer–Härm)热传导模型,即在经典SH热传导形式在强温度梯度情况下会给出非物理大热流时,通过设置上限来抑制电子热流。限流因子的取值本身并无严格物理约束,在应用中某种程度上等效补偿了非局域电子热传导、自生磁场对热流的削弱等尚未完全建模的物理效应。在这些实验中,注入口观测到的腔泄露的辐射流与辐射流体模拟结果一致,如图1所示。图1(a)为520 kJ及700 kJ缩比黑腔实验辐射流测量值与模拟计算结果的对比,图1(b)为1.2 MJ点火尺度黑腔辐射温度与驱动强度的实验测量值与模拟计算结果随时间的演化曲线。
然而,在对比了缩比实验中不同的“表观”辐射流下,靶丸内爆的X光峰值发射时刻(bangtime)与理论预期值后,发现实验值比模拟值晚300 ps,如图2所示,首次在实验上发现了能量亏损现象。
在近点火条件下,普通黑腔模型模拟结果与实验测量之间存在显著差异。在图3所示的2 ns缩比真空腔实验中[3,10],发现普通黑腔模型低估了黑腔X射线强度20%~30%。图3(a)所示为真空腔实验靶与诊断视角示意图,图3(b)所示为测量的辐射流与两种模型模拟结果的对比,其中虚线为基于XSN的普通黑腔模型。为此,NIF模拟尝试使用“高流模型”[11],其中参数库采用更为精确的Detailed Configuration Accounting(DCA)细致原子模型,限流因子增加为0.15,如图3(b)中的虚线所示,峰值辐射流的模拟结果与测量值一致。同时,高流模型模拟的时变辐射流结果也与实验一致,如图3(c)所示,从下到上的数据点和曲线分别对应150 kJ、233 kJ、308 kJ、635 kJ激光能量的测量值和模拟结果。与此同时,高流模型增大限流因子,使得模拟中电子热流受到的限制减弱,壁面等离子体的有效加热增强,导致腔壁X射线发射率提高,峰值辐射流更接近实验值。此外,电子温度降低也使得模拟得到的多光束SRS增益与实验更为一致[12]
将高流模型应用到NIC阶段的充气黑腔实验中[13],发现其对黑腔辐射流的预测与实验结果符合更好,并且在较宽的激光能量范围内均适用,如图4中红色实心点所示。该数据集来自NIF黑腔能量学实验,涵盖缩比黑腔和点火级黑腔两种构型,并采用了5种能量从约500 kJ到1.3 MJ的激光波形。在黑腔气体填充方面,除最初两次实验在室温条件下采用碳氢化合物外,后续实验均在低温条件下使用纯氦或氢-氦混合气体,其典型填充密度约为351 nm激光临界密度的4.5%,同时也包含少数更低填充密度的实验。图中横轴和纵轴分别对应实验测量和模拟得到的X射线峰值辐射流,其中红色实心圆点和菱形点分别表示高流模型对2009年和2010年实验数据集的预测结果。作为对比,蓝色空心点对应Nova模型,即本文所述的普通黑腔模型对2009年实验的模拟结果。至此,NIF的辐射流体模拟开始全面采用高流模型。
在NIC全能量内爆调谐实验中,冲击波匹配、靶丸内爆压缩轨迹和X光峰值发射时刻数据显示,相比于LASNEX“高流模型”[11]理论预测,靶丸提前减速、减压,且壳层厚度偏大,X光峰值发射时刻比模拟预期晚0.5 ns左右[14-15],如图5所示。其中图5(a)显示的是剩余质量质心半径随时间的变化,图5(b)为剩余质量质心速度随半径的变化,图5(c)给出了X光bangtime的对比结果。数据分析表明,如果在靶丸一维模拟中直接使用高流模型模拟得到的辐射驱动源,无法匹配内爆响应,如图5(a)、(b)中的红线与(c)中的绿线所示。只有在驱动辐射源引入一个随时间变化的小于1的激光功率乘积因子,才能与实验结果一致,如图5(a)、(b)中的蓝线和(c)中的红线所示,该因子将在第三章详细介绍。引入激光功率乘积因子意味着黑腔能量低于预期,即出现了所谓的黑腔“能量丢失”[16]。该现象有两个可能的原因,一是靶丸处辐射流低于预期,二是靶丸烧蚀层材料不透明度或状态方程参数不够准确,导致靶丸受辐照后压缩行为与预期不符。在后续的视因子实验中确认,能量亏损主要来源于靶丸处辐射流低于预期,该问题将在第二章详细介绍。
针对NIC实验所暴露的能量损失问题,NIF建立了“视因子”(ViewFactor)实验平台[17]。如图6所示,视因子实验采用的黑腔长度为NIC标准黑腔3/4长度,黑腔一端维持标准黑腔尺寸和激光注入口(称为LEH端),另一端仅为标准黑腔长度的一半,且将入射口完全打开,仅有内环激光注入(称为敞口端)。这种黑腔设计使得诊断设备能够直接探测黑腔内部和远端注入口,得到对应的X射线辐射流和图像。视因子实验创造了一个和点火靶尽可能相同的等离子体环境,因而可以得到靶丸视角的射线的驱动强度来代替常规ICF实验中通过LEH泄露的辐射流推断得到的驱动强度。同时,视因子平台能够避免对面LEH发光的影响,从而测量得到时间分辨的LEH尺寸变化。
视因子实验的结果如图7所示。其中图7(a)对比了两台Dante谱仪[10]测量壳层厚度分别为20 μm和30 μm的靶丸得到的两组实验数据与模拟得到的X光辐射强度随时间的变化。如图6所示,敞口端37°能够提供最完整的黑腔内部视图,包含了内环和外环激光打击点。这一角度模拟了靶丸视角的驱动强度,图7(a)表示模拟结果高估了20%~25%。然而LEH端37°的模拟结果与测量结果符合的很好。在对比了模拟和实验测量的LEH尺寸后,如图7(b)所示,模拟严重高估了LEH缩孔,得到的LEH面积是测量值的~70%。考虑LEH缩孔的影响后,图7(a)中绿色点给出了修正后的LEH端37°X光辐射强度分布,模拟结果依然显著高于测量值。因而,模拟高估注入口缩口,与模拟高估辐射流,两者的效应大体相互抵消,造成了此前NIC实验中模拟辐射温度与实验匹配的假象。这一实验证实靶丸驱动强度明显偏低,称为“驱动亏损”。此外,也有实验观测到测量得到的靶丸内爆速度和剩余质量与火箭模型的预测相符,基本排除了烧蚀物理对能量亏损的影响[18]
在NIF近真空综合内爆实验中,采用325 TW的激光峰值功率和933 kJ的激光能量,获得了293 eV的峰值辐射温度,并实现了较低的背反份额(小于2%)。实验实现了接近一维对称内爆,最大内爆速度达到550 km/s,一维YOC接近100%。实验结果如图8所示:图8(a)中,黄色和红色带分别为壳层收缩和冲击波传播历程,白线和红线分别为测量值和高流模型模拟得到的辐射温度;图8(b)中,黑色数据点和黑线对应测量和模拟得的X射线发射历程,红色数据点和红线对应测量和模拟得到的中子发射历程。从图中可以看出,尽管实验测量的峰值辐射温度及峰值中子和X射线发射腔壁与模拟结果存在一定的差异,辐射流的时间演化行为,以及X射线和中子的bangtime时刻均与高流模型预测结果一致[19],实现了可理解的黑腔和内爆过程。与充气黑腔显著不同,近真空黑腔的驱动亏损基本为零。
后续NIF经过一系列实验,研究了不同的充气密度和填充气体、激光波形和黑腔形状下的能量亏损情况以增强对黑腔效率的认识。图9所示为不同内外环波长差的黑腔类型与激光能量的有效利用率(相比模拟值)之间的关系[16]。图中的散射光份额通过实验测量得到,散射光份额下面的部分对应于使当时最佳的黑腔模型的模拟和实验测量的峰值发射时刻相匹配所需的激光能量,散射光份额上面的部分对应于无法解释的驱动亏损。从图中可以看出,近真空黑腔基本没有驱动亏损,而黑腔有填充气体时,存在15%~30%的驱动亏损。
为了在驱动亏损的情况下对靶丸驱动强度进行表征,NIF采取的策略是引入激光乘积因子[4,15],在模拟中给不同时刻的激光功率乘以不同的系数,直接匹配实验的内爆响应,包括冲击波速度、剩余质量、内爆速度等,如图10所示。激光功率乘积因子主要反映了模拟高估黑腔驱动强度的程度,通过在不同时间区间对激光功率施加唯象性缩放,可以综合补偿模型在激光吸收、能量损失、腔壁发射等物理过程描述上的不完善,使内爆响应与实验保持一致。图10(a)为调整后的一维X射线驱动强度以匹配图10(b)的冲击波速度历程及图10(c)的内爆流线测量结果。但需要注意的是,因为没有考虑靶丸材料的状态方程和不透明度参数引入的误差,NIF利用乘积因子给出的靶丸驱动并非绝对强度,而是“等效驱动强度”。
激光功率乘积因子通过如下方法获得:根据驱动加载的特征,将时间分为若干区间,每个区间的乘积因子不同。在前几个冲击波,基于VISAR测量到的冲击波速度历程[20],可给出激光加载到主脉冲上升沿阶段的乘积因子。但当辐射温度较高时,VISAR诊断致盲,无法给出峰值辐射温度时刻的驱动系数,因而,峰值时刻附近的系数由靶丸内爆流线给出,通过背光图像,可以获得剩余质量和内爆速度,再综合结合中子峰值发射时刻(bangtime)、下散射中子比例(down-scattered ratio,DSR),据此给出峰值附近的乘积因子。对于不同的黑腔或者驱动波形,均可以采用上述方法确定乘积因子。
图11展示了一个典型的激光功率乘积因子计算结果[15]。该结果采用分段的系数,在应用后得到的剩余质量质心半径、速度和X光bangtime与模拟基本匹配,如图5所示。尽管对于不同的实验条件,激光功率乘积因子的具体数值不同,但在主脉冲阶段,乘积因子总是小于1,对应于驱动亏损的程度。
但由于激光功率乘积因子仅仅考虑整体的驱动强度,而忽略了靶丸驱动明显的时变不对称性(尤其是涉及束间能量转移(cross beam energy transfer,CBET)等过程),因而具有较大的不确定性。为此,NIF在激光功率乘积因子的基础上,引入了内环功率比乘积因子[5],涉及到的诊断量有双轴冲击波速度、二维背光成像、X光和中子bangtime、中子产额、X光图像等等,如图12所示。
在具体计算时,激光功率乘积因子与内环功率比乘积因子需要迭代调节,靶丸驱动系数的调节可以分为三个步骤:(a)调整激光功率乘积因子,匹配冲击波速度和追赶深度;(b)通过调整峰值输入功率和峰值处内环份额,匹配2D内爆轨迹;(c)调整峰值附近的激光功率,匹配bangtime,再根据峰值X射线和中子图像,调整内环功率比乘积因子。图13所示为一个典型氘氚分层内爆实验的激光功率乘积因子和内环功率比乘积因子[21]
综上所述,NIF通过匹配激光功率与内爆特征诊断量,形成了一套辐射驱动表征方法[21]。一维测量方法基于内爆流线和冲击波速度历程得到激光功率乘积因子[4],二维测量基于双轴冲击波速度和二维背光内爆轨迹[5],并结合数值模拟匹配X射线和中子bangtime等诊断量,给出激光功率乘积因子和内环功率比乘积因子。
但需要注意的是,乘积因子是一种经验参数,不具有普适性,在实验条件变化后,需重新对系列实验进行分析。图14给出了不同阶段NIF实验中的激光功率乘积因子[5],可以看到,在激光脉冲的不同时间区间,CH、Be和HDC靶丸的系数不同。
尽管NIF目前已经实现点火,但在模拟分析中仍需使用激光功率乘积因子,比如,在聚变放能大于100 kJ的系列实验中[22-23],黑腔填充气体He的密度为0.3 mg/cm3,在沟槽和主脉冲阶段,Hybrid-E和I腔均需要考虑约20%的驱动亏损。对于Hybrid-E腔,内环功率比乘积因子在1至1.065之间[23]
针对高流模型高估充气黑腔的驱动强度的问题,NIF对高流模型进行了优化[24],试图在不加入乘积因子的情况下解释实验结果。主要的优化在三个方面:细化模拟网格、改进原子模型和减小电子热传导限流。首先通过网格收敛研究,确保模拟计算完全收敛。简而言之,就是细化径向网格间距、角度网格间距和光子能量群组的分区,直到靶丸周围的时间相关辐射通量收敛到1%,并且热斑形状的P2和P4勒让德矩收敛至1 μm。
针对原子模型,NIF对比了基准DCA_2010与更精细的原子物理模型Self-Consistent Radiation Atomic Model (SCRAM)[25]给出的金的X光发射率与电子温度的关系,发现在Te=1 keV时的发射率不足,而在Te>2 keV发射率又过高,如图15所示。针对这些偏差,NIF又尝试了三个更为细节的DCA模型,同样在图15中给出。最细节的DCA_79x5模型相比最初的DCA_2010模型,引入了一些额外的自离化过程并修正了一些自离化率,同时包括了直到n=10的双激发态。最终,在整个电子温度区间内,DCA_79x5与SCRAM计算结果的偏差小于20%。同时,在考虑了等离子体双流不稳定性对热传导的抑制后,将电子热传导的限流从0.15调整至0.03,因而这一模型称为小限流因子(low-flux)模型。
小限流因子模型导致图16所示的内环激光在柱腔表面反射后从对侧LEH出射的镜反光(glint)增强[26],导致激光到黑腔的耦合效率降低,提供了驱动亏损的一种可能的物理解释。
将小限流因子模型应用到一些充气HDC实验后,能够在不加调节因子的情况下与辐射驱动数据更好的符合[24]图17中对比了三种模型模拟得到的总辐射流和X光发射历程与实验结果的对比。图17(a)中绿色点对应实验测量的总辐射流,黑色线、红色实线和红色虚线分别对应初始高流模型、高流模型更改原子模型为DCA_79x5以及小限流因子模型。从图中可以看出,初始高流模型的辐射流明显高于数据结果,尤其在激光能量上升期间,而DCA_79x5原子模型的两种模拟结果的辐射流降低,更接近真实数据。同时,小限流因子模型将计算的X光bangtime延迟了200 ps以上,使bangtime与测量值的偏差不超过100 ps,如图17(b)所示。
随后这一模型被应用到更多的不同条件的实验中,包括两种黑腔尺寸(直径为5.75 mm和6.72 mm)和不同的黑腔充气密度(从0.06到1.6 mg/cm3),得到的X光bangtime与测量值得对比如图18所示。对于其中充气密度不高于0.85 mg/cm3的三发实验,新模型对bangtime的预测值的偏差都在100 ps内。而对于更高填充,虽然相比初始高流模型依然能够延迟bangtime,但却仍远远早于实验结果。
但需要注意的是,小限流因子主要通过增强镜反光的成分从而减弱了黑腔的激光耦合效率,从而使得bangtime更接近实验预期。为了检验镜反光对X射线驱动强度的影响,NIF设计了如图19所示的Ti观测盘实验方案[26]。在实验中,黑腔下注入口射入NIF下半球96束激光里的88束,而上端则利用钛片将吸收的镜反光转换为约5 keV的X射线,并通过一个门控X射线相机在上半球进行成像。此外,下半球的另外4束激光在黑腔外直接打击一块相似的钛片来标定钛观测盘发射的X光与激光强度的关系,用来推断黑腔钛观测盘接收到的镜反光的强度。
实验结果发现,在黑腔上段钛观测盘上观测到的镜反光主要来源于内环23.5°激光束组。将图20(a)所示的通过黑腔上端的X射线门控相机在0.6 mg/cm3充气密度下获得的实验图像,与图20(b)图20(d)针对不同锥角激光束的镜反光射线追踪模拟结果进行对比,可以判定实验在12、3和6点钟方向观测到的镜反光在空间分布和聚焦特征上与内环23.5°束组的21.2°子束最为一致。
图21(b)为不同充气密度下X射线门控相机在4.5 ns时刻观测到的图像。0.3 mg/cm3和0.6 mg/cm3充气密度下观测到了类似的镜反光信号,而在1.2 mg/cm3的充气密度下几乎没有观测到镜反光。如图21(a)所示,0.3 mg/cm3和0.6 mg/cm3充气密度的镜反光强度相近,但最多达到内环激光强度的7%,也就是小于总激光强度的2%,相比通常ICF实验观测到10%~20%的能量亏损,镜反光的贡献并不足以解释这一现象。这一实验结果也意味着小限流因子得到的高镜反光的结论可能是存在问题的。
在以往的模拟模型中,无论是最初的普通黑腔模型,还是后来的高流模型和小限流因子模型,电子热传导都是采用唯象的FL-SH模型,通过限流因子f来避免在高电子温度梯度下出现非物理热流计算的问题。然而,NIF团队的一系列研究结果表明,f的取值经历了从早期的高限流(0.10~0.15),到后期倾向于低限流(0.03~0.06),再到近期提出需以时变函数替代的认识变化[9]。迄今为止,f应该取何函数表达式仍是悬而未决的难题。因而,如何准确描述电子热传导的非局域效应,已成为 ICF 模拟面临的重要挑战,并推动了利用更具物理基础的非局域热传导模型开展黑腔模拟的探索。
为了更加深入的研究等离子体的非局域热传导效应,NIF构建了图22所示的埋点谱仪实验平台[27],即利用放置于视因子黑腔中由锰和钴组成的小圆点作为示踪元素,通过测量该圆点的X射线发射光谱并跟踪其位置,来获得黑腔中等离子体温度密度状态及运动行为。示踪点通过溅射方式涂覆于靶丸顶端(极点),或者通过塑料薄膜放置于靶丸中心下方。在数值模拟方面,NIF对比了限流f=0.15与f=0.03的FL-SH模型与两种更物理的方法,即考虑了自生磁场的磁流体动力学(magnetohydrodynamic,MHD)[28]和非局域多群扩散模型(multigroup diffusion model,SNB)[29]
结果如图23所示,(a)和(b)分别对应靶丸顶端示踪点的电子温度和位置,(c)对应Dante测量得到的总X射线辐射流。从图中可以看出,目前没有任何一种热传导模型能同时准确复现所有观测结果。无论采用哪种传输模型,模拟的X射线辐射流都始终高于Dante探测到的实测值。小限流模型给出的X射线辐射流与实测值更接近,但与示踪点的温度数据严重不符。非局域模型在示踪点温度上表现最佳,但四种模型的X射线驱动差别不大,驱动亏损可能另有原因。为了精确刻画黑腔内的热传导,很可能要同时包含非局域效应和MHD的模型。
长期以来,黑腔的驱动亏损问题不断困扰着研究人员。通过视因子实验,NIF定位了驱动亏损问题主要来自于黑腔,但其具体的物理机制尚不清晰,对模拟模型的修正往往也只能对一些特殊条件下的实验进行较为准确的预测。因而,研究人员也提出了一些其他可能造成能量亏损的原因,虽然还没有足够的实验证据,但值得在后续的研究中加以关注。
在目前的ICF模拟程序中,并未考虑腔壁-气体混合导致的流体力学不稳定性。而这一混合效应可能会影响激光到X光的转换效率,进而造成能量亏损。
NIF在研究低熵橄榄球腔内爆实验时[30],发现常规高流模型的辐射流体模拟得到的内爆热斑对称性与实验结果有很大差别,如图24中黑色点所示。
为了解释这一现象,NIF引入了在模拟中一直被忽视的Au/He界面对流体力学扰动不稳定的物理效应。他们在传统辐射流体力学模拟的基础上,加入了一个简单且物理上直观的混合模型fall-line mix model。图25所示为将这一模型应用到前两个发次的黑腔模拟结果,得到腔壁Au的膨胀尺度相比不加混合的模拟增大300 μm。这部分差别来自于Rayleigh-Taylor混合,同时也可能有来自离子扩散等其他非流体混合的贡献。如图24中蓝色点所示,在加入这一混合模型的贡献后,前两个发次内爆热斑对称性模拟结果能与实验结果有较好匹配。第三个发次混合模型的修正过高,可能来自于这一发外环激光SBS的损失和指向以及黑腔中Ne掺杂的影响。
然而,这三发实验测量的X光静态成像系统(Static X-ray imager,SXI)图像并未发现扰动界面或混合的明显迹象,其原因可能是由于橄榄球腔在LEH附近腔壁的曲率在空间上模糊了沿着诊断视线的候选调制。在直柱金腔靶的实验中,在激光外环附近发现了异常的周期结构,如图26所示。三发实验图像得到的微扰结构具有几乎相同的波长或模式结构,可能可以作为腔壁-气体混合确实存在的实验证据。
进一步的研究表明,黑腔壁与填充气体的混合会导致熵增[31]。以黑腔充入1 mg/cm3氦气、直径5.75 mm、长度10 mm、电子温度2 keV、总混合宽度500 μm的条件为例,计算结果如图27所示。在该模型中,沿着混合宽度给出的熵增曲线的两个标记点分别对应混合界面在不同受力条件下的代表性状态:下方红点位于激光功率较低、界面加速度为正(g>0)时的特征位置;而上方红点对应随后界面加速度反向(g<0)阶段的代表性条件。二者之间的差值给出了典型实验条件下混合所能产生的熵增量,约为100 kJ,与实验推断的主流能量损失量相当。需要指出的是,该工作得到的熵增只能严格解释为混合导致的冕区等离子体加热量的上限,可能以牺牲X射线驱动能量为代价。
同时,NIF实验组在解决N140207发静态X射线相机图像模拟与实验之间的差别时,通过对比了不同网格分辨率的数值模拟结果[32],发现随着网格细化,腔壁金-气体界面的扰动结构逐渐显现。在最高分辨率(11 μm网格)的模拟结果中观测到了类似经典Kelvin-Helmholtz(KH)不稳定性的涡旋结构,如图28所示。KH不稳定性可能会在激光吸收区域产生湍流结构,降低激光转换成X光的效率,为能量亏损问题提供了新的解释思路。
黑腔壁的物性参数会影响激光到X射线的转换,而模拟采用不准确的物性参数可能对辐射流的计算出现偏差,进而低估了腔壁对能量的吸收,导致能量亏损。
针对这一问题,NIF通过低充气视因子实验展开研究[33]。实验靶由半个缩比点火黑腔和一段无LEH端盖的2 mm圆柱延伸段组成,并在黑腔壁外环激光入射位置沉积200 nm厚的金层,内掺少量Mn或Zn。实验设计采用LEH端向下和敞口端向下两种构型,其靶型、诊断排布及Dante谱仪视角示意图如图2930所示。
图29(b)所示,当Dante通过LEH端观测时,其视线主要为由外环激光驱动形成的局部金泡区域。而当Dante透过敞口端观测时,如图30(b)所示,其视场覆盖了由内外环激光照亮的整个黑腔壁,而金泡等离子体区域只占其中一部分。凭借这一特性,视因子实验能够有效分离并定位驱动亏损的主要来源区域。
模拟采用NIF基准的LASNEX黑腔模版(LASNEX Hohlraum Template,LHT),限流因子设为f=0.15。结果表明,模拟得到的LEH端的Dante辐射流相比与测量值的偏差(>10%)相比敞口端(<10%)更大,而LEH端的M带辐射流的差异更大(30%~50%)。这表明模型对局域热动平衡(local thermodynamic equilibrium,LTE)区域的描述相对合理,而在非局域热动平衡(NLTE)冕区的高能辐射处理中存在不足。为改进模拟,NIF在金M带发射计算中引入了不透明度乘积因子$ {\kappa }_{\mathrm{M}} $。对于LEH端向下的实验$ {\kappa }_{\mathrm{M}}\sim 0.80 $,而对于敞口端向下的实验$ {\kappa }_{\mathrm{M}}\sim 0.9-0.95 $。如图31(a)和(b)所示,引入$ {\kappa }_{\mathrm{M}}\sim 0.80 $后总辐射流和M带辐射流的模拟结果均与实验符合。同时,对比Zn和Mn掺杂的Lyα/Heα比值发现,仅依靠$ {\kappa }_{\mathrm{M}} $仍不足以描述实验结果,还需结合MHD物理模型才能很好匹配实验,如图31(c)所示。
NIF将该模型进一步应用到针对黑腔能量亏损的细致分解实验“Build A Hohlraum”[34]中。这一实验从最简单的方波驱动真空黑腔出发,逐步接近真实点火靶的结构以及激光波形,通过研究激光耦合效率、辐射流、注入孔缩孔、金泡运动和离化度等物理量,逐步确认模型与实验结果的一致性,寻找能量亏损的来源。当取$ {\kappa }_{\mathrm{M}}=0.87 $时,模拟得到的总辐射流和M带辐射流与模拟结果的对比如图32所示。其中,Dante-1的总辐射流和M带辐射流与模拟结果从简单黑腔到类点火靶均保持一致。对于Dante-2,由于观测区域部分未被激光直接加热,简单黑腔下辐射温度更低。而在黑腔构型逐步复杂的情况下,Dante-2测量的辐射流会高于模拟值,这可能是由于注入孔的结构建模不准确导致的。在其中的综合内爆实验中,中子bangtime相比此前模拟结果推迟约200 ps,与实验的差异小于110 ps。因此,模拟得到的金M带辐射发射的不准确性很可能是导致驱动亏损的重要原因之一。
黑腔能量学中的驱动亏损现象自从在NIC时期发现后,经历了曲折的研究历程。首先通过视因子实验,NIF定位了能量亏损问题主要在黑腔,并通过一系列实验验证了只有充气黑腔才会出现能量亏损问题。针对这一问题,NIF研究团队对模拟模型进行了一系列的校验与改进,包括原子模型、非局域热传导、自生磁场等效应的影响,但至今仍然没能对黑腔进行完全准确的建模。为了在驱动亏损的情况下表征靶丸驱动,NIF采取了乘积因子这一唯象参数,并提出一整套靶丸有效驱动强度的表征方法,使得现有模拟可以继续支撑内爆过程研究。同时,NIF并未放弃理解驱动亏损现象,从实验中发现腔壁-气体混合可能会造成能量亏损并开展了一些模拟研究;近年来又针对腔壁M带发射开展新的视因子实验,试图在不引入激光功率乘积因子的情况下表征靶丸驱动。从NIF的研究历程中,我们可以得到以下启示:
从NIF的研究过程可以发现,理论模拟的问题十分复杂,现有的模拟程序并不能完全阐述黑腔内的物理机制。同时,能量亏损的问题可能并非来源于单一的物理成因,而更可能是多种因素共同作用的结果。因而,如何从复杂的黑腔建模中发现问题成因,是解决能量亏损问题的关键。
针对这一情况,NIF研究团队采用了以广泛系统科学为基础的模型校验计划,包括模型-模型之间的比较,分层次的实验校验策略,强有力的因素相关性研究等。从普通黑腔模型到高流模型,再到小限流因子模型,不同黑腔模型均实在与实验结果的对比不断修正对黑腔辐射驱动的描述。通过系统比较这些模型在预测准确性上的差异,并结合这些模型在电子热传导、原子物理等建模机制上的演进,分析黑腔能量亏损问题的可能成因。同时,通过分解实验对模型中已有的较为单一的物理过程进行校验,例如通过埋点谱仪实验确定现有模型的电子热传导描述都存在问题,为模型的优化提供思路;此外,对模拟中尚未考虑的物理机制,如腔壁-气体混合等问题,有望在未来通过加入这些物理机制以确认是否是能量亏损问题的成因。
能量亏损问题的存在严重影响黑腔模拟的准确性,使得模拟难以准确表征靶丸驱动强度,进而影响对内爆性能的预测。在这一情况下,NIF通过在模拟中调整驱动源,使模拟结果与实验的内爆响应匹配,给出了利用乘积因子的一维和二维表征方法,使得现有模拟依然能够支撑内爆过程研究。虽然乘积因子只是一种经验参数,不具有普适性,但其绕开了黑腔精准建模的困难,在NIF实验的模拟中起到了重要作用。
在过去对能量亏损的研究中,视因子实验平台提供了对黑腔内部更完整的观测结果,定位了能量亏损问题的成因,起到了极其关键的作用。然而,视因子黑腔破坏了黑腔的完整性,与综合内爆黑腔存在显著差别,难以完全反映真实状况下的能量亏损问题。因而,5.2节中NIF的细致分解实验“Build A Hohlraum Campaign”的思路可供参考。从方波驱动的简单真空黑腔出发,一步步研究更复杂的靶构型、激光波形下黑腔能量学的差异,逐步分析黑腔能量亏损问题的可能成因。
NIF对能量亏损的研究历程中,辐射流测量主要通过Dante从LEH测量黑腔壁漏失的辐射流得到。视因子平台提供了对腔壁辐射流更为准确的测量,但却破坏了黑腔的完整性。因而,直接通过LEH观测靶丸处的辐射流可能能得到更有价值的结论,进而解决能量亏损的问题。
根据这一想法,我国激光聚变研究中心团队自主研发了空间分辨辐射流测量系统(Space-Resolving Flux Detector,SRFD)[35-36]。该系统基于精密针孔成像和像面限孔光阑,观测有限视场,实现空间区域选区,再由平响应X射线探测器(flat-response X-ray detector,FXRD)记录指定目标区域的X射线发射流。基于SRFD诊断,可以直接排除视场外的非目标信号,并能避免LEH缩孔的影响,近年来在靶丸驱动强度表征方面取得了一系列研究成果。
2017年,基于神光-III原型装置,研究团队开展了充气柱腔靶丸表面再发射流实验[37],再发射流测量方法如图33(a)所示。实验采用金腔,靶丸采用表面涂有铝的玻璃球。SRFD的像面限孔直径4 mm,放大倍数为十倍,因而观测视场大小为400 μm,与靶丸的初始直径一致。SRFD直接通过LEH直接测量靶丸处的再发射流时间演化结果,如图33(b)所示。
基于二维LARED-JC辐射流体力学模拟,研究团队通过调整限流因子,使模拟得到的再发射流和腔壁辐射流与实验测量一致。模拟结果反演得到靶丸处的时变辐射流,并同步获得靶丸反照率的时间演化,如图34(a)所示。实验发现,靶丸处辐射流与来自黑腔壁的辐射流在强度和时间行为上都有很大区别,如图34(b)所示。靶丸处驱动强度相比黑腔壁辐射流,上升的更为缓慢,同时最大辐射温度偏低大约6 eV和12 eV(相比上55°和上30° FXRD探测器测量结果)。这一结果表明,传统基于黑腔壁辐射流评估靶丸处驱动强度的方法存在系统性高估。
2019年,研究团队基于神光100 kJ装置,采用SRFD和条纹光学高温计(Streaked Optical Pyrometer,SOP),同时获得柱腔中心样品再发射流和冲击波速度[6],实验诊断排布如图35所示。
通过冲击波速度和再发射流两套独立诊断量,结合LARED-JC数值模拟,给出了黑腔中心驱动辐射流时间演化数据,如图36所示。模拟给出的冲击波速度和样品再发射流与实验测量结果一致。这一研究提出再发射流和冲击波速度对不透明度系数依赖不同,联合诊断可以减小对样品物性参数的依赖,得到驱动的绝对强度。此外,在这一实验中也发现黑腔中心驱动强度与FXRD测量的腔壁辐射流不一致,等效辐射温度偏低约12.0 eV和17.1 eV(相比上16°和上42° FXRD探测器),且时间行为存在较大差异。
通过SRFD诊断靶丸处再发射流,结合辐射流体程序,能够反演出靶丸处驱动强度,同时能结合冲击波速度等其他诊断量,减小对物性参数的依赖。研究中也发现通常用来估计靶丸处驱动强度的腔壁辐射流与实际驱动强度在强度和时间行为上都存在明显的差别。因而相比传统方法,利用再发射流反推靶丸处驱动强度的方法有其独特的优势[37]。首先,通过直接测量靶丸处视场的再发射流,不需要通过腔壁辐射流转换到靶丸处辐射流,能够提升驱动强度的精确度;其次,可以避免激光光斑的移动对黑腔壁辐射流测量的影响,这一影响很难用传统的基于腔壁的技术进行评估;同时,直接观测有限视场可以避免LEH缩孔的影响;最后,这一技术提供了对新型设计黑腔的辐射流估计方法,例如对于六通腔[38-39]或其他的多LEH设计的黑腔[40],从不同LEH泄漏的辐射流无法通过Dante谱仪或FXRD探测器进行区分。因此,这一方法的进一步发展有潜力为能量亏损问题的解决提供重要支撑。
黑腔能量亏损是间接驱动惯性约束聚变的世界性难题,长期困扰着研究人员,其本质是黑腔的物理建模还存在缺项,尤其是在描述高充气黑腔的复杂环境时。面对这一问题,NIF采取了双线并行的方式,一方面在驱动亏损尚未解决的情况下,采取乘积因子这一唯象参数,并提出一整套靶丸有效驱动表征方法,使得现有模拟可以继续支撑内爆过程的研究。另一方面,继续尝试通过分解实验来校验底层参数并理解能量亏损现象。
虽然到目前为止,能量亏损问题依然没能得到彻底的解决。但已经开展的大量的实验和模拟研究显著加深了对黑腔能量学的认知,为未来的研究提供了思路和方向。当下国内研究团队在黑腔能量学的实验研究上已经有了不少积累,但在理论认识层面还有一定的差距。基于现有的模拟,如果要得到能够应用到内爆模拟的靶丸处辐射强度,除了在模拟中采用类似NIF做法的乘积因子这一唯象参数外,也可以通过特有的空间分辨辐射流诊断系统直接观测靶丸处辐射流构建新的表征方法,绕开黑腔建模不准的问题。
参考文献 引证文献
排序方式:
1
Amendt P, Glendinning S G, Hammel B A, et al. Direct measurement of X-ray drive from surrogate targets in Nova hohlraums[J]. Physical Review Letters, 1996, 77(18): 3815-3818.
2
Glenzer S H, Suter L J, Turner R E, et al. Energetics of inertial confinement fusion hohlraum plasmas[J]. Physical Review Letters, 1998, 80(13): 2845-2848.
3
Kline J L, Glenzer S H, Olson R E, et al. Observation of high soft X-ray drive in large-scale hohlraums at the national ignition facility[J]. Physical Review Letters, 2011, 106: 085003.
4
Clark D S, Hinkel D E, Eder D C, et al. Detailed implosion modeling of deuterium-tritium layered experiments on the National Ignition Facility[J]. Physics of Plasmas, 2013, 20: 056318.
5
Kritcher A L, Clark D, Haan S, et al. Comparison of plastic, high density carbon, and beryllium as indirect drive NIF ablators[J]. Physics of Plasmas, 2018, 25: 056309.
6
Xie Xufei, Hou Lifei, Cai Hongbo, et al. Measurement of time-dependent drive flux on the capsule for indirectly driven inertial confinement fusion experiments[J]. Physical Review Letters, 2022, 128: 075001.
7
Meezan N B, Atherton L J, Callahan D A, et al. National ignition campaign Hohlraum energetics[J]. Physics of Plasmas, 2010, 17: 056304.
8
Glenzer S H, Macgowan B J, Meezan N B, et al. Demonstration of ignition radiation temperatures in indirect-drive inertial confinement fusion hohlraums[J]. Physical Review Letters, 2011, 106: 085004.
9
Farmer W A, Bruulsema C, Swadling G F, et al. Validation of heat transport modeling using directly driven beryllium spheres[J]. Physics of Plasmas, 2020, 27: 082701.
10
Kline J L, Widmann K, Warrick A, et al. The first measurements of soft x-ray flux from ignition scale Hohlraums at the National Ignition Facility using DANTE (invited)[J]. Review of Scientific Instruments, 2010, 81: 10E321.
11
Rosen M D, Scott H A, Hinkel D E, et al. The role of a detailed configuration accounting (DCA) atomic physics package in explaining the energy balance in ignition-scale hohlraums[J]. High Energy Density Physics, 2011, 7(3): 180-190.
12
Kirkwood R K, Moody J D, Kline J, et al. A review of laser–plasma interaction physics of indirect-drive fusion[J]. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, 2013, 55: 103001.
13
Town R P J, Rosen M D, Michel P A, et al. Analysis of the National Ignition Facility ignition hohlraum energetics experiments[J]. Physics of Plasmas, 2011, 18: 056302.
14
Hicks D G, Meezan N B, Dewald E L, et al. Implosion dynamics measurements at the National Ignition Facility[J]. Physics of Plasmas, 2012, 19: 122702.
15
Jones O S, Cerjan C J, Marinak M M, et al. A high-resolution integrated model of the National Ignition Campaign cryogenic layered experiments[J]. Physics of Plasmas, 2012, 19: 056315.
16
Moody J D, Callahan D A, Hinkel D E, et al. Progress in hohlraum physics for the National Ignition Facility[J]. Physics of Plasmas, 2014, 21: 056317.
17
MacLaren S A, Schneider M B, Widmann K, et al. Novel characterization of capsule X-ray drive at the national ignition facility[J]. Physical Review Letters, 2014, 112: 105003.
18
Meezan N B, MacKinnon A J, Hicks D G, et al. X-ray driven implosions at ignition relevant velocities on the National Ignition Facility[J]. Physics of Plasmas, 2013, 20: 056311.
19
Le Pape S, Divol L, Berzak Hopkins L, et al. Observation of a reflected shock in an indirectly driven spherical implosion at the National Ignition Facility[J]. Physical Review Letters, 2014, 112: 225002.
20
Robey H F, Boehly T R, Celliers P M, et al. Shock timing experiments on the National Ignition Facility: initial results and comparison with simulation[J]. Physics of Plasmas, 2012, 19: 042706.
21
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL). Laser Indirect Drive input to NNSA 2020 Report[R]. 2020.
22
Kritcher A L, Young C V, Robey H F, et al. Design of inertial fusion implosions reaching the burning plasma regime[J]. Nature Physics, 2022, 18(3): 251-258.
23
Kritcher A L, Zylstra A B, Callahan D A, et al. Achieving record hot spot energies with large HDC implosions on NIF in Hybrid-E[J]. Physics of Plasmas, 2021, 28: 072706.
24
Jones O S, Suter L J, Scott H A, et al. Progress towards a more predictive model for hohlraum radiation drive and symmetry[J]. Physics of Plasmas, 2017, 24: 056312.
25
Hansen S B, Bauche J, Bauche-Arnoult C, et al. Hybrid atomic models for spectroscopic plasma diagnostics[J]. High Energy Density Physics, 2007, 3(1/2): 109-114.
26
Lemos N, Farmer W A, Izumi N, et al. Specular reflections (“glint”) of the inner beams in a gas-filled cylindrical hohlraum[J]. Physics of Plasmas, 2022, 29: 092704.
27
Farmer W A, Jones O S, Barrios M A, et al. Heat transport modeling of the dot spectroscopy platform on NIF[J]. Plasma Physics and Controlled Fusion, 2018, 60: 044009.
28
Farmer W A, Koning J M, Strozzi D J, et al. Simulation of self-generated magnetic fields in an inertial fusion hohlraum environment[J]. Physics of Plasmas, 2017, 24: 052703.
29
Schurtz G P, Nicolaï P D, Busquet M. A nonlocal electron conduction model for multidimensional radiation hydrodynamics codes[J]. Physics of Plasmas, 2000, 7(10): 4238-4249.
30
Amendt P, Ross J S, Milovich J L, et al. Low-adiabat rugby hohlraum experiments on the National Ignition Facility: comparison with high-flux modeling and the potential for gas-wall interpenetration[J]. Physics of Plasmas, 2014, 21: 112703.
31
Amendt P. Entropy generation from hydrodynamic mixing in inertial confinement fusion indirect-drive targets[J]. Physics of Plasmas, 2021, 28: 072701.
32
Vandenboomgaerde M, Bonnefille M, Gauthier P. The Kelvin-Helmholtz instability in National Ignition Facility hohlraums as a source of gold-gas mixing[J]. Physics of Plasmas, 2016, 23: 052704.
33
Chen Hui, Woods D T, Farmer W A, et al. Understanding the deficiency in inertial confinement fusion hohlraum x-ray flux predictions using experiments at the National Ignition Facility[J]. Physical Review E, 2024, 110: L013201.
34
Swadling G F, Farmer W A, Chen H, et al. Resolving discrepancies in bang-time predictions for indirect-drive ICF experiments on the NIF: insights from the Build-A-Hohlraum campaign[J]. Physics of Plasmas, 2025, 32: 052707.
35
Ren Kuan, Liu Shenye, Du Huabing, et al. New two-dimensional space-resolving flux detection technique for measurement of hohlraum inner radiation in Shenguang-III prototype[J]. Review of Scientific Instruments, 2015, 86: 103112.
36
Ren Kuan, Liu Shenye, Xie Xufei, et al. First exploration of radiation temperatures of the laser spot, re-emitting wall and entire hohlraum drive source[J]. Scientific Reports, 2019, 9: 5050.
37
Xie Xufei, Wu Changshu, Chen Jinwen, et al. Characterization of radiation drive by measuring the localized re-emitted flux from the capsule in inertial confinement fusion experiments[J]. Nuclear Fusion, 2022, 62: 126008.
38
Kuang Longyu, Li Hang, Jing Longfei, et al. A novel three-axis cylindrical hohlraum designed for inertial confinement fusion ignition[J]. Scientific Reports, 2016, 6: 34636.
39
Li Xin, Dong Yunsong, Kang Dongguo, et al. First indirect drive experiment using a six-cylinder-port hohlraum[J]. Physical Review Letters, 2022, 128: 195001.
40
Farmer W A, Tabak M, Hammer J H, et al. High-temperature hohlraum designs with multiple laser-entrance holes[J]. Physics of Plasmas, 2019, 26: 032701.
2026年第38卷第4期
PDF下载
19
8
引用本文
BibTeX
文章信息
doi: 10.11884/HPLPB202638.250346
  • 接收时间:2025-10-14
  • 首发时间:2026-05-27
  • 出版时间:2026-04-15
补充材料
相关文章
文章信息
作者
出版历史
  • 收稿日期:2025-10-14
  • 修回日期:2026-01-27
  • 录用日期:2026-01-27
基金
作者信息
    中国工程物理研究院 激光聚变研究中心 等离子体物理全国重点实验室,四川 绵阳 621900

通讯作者:

参考文献
分享链接
https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/qjgylzs/CN/10.11884/HPLPB202638.250346
分享至
全文二维码

扫描看全文

引用本文
BibTeX
本文的引用情况
2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
关闭全屏