Article(id=1266471303595836352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, issueId=1266471145588019694, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11884/HPLPB202638.250303, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1758211200000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-19, revisedDate=1769011200000, revisedDateStr=2026-01-22, acceptedDate=1769011200000, acceptedDateStr=2026-01-22, onlineDate=1779879888676, onlineDateStr=2026-05-27, pubDate=1776182400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1779879888676, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1779879888676, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1779879888676, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1266471145588019694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, year='2026', volume='38', issue='4', pageStart='041001-1', pageEnd='049003-11', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1779879851004, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1779879869427, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1266471222939374548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, issueId=1266471145588019694, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1266471222943568853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, issueId=1266471145588019694, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=041004-1, endPage=041004-5, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1266471303834911682, articleId=1266471303595836352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, language=EN, title=Development of X-ray online-aiming pinhole camera for Xingguang-III laser facility, columnId=1266471245458591845, journalTitle=High Power Laser and Particle Beams, columnName=High Power Laser Physics and Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Background

Pinhole cameras based on the principle of pinhole imaging are widely used in high-energy-density physics experiments to monitor laser-target interaction regions. However, traditional pinhole cameras often suffer from signal acquisition failures due to the lack of online aiming capability, especially for small targets such as wire targets in facilities like the Xingguang-Ⅲ laser system.

Purpose

This study aims to develop an X-ray online-aiming pinhole camera for the Xingguang-Ⅲ laser facility to address the challenge of precise target alignment under vacuum conditions and enhance the reliability of signal acquisition.

Methods

An integrated design combining a visible-light CCD and an X-ray CCD was implemented. A revolver-type pinhole adjustment device was developed to switch between aiming apertures and imaging pinholes with a concentricity error below 3.5 µm. High-precision two-dimensional pointing adjustments (pitch and tilt) were achieved using a motorized stage, with a targeting accuracy of 15 µm. The visible-light CCD enabled real-time target imaging, while different aperture sizes on a precision adjustment disk facilitated coarse-to-fine aiming.

Results

The camera was tested on the Xingguang-Ⅲ laser facility using a Cu planar target irradiated by a picosecond laser. Clear X-ray spot images were obtained, with a peak intensity of 52 040 and a background noise of approximately 2 500. The full width at half maximum of the spot was 43 µm horizontally and 38 µm vertically, confirming successful online aiming and imaging performance.

Conclusions

The developed X-ray online-aiming pinhole camera fulfills the operational requirements of the Xingguang-Ⅲ laser facility. It enables real-time, high-precision target alignment under vacuum, significantly improving the success rate of signal acquisition in high-energy-density physics experiments.

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基于针孔成像原理的针孔相机结构简单、使用方便,在高能量密度物理实验中常用于监测激光与靶相互作用区域的形状与大小。为适应星光-Ⅲ激光装置的靶室结构与打靶方式,研制了一种用于该装置的X射线在线瞄准针孔相机,以解决传统针孔相机无法在线瞄准导致的信号采集失败问题。相机采用可见光CCD与X光CCD一体化设计,通过优化调节结构,实现了俯仰与侧摆方向的高精度在线指向调节,调节精度达15 μm。利用可见光CCD实时采集靶面图像,并结合精密调节盘上的不同孔径瞄准孔,实现了X光针孔相机的高精度在线瞄准。在星光-Ⅲ激光装置上对该相机进行了激光打靶考核,实验结果表明,其性能满足该装置的使用要求。

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卢峰,
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杨雷,

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星光-Ⅲ激光装置X射线在线瞄准针孔相机研制
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杨雷 , 黄征 , 孙立 , 卢峰 , 陈勇 , 李纲 , 周凯南
强激光与粒子束 | 强激光物理与技术 2026,38(4): 041004-1-041004-5
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强激光与粒子束 | 强激光物理与技术 2026, 38(4): 041004-1-041004-5
星光-Ⅲ激光装置X射线在线瞄准针孔相机研制
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杨雷 , 黄征, 孙立, 卢峰 , 陈勇, 李纲, 周凯南
作者信息
  • 中国工程物理研究院 激光聚变研究中心 等离子体物理全国重点实验室,四川 绵阳 621900
  • 杨雷,

通讯作者:

卢峰,
Development of X-ray online-aiming pinhole camera for Xingguang-III laser facility
Lei Yang , Zheng Huang, Li Sun, Feng Lu , Yong Chen, Gang Li, Kainan Zhou
Affiliations
  • National Key Laboratory of Plasma Physics, Laser Fusion Research Center, CAEP, Mianyang 621900, China
出版时间: 2026-04-15 doi: 10.11884/HPLPB202638.250303
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基于针孔成像原理的针孔相机结构简单、使用方便,在高能量密度物理实验中常用于监测激光与靶相互作用区域的形状与大小。为适应星光-Ⅲ激光装置的靶室结构与打靶方式,研制了一种用于该装置的X射线在线瞄准针孔相机,以解决传统针孔相机无法在线瞄准导致的信号采集失败问题。相机采用可见光CCD与X光CCD一体化设计,通过优化调节结构,实现了俯仰与侧摆方向的高精度在线指向调节,调节精度达15 μm。利用可见光CCD实时采集靶面图像,并结合精密调节盘上的不同孔径瞄准孔,实现了X光针孔相机的高精度在线瞄准。在星光-Ⅲ激光装置上对该相机进行了激光打靶考核,实验结果表明,其性能满足该装置的使用要求。

针孔相机  /  在线瞄准  /  X射线焦斑  /  星光-Ⅲ激光装置
Background

Pinhole cameras based on the principle of pinhole imaging are widely used in high-energy-density physics experiments to monitor laser-target interaction regions. However, traditional pinhole cameras often suffer from signal acquisition failures due to the lack of online aiming capability, especially for small targets such as wire targets in facilities like the Xingguang-Ⅲ laser system.

Purpose

This study aims to develop an X-ray online-aiming pinhole camera for the Xingguang-Ⅲ laser facility to address the challenge of precise target alignment under vacuum conditions and enhance the reliability of signal acquisition.

Methods

An integrated design combining a visible-light CCD and an X-ray CCD was implemented. A revolver-type pinhole adjustment device was developed to switch between aiming apertures and imaging pinholes with a concentricity error below 3.5 µm. High-precision two-dimensional pointing adjustments (pitch and tilt) were achieved using a motorized stage, with a targeting accuracy of 15 µm. The visible-light CCD enabled real-time target imaging, while different aperture sizes on a precision adjustment disk facilitated coarse-to-fine aiming.

Results

The camera was tested on the Xingguang-Ⅲ laser facility using a Cu planar target irradiated by a picosecond laser. Clear X-ray spot images were obtained, with a peak intensity of 52 040 and a background noise of approximately 2 500. The full width at half maximum of the spot was 43 µm horizontally and 38 µm vertically, confirming successful online aiming and imaging performance.

Conclusions

The developed X-ray online-aiming pinhole camera fulfills the operational requirements of the Xingguang-Ⅲ laser facility. It enables real-time, high-precision target alignment under vacuum, significantly improving the success rate of signal acquisition in high-energy-density physics experiments.

pinhole camera  /  online-aiming  /  X-ray focal spot  /  Xingguang-Ⅲ laser facility
杨雷, 黄征, 孙立, 卢峰, 陈勇, 李纲, 周凯南. 星光-Ⅲ激光装置X射线在线瞄准针孔相机研制. 强激光与粒子束, 2026 , 38 (4) : 041004-1 -041004-5 . DOI: 10.11884/HPLPB202638.250303
Lei Yang, Zheng Huang, Li Sun, Feng Lu, Yong Chen, Gang Li, Kainan Zhou. Development of X-ray online-aiming pinhole camera for Xingguang-III laser facility[J]. High Power Laser and Particle Beams, 2026 , 38 (4) : 041004-1 -041004-5 . DOI: 10.11884/HPLPB202638.250303
超短超强激光可提供超过1018 W/cm2相对论聚焦峰值强度,极大拓展了超短脉冲激光应用领域,如二次辐射源(X射线、γ射线)产生[1]、工业无损检测[2]、自由电子激光[3]、激光核物理[4]、实验室天体物理[5]等。在此背景下,国内外陆续建成并运行一系列大型超短脉冲激光装置,如美国的NIF ARC、OMEGA EP,法国的PETAL,英国的Vulcan、Orion,以及中国的神光-II升级装置、星光-III激光装置等[6]。星光-Ⅲ激光装置是世界首台“零抖动”输出三种波长、三种脉冲宽度激光的多功能激光装置,光束的多重组合可用于不同的高能量密度物理实验场景[7]
针孔相机是超短超强激光高能量密度物理实验中重要的诊断设备之一,采用X光CCD可对激光等离子体X光辐射进行空间分辨测量,获得X光焦斑信息。事实上,在超短超强激光高能量密度物理实验中,由于激光聚焦峰值强度超过1018 W/cm2,甚至可达1023 W/cm2,通过可见光成像等常规光学测量手段获得强激光打靶的激光焦斑实时状态需要极其复杂的焦斑测量取样技术[8],因此通常采用X光针孔相机测量靶面X光辐射的X光焦斑来间接测量激光打靶焦斑状态[9]。X射线针孔相机是目前监测超短超强激光实时打靶焦斑状态最重要的测量工具[10]
针孔相机主要由成像针孔、支撑调节机构和记录介质构成。在近年来关于针孔相机技术的研究中,国外重点拓展相机的应用场景,已经将其应用于高剂量率的硬X射线成像[11]、X射线密度分布测量[12]和多光束瞄准精度监测[13]等,国内则更关注提升相机性能,包括支撑调节机构设计[14]、针孔相机信号强度计算[15],以及高信噪比X射线成像[16]等。为了实现X光焦斑有效测量,需要调节成像针孔的空间位置,使得靶点位于X光CCD成像视场内,即X光针孔相机需要对靶点进行高精度瞄准。星光-III激光装置实验用靶为5~10 μm的丝靶,针孔相机成像针孔为10~20 μm直径的小孔,而针孔管长度超过1 m,且传统X光针孔相机配备的X光成像CCD,无法对靶点进行可见光成像,使得传统X光针孔相机对丝靶等特种靶的高精度瞄准具有极高的技术难度。传统X光针孔相机靶瞄准通常采用激光笔等光源,从X光CCD一侧传输至靶点对靶面进行照明,采用手调方式调节支撑调节机构,实现X光CCD、针孔与靶点之间的瞄准[14, 17]。这种瞄准方式一方面瞄准精度低,时常导致信号偏出视场,造成信号采集失败,另一方面无法实现X光CCD、针孔与靶点之间的实时在线瞄准和瞄准状态监测。鉴于此,本文研制一套应用于星光-Ⅲ激光装置的具备在线瞄准功能的X射线针孔相机,解决传统X光针孔相机瞄准难题,有效提升实验数据获取成功率。
相对于传统X光针孔相机,将可见光CCD与X光CCD进行一体化设计,通过优化针孔相机调节结构,实现针孔相机俯仰与侧摆角度两维高精度在线指向调节,调节精度15 μm。利用可见光CCD采集靶面图像,结合精密调节盘上不同孔径的瞄准孔,实现X光针孔相机高精度在线瞄准功能。对该针孔相机在星光-Ⅲ激光装置上进行激光打靶考核,实验结果表明,该针孔相机达到星光-Ⅲ激光装置使用要求。
在线瞄准X光针孔相机原理示意图如图1所示,其中图1(a)为针孔成像原理,图1(b)为在线瞄准原理。针孔成像基于光沿直线传播定律,是一种无成像透镜的照相技术,成像基本条件为物尺寸远大于针孔直径。针孔成像空间分辨率可以表示为[11]
$ \Delta ={\left[{d}^{2}{\left(1+\dfrac{1}{M}\right)}^{2}+\dfrac{k_{{\mathrm{f}}}^{2}{\lambda }^{2}{a}^{2}}{{d}^{2}}\right]}^{\tfrac{1}{2}} $
式中:d为针孔直径;M为相机的放大倍数,M=b/aa为针孔与靶间距离(物距),b为针孔与像面距离(像距);kf为与衍射效率相关的系数,若取圆孔夫琅和费衍射图的第一极小值的夹角为衍射角,则kf=2.44;λ为成像X光源的波长。根据式(1),为了获得最小空间尺寸分辨率,最佳针孔直径dopt
$ {d}_{\text{opt}}={\left(\dfrac{{k}_{{\mathrm{f}}}\lambda aM}{1+M}\right)}^{\tfrac{1}{2}} $
针对星光-III激光装置物理实验研究中针孔相机的观察对象,我们感兴趣的是1~10 keV能区范围的X射线分布,因此取5.0 keV能点对针孔相机进行设计优化。针孔相机X光成像放大倍数设计为4.2倍,物距a设计为430 mm,根据式(2),最佳针孔直径dopt为14.5 μm。将dopt代入式(1),X光成像空间分辨率为17.9 μm。
为了实现X光针孔相机在线瞄准功能,在X光CCD前插入可移动式可见光CCD,将可见光CCD与X光CCD进行一体化设计,如图1(b)所示。利用可见光CCD对靶点进行成像,解决X光相机不能直接瞄准靶点的问题,调节针孔相机的指向对准打靶点。瞄准时,可见光相机位于针孔和X射线相机所确定的光轴上,如图1(b)中红色虚线所示。为了解决瞄准过程中小尺寸针孔导致收光太弱不易成像的问题,利用瞄准孔代替针孔开展靶瞄准工作。瞄准孔与针孔设计在同一个左轮精密调节机构上,瞄准孔尺寸为mm量级,且调换瞄准孔与针孔时,孔之间的同心度误差优于3.5 μm,可实现X光针孔相机高精度在线瞄准。
在线瞄准针孔相机结构如图2所示,其中1为左轮针孔调节装置,2为真空导管,3为安装法兰,4为精密调节结构,5为可见光CCD,6为闸板阀,7为X光CCD。左轮针孔调节装置可实现针孔与准直孔的同心调节,同心度误差优于3.5 μm。针孔(瞄准孔)与靶点距离300~450 mm可调,可见光CCD镜头孔至瞄准孔的距离1300~1450 mm可调,可见光CCD镜头孔至X光CCD镜头孔的距离为200 mm。
真空导管、安装法兰和调节结构共同组成了X光针孔相机的支撑与调节装置。支撑与调节装置采用的是球轴承结构,将圆球底座、圆球压板压紧固定球心,以固定球心为中心进行指向调节。通过二维精密平移电机调节实现相机俯仰与侧摆的指向调节,平移电机的调节精度为5 μm,此对应至靶点位置的调节精度为15 μm。考虑到星光-III激光装置靶室法兰尺寸与位置公差,要求靶点瞄准范围为±20 mm。球轴承距离靶点距离设计为1350 mm,实际测量的相机指向调节为±1.5°,对应靶点±35 mm的瞄准范围,满足准直使用要求。
为了实现X光针孔相机在线瞄准功能,在左轮针孔调节装置的轮盘上均匀加工5个安装孔位,其中3个孔位安装不同直径(1:ϕ8 mm;2:ϕ3 mm;3:ϕ1 mm)的瞄准孔,另外2个孔位安装2个不同滤片组合的针孔板,如图3所示。当瞄准孔调换时,通过轮盘背后安装的光耦感应开关检测其同心度,误差小于3.5 μm,满足X光针孔相机瞄准要求。精度调节在左轮针孔调节装置盖板上配备LED照明光源,同时安装暗场补光片,在有需要时可对瞄准孔进行补光。
针孔板的厚度会影响X光成像效果,理想的针孔板厚度无穷薄,且对X射线具有100%的吸收遮挡。然而任何材料制作的薄板都对X射线具有一定的透过率。透射的X射线将均匀分布在相机的记录平面上形成噪声本底,降低图像的对比度。为了减少这一影响,一方面选择原子系数Z较高的元素材料制作针孔板,另一方面将针孔板做得适当厚些,通过优化,选用20 μm厚的钽片作为星光-III激光装置针孔相机的针孔板。
对上述X射线在线瞄准针孔相机开展瞄准性能验证测试,测试实验图如图4所示。用放置在纸杯上的针尖来模拟靶点,分别利用ϕ8 mm、ϕ3 mm和ϕ1 mm的瞄准孔对靶点进行瞄准,可见光CCD采集的图像如图5所示。在ϕ1 mm瞄准孔直径下,仍可对靶点进行清晰成像,且靶点均位于瞄准孔的中心,验证了瞄准的可靠性。在实际使用中,先通过离线装调将可见光CCD、X光CCD与瞄准孔调节在同一条直线上。当X光针孔相机需要瞄准靶点时,通过真空电机精准推入可见光CCD至管道中心,然后利用左轮针孔调节装置将瞄准孔调节至针孔位置。粗瞄时,可见光CCD通过大瞄准孔可以观察到靶点,利用电控调节装置调节真空密封管道指向,将靶点调节至瞄准孔中心。然后,转换至小尺寸瞄准孔(ϕ3 mm和ϕ1 mm),使靶点精确位于瞄准孔中心,这样确保靶点与X光CCD、针孔都位于同一直线上。最后,退出可见光CCD,让靶点位于X光CCD视场,即可实现X光CCD、针孔和靶点的高精度瞄准,确保X光CCD数据采集成功率。由于可见光CCD切入切出、针孔相机姿态调节、瞄准孔与针孔切换均可按既定流程实现远程自动操作,因此相对于传统针孔相机的瞄准方式,可研制的星光-III激光装置针孔相机可实现实时在线瞄准操作,并且具备随时监测瞄准状态的能力。
在星光Ⅲ激光装置上对本相机进行考核,实验采用皮秒激光束与15 μm Cu平面靶相互作用,激光的脉宽0.83 ps、中心波长1053 nm、对比度优于10−7,能量95.3 J。针孔相机位于靶室西偏南22.5°,与赤道面夹角15°,与Cu平面靶法向水平夹角10°,竖直夹角15°。在真空下使用可见光CCD瞄准靶点,然后利用X光CCD采集X光发光信号。实验中滤片选用6 μm铝叠加20 μm铍,针孔板为3 × 3的针孔阵列,图6为针孔相机的测量结果。图中X光焦斑峰值强度52040,背景噪声约2500,焦斑水平方向半高全宽43 μm,竖直方向半高全宽38 μm。实验成功使用在线针孔相机采集到皮秒激光的打靶图像,表明针孔相机达到了使用要求,可精确地在线瞄准靶点进行X光成像,图像清晰。
针对星光Ⅲ激光装置结构及运行要求,成功研制出用于星光Ⅲ激光装置的在线瞄准针孔相机。该相机包括左轮针孔调节装置、支撑与调节装置、X光CCD和可见光CCD,可实现在线瞄准,在线精确二维调节,调节精度为15 µm,解决了传统的X光针孔相机难以实时在线监测与精确瞄准的问题。在线X光针孔相机在Ⅲ激光装置进行实验考核,成功采集到清晰的打靶图像。目前该相机已参与多发次打靶实验,运行稳定可靠,是星光Ⅲ激光装置的基础诊断设备之一。
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2026年第38卷第4期
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doi: 10.11884/HPLPB202638.250303
  • 接收时间:2025-09-19
  • 首发时间:2026-05-27
  • 出版时间:2026-04-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-09-19
  • 修回日期:2026-01-22
  • 录用日期:2026-01-22
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    中国工程物理研究院 激光聚变研究中心 等离子体物理全国重点实验室,四川 绵阳 621900

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