Article(id=1266471276781654340, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, issueId=1266471145588019694, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11884/HPLPB202638.250340, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1760198400000, receivedDateStr=2025-10-12, revisedDate=1770739200000, revisedDateStr=2026-02-11, acceptedDate=1770825600000, acceptedDateStr=2026-02-12, onlineDate=1779879882283, onlineDateStr=2026-05-27, pubDate=1776182400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1779879882283, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1779879882283, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1779879882283, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1266471145588019694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, year='2026', volume='38', issue='4', pageStart='041001-1', pageEnd='049003-11', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1779879851004, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1779879869427, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1266471222939374548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, issueId=1266471145588019694, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1266471222943568853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, issueId=1266471145588019694, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=044002-1, endPage=044002-10, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1266471277146558790, articleId=1266471276781654340, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, language=EN, title=Beam diagnostics of a C-band photocathode RF gun, columnId=1266471191087833544, journalTitle=High Power Laser and Particle Beams, columnName=Special Column of 5th Symposium on Frontier of HPLPB, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Background

The C-band photocathode radio frequency (RF) electron gun, with an ultra-high accelerating gradient exceeding 150 MV/m, is a key technology for generating high-brightness electron beams in fourth-generation light sources. However, its output beam features picosecond-scale ultrashort pulses, a wide charge dynamic range of 50 pC to 2500 pC, and an ultra-low transverse emittance of 0.18 mm·mrad@100 pC. Existing measurement methods developed for L/S-band systems can hardly meet the stringent requirements on measurement accuracy and bandwidth for such beams.

Purpose

This study aims to develop a high-precision beam measurement system adapted to the characteristics of the C-band electron gun, based on the test platform of the South Advanced Light Source (SAPS).

Methods

Firstly, a flange-mounted active integrating charge transformer (Active-ICT) was independently developed to address the challenge of narrow-pulse charge measurement, and a cross-calibration method based on a set of commercial high-sensitivity ICT and terminator was proposed, achieving a measurement linearity better than ±1% full scale (FS). Secondly, to mitigate the significant influence of space charge force in ultra-low emittance measurement, the slit parameters and drift length of the double-slit emittance meter were optimized via Astra simulation, confining the systematic error within 10% in the emittance range of 0.15-0.25 mm·mrad. Thirdly, an optical path combining double-slit collimation and a sector dipole magnet was designed to suppress noise floor interference in energy spread measurement.

Results

Preliminary beam experiments were conducted with the established system. The results show that the measured photocurrent and dark current are in good agreement with Faraday cup measurements, and the beam energy curves obtained under different accelerating gradients are highly consistent with beam dynamics simulation results, verifying the reliability and measurement accuracy of the system.

Conclusions

This work solves the key beam diagnostics technical bottlenecks in the commissioning of domestic C-band photocathode RF electron guns, and provides core technical support for the engineering development of similar high-gradient injectors.

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C波段光阴极微波电子枪凭借超高加速梯度(>150 MV/m),成为第四代光源获取高亮度电子束的核心技术路线。然而,其输出束流具有ps级超窄脉冲、大动态范围电荷量(50~2500 pC)及极低横向发射度0.18 mm·mrad@100 pC,现有基于L/S波段的测量手段难以满足其测量精度与带宽要求。为此,本文依托针南方先进光源(SAPS)测试平台,研制了一套适配C波段电子枪特性的高精度束流测量系统。针对窄脉冲电荷测量难题,自主研制了法兰式有源积分型电荷探测器(Active-ICT),提出基于商用高灵敏度探头的交叉标定方法,实现了优于±1% FS的测量线性度;针对极小发射度测量中空间电荷力影响显著的问题,通过Astra模拟优化了双缝发射度仪的狭缝参数与漂移距离,在0.15~0.25 mm·mrad范围内将系统误差控制在10%以内;为解决能散测量中的噪底干扰,设计了双缝准直结合扇形二极铁的能散测量光路。利用该系统开展了初步束流实验,结果表明:光电流与暗电流测量结果与法拉第筒吻合良好,不同加速梯度下的束流能量测量曲线与动力学模拟高度一致,验证了测量系统的可靠性与测量精度。本研究工作解决了国内C波段光阴极微波电子枪调试中的关键束诊技术难题,为同类高梯度注入器的工程研制提供了核心技术支撑。

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杨仁俊,
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黄蔚玲,

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journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471276781654340, language=CN, label=图16, caption=利用法拉第筒(a)和带电子学法拉第筒(b)分别对电子枪暗电流的测量, figureFileSmall=d0iq8iQyF2uN6+qIMRVYCA==, figureFileBig=M/IHQ7T2aj9MiCr8w6giPA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266743825792909637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471276781654340, language=EN, label=Fig.17, caption=Beam current waveforms of Faraday cup and ICT with electronics, figureFileSmall=7o5lVnNMYe1W8lKdubNMRA==, figureFileBig=NvQIRJ0E+T7QwYRBB/74sw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266743825876795718, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471276781654340, language=CN, label=图17, caption=利用ICT和FCT同时对光电流和暗电流进行测量的波形, figureFileSmall=7o5lVnNMYe1W8lKdubNMRA==, figureFileBig=NvQIRJ0E+T7QwYRBB/74sw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266743825948098887, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471276781654340, language=EN, label=Fig.18, caption=Normalized photoelectron bunch charge measured by Faraday cup and ICT under phase scanning, figureFileSmall=SMLsCmL1E6DX2EYt1TPfow==, figureFileBig=25Le/iCA/RRSqLvkYV/cag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266743826015207752, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471276781654340, language=CN, label=图18, caption=不同加速相位下,利用ICT和FCT测量光电流电荷量的结果对比, figureFileSmall=SMLsCmL1E6DX2EYt1TPfow==, figureFileBig=25Le/iCA/RRSqLvkYV/cag==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266743826132648265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471276781654340, language=EN, label=Fig.19, caption=Beam energy measurements versus scanned acceleration phase under different accelerating gradients, figureFileSmall=Aoqvne2tmGRVVO/vvyZ5MQ==, figureFileBig=vSNLB93U2l9fES3ecR417Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266743826203951434, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471276781654340, language=CN, label=图19, caption=不同加速梯度下,扫描加速相位对应的束流能量测量结果与仿真的对比, figureFileSmall=Aoqvne2tmGRVVO/vvyZ5MQ==, figureFileBig=vSNLB93U2l9fES3ecR417Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266743826363334987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471276781654340, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Beam parameters of the C-band RF electron gun with a photocathode[9]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
RF frequency/GHzaccelerating gradient/(MV·m−1)repetition rate/Hzbeam energy at the gun exit/MeVbunch charge (min.)/pCtransverse emittance/(mm·mrad)bunch length/psbeam rms size/μm
5.7121501~1007.31000.175542.5
), ArticleFig(id=1266743826426249548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471276781654340, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

C波段光阴极微波电子枪束流参数[9]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
RF frequency/GHzaccelerating gradient/(MV·m−1)repetition rate/Hzbeam energy at the gun exit/MeVbunch charge (min.)/pCtransverse emittance/(mm·mrad)bunch length/psbeam rms size/μm
5.7121501~1007.31000.175542.5
), ArticleFig(id=1266743826510135629, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471276781654340, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Beam parameters for different electron bunch charge

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
bunch charge/pCnormalized Emittance/(mm·mrad)RMS beam size/mmRMS beam spread/mradenergy/MeV
1000.1750.04250.3697.26
3000.3230.07930.5657.25
5000.4630.11200.7927.24
10000.8450.21501.2707.22
15001.1600.29701.6407.19
20001.3600.37901.8807.11
), ArticleFig(id=1266743826589827406, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471276781654340, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同光电子束团电荷量对应的束流物理参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
bunch charge/pCnormalized Emittance/(mm·mrad)RMS beam size/mmRMS beam spread/mradenergy/MeV
1000.1750.04250.3697.26
3000.3230.07930.5657.25
5000.4630.11200.7927.24
10000.8450.21501.2707.22
15001.1600.29701.6407.19
20001.3600.37901.8807.11
), ArticleFig(id=1266743826656936271, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471276781654340, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Beam parameters of the C-band RF electron gun with a photocathode

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
symbolmeaningvaluesymbolmeaningvalue
IBbeam current20~400 AL3、L4secondary leakage inductancenegligible
C1capacitance in loop 220×180 pFR1third leakage inductancenegligible
CLcapacitance in loop 3360 pFR2equivalent resistance of toroid 11.75 Ω@100 kHz
L1inductance of toroid 14.86 μHRLequivalent resistance of toroid 233 Ω@100 kHz
L2inductance of toroid 2121.5 μHNturns of toroid 25
), ArticleFig(id=1266743826728239440, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471276781654340, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

ICT探头等效电路对应的参数值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
symbolmeaningvaluesymbolmeaningvalue
IBbeam current20~400 AL3、L4secondary leakage inductancenegligible
C1capacitance in loop 220×180 pFR1third leakage inductancenegligible
CLcapacitance in loop 3360 pFR2equivalent resistance of toroid 11.75 Ω@100 kHz
L1inductance of toroid 14.86 μHRLequivalent resistance of toroid 233 Ω@100 kHz
L2inductance of toroid 2121.5 μHNturns of toroid 25
), ArticleFig(id=1266743826812125521, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471276781654340, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Beam parameters of the C-band RF electron gun with a photocathode

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
charge/pCbeam spot size/mmrepetition rate/Hzaverage power/mWpeak power/mWaverage intensity/nApeak intensity/A
1000.610070144.0331020.576
15002.5101052160.49415308.642
25003.5101753600.82325514.403
), ArticleFig(id=1266743826963120466, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471276781654340, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同电荷量对应的光电流束团参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
charge/pCbeam spot size/mmrepetition rate/Hzaverage power/mWpeak power/mWaverage intensity/nApeak intensity/A
1000.610070144.0331020.576
15002.5101052160.49415308.642
25003.5101753600.82325514.403
), ArticleFig(id=1266743827076366675, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471276781654340, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Escape probability of the backscattered electrons for different materials (copper, graphite, aluminum)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
materialescape possibility/%total possibility/%
copper0.863~1.0
graphite0.0680.12
aluminum0.1610.25
), ArticleFig(id=1266743827164447060, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471276781654340, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同材料(铜、石墨、铝)收集体背散射电子的逃逸概率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
materialescape possibility/%total possibility/%
copper0.863~1.0
graphite0.0680.12
aluminum0.1610.25
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C波段光阴极微波电子枪的束流测量系统
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黄蔚玲 1, 2 , 杨仁俊 1, 2 , 李芳 1, 2 , 刘仁洪 1, 2 , 陆志军 1, 2 , 邱瑞阳 1, 2 , 杨涛 4 , 姜世民 1, 2 , 陈伟文 1, 3 , 曾磊 1, 2 , 杨瑞 2 , 马娜 1, 2 , 王一刚 1, 2 , 徐智虹 1, 2 , 李晓 1, 2
强激光与粒子束 | 第5届HPLPB前沿学术研讨会专栏 2026,38(4): 044002-1-044002-10
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C波段光阴极微波电子枪的束流测量系统
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黄蔚玲1, 2 , 杨仁俊1, 2 , 李芳1, 2, 刘仁洪1, 2, 陆志军1, 2, 邱瑞阳1, 2, 杨涛4, 姜世民1, 2, 陈伟文1, 3, 曾磊1, 2, 杨瑞2, 马娜1, 2, 王一刚1, 2, 徐智虹1, 2, 李晓1, 2
作者信息
  • 1中国科学院 高能物理研究所,北京 100049
  • 2散裂中子源科学中心,广东 东莞 523803
  • 3中国科学院大学,北京 100049
  • 4中国科学院 等离子体物理研究所,合肥 230031
  • 黄蔚玲,

通讯作者:

杨仁俊,
Beam diagnostics of a C-band photocathode RF gun
Weiling Huang1, 2 , Renjun Yang1, 2 , Fang Li1, 2, Renhong Liu1, 2, Zhijun Lu1, 2, Ruiyang Qiu1, 2, Tao Yang4, Shimin Jiang1, 2, Weiwen Chen1, 3, Lei Zeng1, 2, Rui Yang2, Na Ma1, 2, Yigang Wang1, 2, Zhihong Xu1, 2, Xiao Li1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
  • 2Spallation Neutron Source Science Center, Dongguan 523803, China
  • 3University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
  • 4Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, China
出版时间: 2026-04-15 doi: 10.11884/HPLPB202638.250340
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C波段光阴极微波电子枪凭借超高加速梯度(>150 MV/m),成为第四代光源获取高亮度电子束的核心技术路线。然而,其输出束流具有ps级超窄脉冲、大动态范围电荷量(50~2500 pC)及极低横向发射度0.18 mm·mrad@100 pC,现有基于L/S波段的测量手段难以满足其测量精度与带宽要求。为此,本文依托针南方先进光源(SAPS)测试平台,研制了一套适配C波段电子枪特性的高精度束流测量系统。针对窄脉冲电荷测量难题,自主研制了法兰式有源积分型电荷探测器(Active-ICT),提出基于商用高灵敏度探头的交叉标定方法,实现了优于±1% FS的测量线性度;针对极小发射度测量中空间电荷力影响显著的问题,通过Astra模拟优化了双缝发射度仪的狭缝参数与漂移距离,在0.15~0.25 mm·mrad范围内将系统误差控制在10%以内;为解决能散测量中的噪底干扰,设计了双缝准直结合扇形二极铁的能散测量光路。利用该系统开展了初步束流实验,结果表明:光电流与暗电流测量结果与法拉第筒吻合良好,不同加速梯度下的束流能量测量曲线与动力学模拟高度一致,验证了测量系统的可靠性与测量精度。本研究工作解决了国内C波段光阴极微波电子枪调试中的关键束诊技术难题,为同类高梯度注入器的工程研制提供了核心技术支撑。

C波段光阴极电子枪  /  束流诊断  /  有源ICT  /  交叉标定  /  双缝发射度仪
Background

The C-band photocathode radio frequency (RF) electron gun, with an ultra-high accelerating gradient exceeding 150 MV/m, is a key technology for generating high-brightness electron beams in fourth-generation light sources. However, its output beam features picosecond-scale ultrashort pulses, a wide charge dynamic range of 50 pC to 2500 pC, and an ultra-low transverse emittance of 0.18 mm·mrad@100 pC. Existing measurement methods developed for L/S-band systems can hardly meet the stringent requirements on measurement accuracy and bandwidth for such beams.

Purpose

This study aims to develop a high-precision beam measurement system adapted to the characteristics of the C-band electron gun, based on the test platform of the South Advanced Light Source (SAPS).

Methods

Firstly, a flange-mounted active integrating charge transformer (Active-ICT) was independently developed to address the challenge of narrow-pulse charge measurement, and a cross-calibration method based on a set of commercial high-sensitivity ICT and terminator was proposed, achieving a measurement linearity better than ±1% full scale (FS). Secondly, to mitigate the significant influence of space charge force in ultra-low emittance measurement, the slit parameters and drift length of the double-slit emittance meter were optimized via Astra simulation, confining the systematic error within 10% in the emittance range of 0.15-0.25 mm·mrad. Thirdly, an optical path combining double-slit collimation and a sector dipole magnet was designed to suppress noise floor interference in energy spread measurement.

Results

Preliminary beam experiments were conducted with the established system. The results show that the measured photocurrent and dark current are in good agreement with Faraday cup measurements, and the beam energy curves obtained under different accelerating gradients are highly consistent with beam dynamics simulation results, verifying the reliability and measurement accuracy of the system.

Conclusions

This work solves the key beam diagnostics technical bottlenecks in the commissioning of domestic C-band photocathode RF electron guns, and provides core technical support for the engineering development of similar high-gradient injectors.

photocathode electron gun  /  beam diagnostics  /  active-ICT  /  cross-calibration  /  double-slit emittance meter
黄蔚玲, 杨仁俊, 李芳, 刘仁洪, 陆志军, 邱瑞阳, 杨涛, 姜世民, 陈伟文, 曾磊, 杨瑞, 马娜, 王一刚, 徐智虹, 李晓. C波段光阴极微波电子枪的束流测量系统. 强激光与粒子束, 2026 , 38 (4) : 044002-1 -044002-10 . DOI: 10.11884/HPLPB202638.250340
Weiling Huang, Renjun Yang, Fang Li, Renhong Liu, Zhijun Lu, Ruiyang Qiu, Tao Yang, Shimin Jiang, Weiwen Chen, Lei Zeng, Rui Yang, Na Ma, Yigang Wang, Zhihong Xu, Xiao Li. Beam diagnostics of a C-band photocathode RF gun[J]. High Power Laser and Particle Beams, 2026 , 38 (4) : 044002-1 -044002-10 . DOI: 10.11884/HPLPB202638.250340
第四代光源(如X射线自由电子激光XFEL)的发展对电子束品质提出了严苛要求,需实现超低横向归一化发射度(100 pC束团电荷下≤0.2 mm.mrad)、小能散、高流强及短脉冲特性[1]。光阴极微波电子枪作为第四代光源的核心粒子源,其性能直接决定光源的最终品质,而C波段光电阴极枪凭借150 MV/m以上的超高梯度(远超L/S波段的140~150 MV/m),可显著降低束流发射度[2-3],且其20 μm级的机械加工精度要求与现有工业水平兼容,具备明确的工程应用前景。研究表明,通过优化光注入器和阴极材料,C波段枪在保持低本征发射度的同时,有望为未来高亮度XFEL提供稳定可靠的高品质电子束,还可广泛应用于汤姆逊散射X光源[4]、国际直线对撞机(International Linear Collider,ILC)[5]及等离子体尾场加速器[6]等前沿装置,推动超快科学和粒子加速技术的革新。
束流物理参数(电荷量、发射度、能散度等)的精确测量是评估C波段光阴极电子枪性能的核心环节,也是后续系统优化的关键依据。然而,国内目前缺乏针对C波段电子枪的专用束流测量系统:现有测量设备多适配L/S波段束流特性,难以满足C波段束流“ps级窄脉冲、pC量级大动态范围电荷、0.15~0.25 mm·mrad极小发射度”的测量需求——常规束流变压器带宽不足导致脉冲信号严重畸变,传统发射度仪无法兼顾小发射度测量精度与信号信噪比,能散仪易受杂散电子干扰影响分辨率[7-8]。因此,研发一套适配C波段光阴极电子枪的专用束流测量系统,填补国内技术空白,成为当前工程化与科研验证的迫切需求。
针对上述难点,本文依托南方先进光源(SAPS)测试平台,开展C波段光阴极微波电子枪束流测量系统的设计、优化与初步验证工作。核心研究内容包括:①针对大动态范围窄脉冲电荷测量,研发有源积分型电荷探测器(Active-ICT)并建立交叉标定方法;②针对极小发射度测量,优化双缝发射度仪的结构参数以降低系统误差;③针对能散测量中的噪声干扰问题,设计双缝准直与杂散电子抑制方案;④配套研发法拉第筒以完善测量体系并实现电荷冗余测量。本文系统阐述各部件的设计逻辑、优化过程与性能验证,给出系统安装与暗电流初步测量结果,为C波段电子枪的性能评估与同类测量系统的研发提供技术参考。
C波段光阴极微波电子枪的阴极材料为铜,采用5.712 GHz的3.6腔加速腔,设计加速度梯度高于150 MV/m,出口处的电子束能量为7~8 MeV。通过Astra软件结合Python的lume-astra和Geatpy库的进化算法对电子枪进行优化设计后,在距阴极表面1 m处,得到光束团的束流核心参数如表1所示[9]。由表可知,待测束流具有三大特征:①脉冲宽度仅5 ps,对测量设备的带宽提出极高要求;②电荷量动态范围宽(50~2 500 pC),需保证全范围测量线性度;③发射度极小(100 pC时0.175 mm·mrad),能散度低,要求测量系统具备高分辨率与低噪声特性。
为了量化光阴极微波电子枪出口处的束流品质,开展上述关键参数的全面、精确的测量,设计了一套完整的束流测量系统,总体架构如图1所示。系统沿束流传输方向依次布置:①积分型电荷探测器(integrated current transformer,简称ICT),安装于加速腔出口,用于实时测量暗电流与光电流的电荷量;②双缝发射度仪(double-slit emittance monitor,简称EM),布置于出口1 m处,实现水平/垂直方向发射度的高精度测量;③能散仪(energy spread monitor,简称ES),由双缝准直器、扇形二极铁与荧光靶(YAG屏)组成,用于束流能散度表征;④法拉第筒(faraday cup,简称FC),位于束诊光束线终端,用于电荷冗余测量与束流拦截。各部件通过真空管道串联,配套低噪声电子学系统与数据采集模块,形成“实时监测-精确表征-冗余验证”的完整测量链条。
在C波段光阴极电子枪测试平台中,利用ASTRA仿真得到电子枪出口1 m处的不同光电子束团电荷量对应的束流物理参数见表2。由表中参数可知,光电子束团为ps级极窄脉冲,待测电荷量动态范围大、发射度和能散都非常小,这些为后续各测量元件的参数设计、精度优化提供了明确依据。
电荷测量的核心挑战是实现ps级窄脉冲、大动态范围电荷的精确表征。常规交流束流变压器(ACCT)和快束流变压器(FCT)带宽不足100 GHz,并且极窄脉冲信号经过同轴线缆长距离传输都会发生波形展宽幅度衰减现象(例如商业产品LMR240的插入损耗为4.4 dB/100 m@30 MHz且随频率呈指数增加),无法适配极窄脉冲测量。而积分型束流变压器(ICT)可将ps级的脉冲束流积分展宽至ns级,虽然损失了束团的纵向形状信息,兼顾电荷量测量的绝对精度和线性度,成为极窄脉冲电荷积分测量的优选方案[10]
参考K. B. Unser的ICT设计及法国Bergoz ICT Manual[11-12],自主研发了一款法兰式ICT探头[13],其内部结构与等效电路如图2所示。根据CF63法兰对应的束流管道直径40 mm选取2只具有较高相对磁导率(μr≈20000)的纳米晶磁环(OD70 mm-ID61 mm×H5 mm),其磁滞回线为RV特征,磁能积非常小,能够较好地保持原极窄脉冲信号中的积分电荷信息。在探头内部,磁环1(次级线圈)与探头圆周电容(20个180 pF贴片电容均布)构成充放电回路,磁环2绕制5匝线圈作为信号输出端,输出阻抗为50 Ω,与前级放大器或示波器匹配。当束流穿过ICT时,根据电磁感应原理,会在 ICT 中产生感应电流。该感应电流的电荷量由磁芯1和贴片电容回路进行存储,束流完全通过后,电容电荷通过磁芯2的线圈对外放电,输出与束流电荷量呈正比的电压脉冲信号。ICT探头等效电路中的变量物理含义及参数值如表3所示。
等效电路中,第一回路为积分电路,积分常数计算式如下
$ \tau_{ {{\mathrm{rise}} }} \sim R_1 C_1 $
代入表3中的参数,可知τrise=1.75 Ω×180 pF×20=6.3 ns。负载电阻上输出脉冲上升沿
$ U(t)=U_0\left(1-{\mathrm{e}}^{-\tfrac{t}{t_{ {{\mathrm{rise}} }}}}\right) $
U=0.99U0时,可以认为充电结束,此时计算
$ t_{\text{rise }}=-\ln(0.01)\times\tau_{\mathrm{rise}}=29.0\; \mathrm{ns} $
第二回路的放电常数为
$ \tau_{ {{\mathrm{droop}} }} \sim \dfrac{R_{\rm{L}}}{N^2} N^2 C_{\rm{L}}=R_{\rm{L}} C_{\rm{L}} $
代入表3中的参数,可知τdroop=25 Ω×360 pF=9 ns。
负载电阻上输出脉冲下降沿
$ U=U_0 {\mathrm{e}}^{-\tfrac{t}{\tau_{\text {droop }}}} $
U=0.01U0时,可认为脉冲到底,此时计算
$ t_{\mathrm{droop}}=-\ln (0.01) \times \tau_{\mathrm{droop}}=41.4 \;\mathrm{ns} $
这样负载电阻上输出信号的总脉宽
$ t_{\mathrm{total}}\mathrm{ }=t_{\mathrm{rise}}+t_{\mathrm{droop}}=70.4\; \mathrm{ns} $
由ICT探头等效电路的信号计算可知,该探头相当于一个带通滤波器,可将一个极窄脉冲展宽为脉宽约为70 ns的电荷脉冲,并通过50 Ω负载两端和同轴接头输出电压脉冲。而对于脉宽为70 ns左右的电压脉冲信号,根据FFT分析结果,主要频谱成分在10 MHz以下,长线缆传输引发的信号衰减可以通过线缆电阻上的分压来精确计算修正[14]。最终ICT输出波形可通过采样率高于1 GSa/s的示波器或者类似NI PXIe-5160(采样率为每通道1.25 GSa/s)的示波卡进行数据采集和后处理计算。
因肖特基效应在C波段光阴极电子枪产生的暗电流大小也不可忽视,实际通过ICT探头的电子束包含有暗电流和光电流两部分。为提升测量灵活性与可靠性,研发两款ICT探头:一款在陶瓷间隙处设计柔性电路板跨接1 Ω电阻,以减小束流负载;另一款无跨接电阻,适配不同测量场景,如图3所示。
由于自研ICT探头上未绕制在线标定线圈,只能在安装前进行离线标定,为确保测量精度,采用“商用设备标定+交叉验证”方案:
① 通过Kentech CPS1脉冲信号发生器在不同衰减值的衰减器输出端产生不同幅度1 ns脉宽的脉冲信号,利用Tektronics MSO64示波器采集脉冲波形进行积分,计算标定电荷量,单位nC;
② 将采购的Bergoz高灵敏度ICT(灵敏度10 Vs/C)和Bergoz外部标定器接入标定平台(图4为采购的 Bergoz 带自标定功能的ICT探头和外部标定器),利用示波器采集脉冲波形进行积分,记录脉内面积,单位nVs;
③ 利用Bergoz 外部标定器对两款自研 ICT 进行标定;
④ 利用Bergoz自标定输入端对Bergoz ICT进行标定。
按照上述方案,可在所有ICT探头安装在屏蔽体内的C波段电子枪束线上后,根据束流(暗电流和光电流)总电荷量状态,调整ICT探头电子学前的衰减器,完成带长线缆的自标定,并按新标定系数进行换算。图5 给出三款探头的标定曲线与拟合公式,结果显示:自研ICT01(带跨接电阻)拟合公式为y=0.42x−0.02(R2=1.0000),ICT02(无跨接电阻)为y=0.12x−0.07(R2=0.9997),Bergoz ICT 外标定拟合公式为y=0.06x−0.02(R2=1.0000),均具备优异的线性度,满足测量要求。由图5中可以发现,Bergoz的ICT探头在利用外标定器进行标定及测量短束团的电荷量时,其感应线圈和自校准线圈相当于次级线圈和第三级线圈,二者之间也有磁感应耦合,有一部分电荷将沉积在自标定线圈的50 Ω负载终端内,使得Bergoz ICT探头在自标定和外标定两种方法下标定公式产生差异[14]
在待测光电子束流的束团电荷量为100 pC时,根据ICT探头的等效电路,计算输出信号幅度仅为7 mV。而在C波段光阴极电子枪测试平台上,还有可能面对5 pC的极小光电流电荷量的测量,因此,ICT探头配备了自研低噪声电子学,增益为20 dB,将信号放大后采用NI PXIe-5160数据采集卡(500 MHz带宽,2.5 GSa/s采样率)进行波形采集及数字积分后测量暗电流及光电流的电荷量[13]。最终,针对C波段电子枪测试平台的电荷量100~2000 pC范围内的精确测量需求,Active-ICT的设计指标为:探头灵敏度5 Vs/C,电子学增益20 dB(电压增益10倍),输出脉冲宽度~70 ns,电荷测量线性度误差±1% FS。
针对0.15~0.25 mm·mrad内的发射度测量,传统单缝/双缝装置存在两大瓶颈:①需采用极小(5 μm)缝宽,以控制段内束流横向展宽,保证发射度占优,其机械加工难度大,国际上尚无采用该尺寸的单缝测量装置;②狭缝间距设计不合理易导致空间电荷力引入显著测量误差[15-17]。为此,提出“组合型双缝扫描方案”,通过优化狭缝参数与漂移距离,测量slit1处的极小横向发射度,在保证加工可行性的同时降低系统误差。
双缝发射度仪的工作原理如图6所示:束流经第一狭缝(slit1)形成子束团,漂移极短距离L1后,利用第二狭缝切割为电荷量极低的子子束团,最终在YAG屏上成像,通过分析子子束团的空间分布反推发射度。子子束团处于发射度占优,在Astra仿真计算中,可最小化空间电荷力引入的测量偏差,当L1较小时,子束团未充分发散即被狭缝切割;而当L1过大时,空间电荷力导致子束团已明显展宽。另外,双缝发射度仪的测量精度主要受动态误差影响,包括线性平台的位移精度(单向扫描步长10 µm时,均方根位移精度约0.8 µm)和束流轮廓的图像分辨率(小于10 µm)。束流垂直于YAG屏入射,通过下游的光学镜组将光信号传至成像系统,分辨率基本不受限于屏厚度且满足Scheimpflug成像条件,因此可以获得极好的分辨率,另外,对于低能电子束,光学镜组上束损造成的辐射在可接受范围内。
因此,设计优化的核心逻辑是:① 狭缝宽度需兼顾“发射度占优”与“信噪比”—— 宽度过小会导致粒子通过率低,信号微弱;过大则空间电荷力影响显著。综合加工精度(≥10 μm)与散射比要求(Rsc$\ll $1),选择狭缝宽度10 μm,材质为1 mm 厚钨片,既保证加工可行性,又能有效抑制空间电荷力影响;② 漂移距离优化:通过Astra仿真分析,当两狭缝间漂移距离L1 = 0.03~0.04 m、子束团至 YAG 屏漂移距离0.24 m时,测量误差最小(7.3%),该参数平衡了束流发散程度与空间电荷力干扰;③ 成像系统优化:选用单晶0.5 mol% Ce:YAG 屏(厚度0.1 mm),搭配光学镜组与工业相机(Basler),确保束斑成像分辨率小于10 μm,满足测量精度要求[9]
经三坐标仪标定后,双缝发射度仪的一缝电机位移精度好于0.5 μm,二缝电机位移精度好于0.64 μm,配合10 μm的狭缝宽度,可实现0.15~0.25 mm·mrad范围内发射度的精确测量,误差低于10%;当使用单狭缝模式时,可适配≥0.26 mm.mrad的发射度测量,兼容性良好[9]。加工好的双缝发射度仪如图7所示。
能散度测量的核心挑战是抑制杂散电子干扰与束流初始横向动量的影响。设计双缝准直+扇形二极铁的能散仪结构,以期减小束流粒子横向动量、空间电荷力对测量结果的影响。能散测量系统的工作原理如图8所示:束流进入分析磁铁前,先经双缝准直器(两钨板相距100 mm,狭缝宽度50 μm,厚度4 mm)准直,消除束流横向动量分散的影响;再进入半径400 mm的扇形二极铁,在磁场作用下偏转;最后在500 mm下游的YAG屏上成像,通过束斑宽度反推能散度。
利用Monte-carlo软件对能散测量系统的电子通量二维分布进行模拟,设置束流初始能量为8.5 MeV,rms能散为100 keV,二极铁的磁场强度0.075 T。模拟结果得到电子通量二维分布如图9所示,可见穿过狭缝的电子束在磁场中偏转后准确聚焦于荧光屏;第二缝出射的次级杂散电子能谱如图10所示,能量峰值约为1 MeV,且角分布分散,对测量结果的本底干扰可忽略;如图11所示YAG屏束斑成像的剖面拟合结果,能散测量值为1.13%,与设置值(1.18%)偏差小于5%,验证了设计的合理性。
成像系统选用0.2X~0.5X望远镜搭配Basler工业相机,荧光收集系统张角为20°,考虑YAG荧光屏的发光效率和CMOS相机成像的量子效率,对于待测的0.1~1 nC电子束,光电子产额为109~1010量级,满足信噪比要求。
法拉第筒为拦截式电荷探测器,用于电荷冗余测量与束流拦截,设计需重点解决次级电子逃逸与电磁屏蔽问题。针对FWHM脉宽为4.86 ps的7 MeV电子束,三种典型工况对应的束团电荷量、尺寸和功率相关参数如表4所示,因此法拉第筒设计带宽上限fh_cutoff>100 MHz,配套前端电子学Cividec公司的电荷积分放大器C6HV0224电荷积分放大器放大信号。
一般测量低能量(<10 MeV)电子束电荷量用的法拉第筒采用“三层结构”设计,如图12所示,内层为电子收集体,采用低中Z材料,中间层为透射电子吸收体,采用中高Z材料,外壳为电磁屏蔽层。为防止次级带电粒子逃逸(正电子产额仅为10−5量级,可忽略,仅考虑电子的逃逸),内层电子收集体、中间层吸收体的厚度需通过Geant4程序进行优化设计,而不同材料(铜、石墨、铝)收集体对应的背散射电子能谱如图13所示,对于能量E > 1 keV的背散射电子,对应的逃逸概率如表5所示,可见石墨收集体的逃逸概率和总体概率都最低,虽然铝的逃逸概率(0.25%)略高于石墨(0.12%),但考虑到C波段电子枪对超高真空的严苛要求,铝在真空释气性能上优于石墨,且其测量误差在可接受范围内,因此最终选用铝作为收集体材料。
对于能量小于1 keV的低能电子,二次电子出射与材料表面状况有关,计算准确性较低,控制低能二次电子逃逸主要靠高压电极的电场约束。漏电流主要由材料簇射沉积引起,优化机械设计和信号引出方式后,漏电流干扰可降至测量误差允许范围内。另外对于4.86 ps脉宽的电子束脉冲,仿真计算表明法拉第筒温度变化可忽略,无需考虑额外的散热设计。最终法拉第筒的机械设计和加工完的设备如图14所示。
C波段光阴极微波电子枪测试平台首套束流测量系统全部为自主研发设备,安装后的电子枪测试平台束诊光束线(暂未安装发射度仪暗室及封真空管道)如图15所示。束流传输路径为:电子枪输出束流经螺线管磁铁(黄色)聚焦后,由右至左依次经过ICT探头、双缝发射度仪(EM)、能散仪(ES),最终被法拉第筒(FC)拦截。各部件通过 CF63 标准真空法兰连接,确保真空密封性;电子学系统(放大器、数据采集卡、示波器)与测量部件同步调试,保证信号传输的稳定性,为后续暗电流、光电流及束流能量的测量奠定了基础。
在电子枪馈入微波功率为8 kW的情况下,利用法拉第筒测量腔体内高功率微波场致发射暗电流,验证系统的基本测量能力。测量结果如图16所示,在法拉第筒输出波形上测得暗电流脉宽1.4 μs,与微波场脉宽一致;经电子学积分后输出波形由示波器观测,并根据标定公式计算暗电流为450 pC。该结果表明,法拉第筒与配套电子学系统工作正常,具备电荷测量能力。
在设定电子枪速调管高压285 kV,低电平(LLRF)幅度3700,激光幅值位置2000,腔场幅值1180,主螺线管电流155 A副螺线管220 A的条件下,利用ICT和法拉第筒同时对电子枪中的光电流和暗电流进行测量,得到如图17所示的波形,可见,光电流脉宽经ICT展宽至70 ns,可以轻易从1.4 μs脉宽的暗电流上区别开来;此处法拉第筒电子学输出已经为电荷积分后的电压波形。通过计算总电荷量与暗电流电荷量的差值来推算光电流的电荷量为322 pC,ICT和法拉第筒的测量结果基本一致。从图17对比可见,ICT输出波形虽被展宽至70 ns,但其积分电荷量(光电流部分)与法拉第筒的直接测量结果偏差极小,从而验证了ICT标定系数的准确性,也说明在ps级超短束团下,积分测量法比直接波形测量更具鲁棒性。
由于在ICT和法拉第筒之间无聚焦元件,暗电流和光电流的传输都有较大损失,因此在调束测量过程中,对二者光电流电荷量的测量结果按最大测量值(2 500 pC)进行归一化处理,随着加速相位的变化如图18所示,其中CT代表着只读CT的峰值信号,ICT代表采用CT处理后的积分信号,两者从图上可以看出趋势一致。
在束流能量的测量中,电子束的能量与扇形二极磁铁磁场的关系可以表示为
$ W=\sqrt{(B \rho c)^2+m^2 c^4}-m c^2 $
式中:B为磁场的强度,$ \rho $为偏转半径,c为真空中光速,$ {m}{{c}}^{{2}} $为0.511 MeV。当电子束能够按照预定轨迹到达荧光靶的位置的时候,读取对应的磁铁电流可推算束流的能量,图19为设置不同的低电平幅度控制值,通过扫描加速相位,测得的不同梯度下束流的能量,调束过程中测到的最大能量为6.63 MeV,对应的梯度为136.6 MV/m。实验结果如图19所示,在加速相位(−40°, −10°)的高能效区间内,实测能量曲线与136.6 MV/m梯度的仿真曲线吻合度极高,相对误差小于1%。值得注意的是,当相位偏离至<−40°区间时,实测值与模拟值出现显著偏差。分析其原因,主要是由于该相位下束流未获得充分的纵向聚焦,能散增大导致偏转后的束斑尺寸超过了YAG荧光屏的物理孔径,部分高能或低能粒子丢失,致使测量中心能量偏离真实值。 这一现象反向验证了该测量系统在正常物理孔径内的灵敏度。
本文针对C波段光阴极微波电子枪“ps级窄脉冲、大动态范围电荷量、极小发射度”的测量需求,通过结构创新、方法优化与系统集成,完成专用束流测量系统的设计与初步实验验证。核心成果与创新点如下:①研制两款法兰式Active-ICT探头,建立与商用Bergoz ICT的交叉标定方法,实现50~2500 pC电荷的精确测量,线性度误差≤±1% FS;②优化双缝发射度仪的狭缝宽度与漂移距离,突破0.15~0.25 mm·mrad极小发射度的测量瓶颈,系统误差低于10%;③设计双缝准直+杂散电子抑制的能散仪方案,将测量分辨率提升至1.13%,抗干扰能力显著优于传统装置;④配套研发高可靠性法拉第筒,形成电荷冗余测量体系。系统安装后,对暗电流、光电流和束流能量的初步测量验证了设计的合理性与工程可行性,填补了国内 C 波段光阴极微波电子枪束流测量技术空白。
由于极小发射度测量需要极高的多发束流稳定性,对电子枪的驱动激光器、速调管功率源要求都非常高,这部分测量工作还在继续深入和完善。后续工作将聚焦三个方向:①完成新电子枪安装后,开展整套系统的带束测试,验证电荷量、发射度、能散度的测量精度;②优化ICT电子学系统,扩展标定量程以适配低暗电流工况;③基于实测数据完善仿真模型,为同类测量系统的小型化、高精度优化提供支撑。本研究提出的测量方案与技术细节,可为第四代光源相关束流诊断系统的研发提供重要参考。
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2026年第38卷第4期
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doi: 10.11884/HPLPB202638.250340
  • 接收时间:2025-10-12
  • 首发时间:2026-05-27
  • 出版时间:2026-04-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-10-12
  • 修回日期:2026-02-11
  • 录用日期:2026-02-12
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    1中国科学院 高能物理研究所,北京 100049
    2散裂中子源科学中心,广东 东莞 523803
    3中国科学院大学,北京 100049
    4中国科学院 等离子体物理研究所,合肥 230031

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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