Article(id=1266471276441912086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, issueId=1266471145588019694, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11884/HPLPB202638.250301, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1758038400000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-17, revisedDate=1765382400000, revisedDateStr=2025-12-11, acceptedDate=1767628800000, acceptedDateStr=2026-01-06, onlineDate=1779879882202, onlineDateStr=2026-05-27, pubDate=1776182400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1779879882202, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1779879882202, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1779879882202, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1266471145588019694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, year='2026', volume='38', issue='4', pageStart='041001-1', pageEnd='049003-11', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1779879851004, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1779879869427, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1266471222939374548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, issueId=1266471145588019694, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1266471222943568853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, issueId=1266471145588019694, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=041002-1, endPage=041002-10, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1266471276743901976, articleId=1266471276441912086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, language=EN, title=Dual-channel high-order mode PCF sensor based on surface plasmon resonance for refractive index and temperature detection, columnId=1266471245458591845, journalTitle=High Power Laser and Particle Beams, columnName=High Power Laser Physics and Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Background

Simultaneous and accurate detection of multiple physical and biochemical parameters, such as refractive index (RI) and temperature, is critically important in complex sensing environments, including biological analysis and cancer cell detection. Photonic crystal fiber sensors based on surface plasmon resonance (PCF-SPR) have attracted considerable attention due to their high sensitivity and compact structure. However, achieving ultra-wide RI detection ranges, effective temperature compensation, and low cross-sensitivity within a single fiber platform remains a significant challenge, particularly when higher-order mode excitation and polarization selectivity are required.

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to propose and numerically investigate a dual-channel PCF-SPR sensor capable of simultaneous RI and temperature sensing over an ultra-wide range, while achieving polarization-resolved mode excitation and reduced cross-interference between sensing channels.

Methods

An anchor-shaped asymmetric photonic crystal fiber with orthogonally polished semi-circular surfaces is designed. Gold (Au) and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) thin films are selectively deposited on different polished surfaces to construct two independent SPR sensing channels. Polarization-resolved excitation of high-order modes is achieved through structural asymmetry and selective coating. A full-vector finite-element method based on COMSOL Multiphysics is employed to analyze mode distributions, loss spectra, and resonance wavelength shifts. Key structural parameters, including air-hole geometry and metal-dielectric layer thicknesses, are systematically optimized to enhance plasmonic coupling strength and mode confinement.

Results

Simulation results indicate that the x-polarized channel coated with Au and PDMS exhibits dual sensitivity to RI and temperature, whereas the y-polarized channel coated only with Au responds exclusively to RI variations of another analyte. The proposed sensor achieves an ultra-wide RI detection range from 1.21 to 1.44, with a maximum RI sensitivity of 14 500 nm/RIU. The temperature sensing range spans from −100 ℃ to 100 ℃, and a peak temperature sensitivity of 4 nm/℃ is obtained. Clear polarization-dependent resonance characteristics and effective channel decoupling are demonstrated.

Conclusions

The proposed dual-channel anchor-shaped PCF-SPR sensor combines ultra-wide RI detection, temperature sensing capability, and polarization-resolved selectivity within a compact fiber structure. Its high sensitivity, flexible channel configuration, and strong resistance to cross-interference make it a promising platform for real-time multi-parameter sensing in complex biological and chemical applications, such as cancer cell detection and biochemical analysis.

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提出一种基于表面等离子体共振(SPR)效应的锚形双通道光子晶体光纤(PCF)传感器,用于实现温度与折射率(RI)的超宽范围同步检测。该传感器具有非对称锚型横截面结构,纤芯表面沿正交方向抛光为半圆形,并选择性镀覆金属金(Au)和聚二甲基硅氧烷(polydimethylsiloxane PDMS)薄膜,实现了极化分辨的SPR激发机制。该设计可分别激励高阶x极化与y极化模式,形成两个独立通道,实现多参数同时检测。其中,x极化通道通过Au/PDMS复合膜同时响应RI与温度变化,y极化通道则依靠Au膜单独实现RI检测。基于COMSOL Multiphysics软件对结构参数进行了全面优化,确保两个通道均具备强耦合强度、良好模式约束及高效高阶模激励能力。仿真结果表明,所设计的传感器在宽折射率检测范围1.21~1.44内表现出14 500 nm的最大折射率灵敏度,在宽温度变化范围−100 ℃至100 ℃内实现了最高4 nm/℃的温度灵敏度。该传感器结构新颖、灵敏度高、选择性强,具备在复杂生物和化学环境中开展癌细胞实时检测、生化分析及多参数同步监测等实际应用的广阔前景。

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任芳,
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 《强激光与粒子束》编辑部 2026, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=HnAaCO+5QPKKmggHkDR52A==, magXml=xyzRIkRKRSkH3Ex4pIc6bA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=5Dcw22Oe+Xie7LfqNjmpig==, pdfFileSize=3226314, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=6I8SvaFpHjV9WSxJBZ+0Hw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=5Blw+OBU86gpQmpL/AoCeQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

李新宇,

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figureFileSmall=Kxvqej9AdCiEgkI/DV88yw==, figureFileBig=Ge8zVSNMYMtCRhTZVBSjng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266743863289987676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471276441912086, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Optimal parameters of the proposed sensor

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D/μmH/μmtg1/nmtg2/nmtpdms/nm
14.516.53535300
), ArticleFig(id=1266743863361290845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471276441912086, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

所设计的传感器的最佳参数

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D/μmH/μmtg1/nmtg2/nmtpdms/nm
14.516.53535300
), ArticleFig(id=1266743863440982622, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471276441912086, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Comparison of sensing capabilities among PCF sensors of the same type

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Ref.direction of polarizationoperating wavelength/nmRI detection rangewavelength sensitivity/nmdetection range/℃temperature sensitivity/(nm/℃)
Ref [17]x-polarized170022501.29~1.357 800
y-polarized600~9501.37~1.4111 700
Ref [40]x-polarized500~14001.35~1.4010 000
Ref [41]y-polarized400~10001.333~1.426 549.93
Ref [42]y-polarized660~8001..39~1.442 000
Ref [43]y-polarized500~19001.21~1.4161 000
Ref [44]y-polarized420~9501.29~1.402 500
Ref [45]y-polarized800~230020~3203.9
Ref [46]x-polarized800~1200−25~902.74
y-polarized840~100080~1301.04
this workx-polarized725~12001.21~1.4414 500−100~1004
y-polarized480~13001.21~1.4414 500
), ArticleFig(id=1266743863533257311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471276441912086, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

同类型PCF传感器的传感能力对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
Ref.direction of polarizationoperating wavelength/nmRI detection rangewavelength sensitivity/nmdetection range/℃temperature sensitivity/(nm/℃)
Ref [17]x-polarized170022501.29~1.357 800
y-polarized600~9501.37~1.4111 700
Ref [40]x-polarized500~14001.35~1.4010 000
Ref [41]y-polarized400~10001.333~1.426 549.93
Ref [42]y-polarized660~8001..39~1.442 000
Ref [43]y-polarized500~19001.21~1.4161 000
Ref [44]y-polarized420~9501.29~1.402 500
Ref [45]y-polarized800~230020~3203.9
Ref [46]x-polarized800~1200−25~902.74
y-polarized840~100080~1301.04
this workx-polarized725~12001.21~1.4414 500−100~1004
y-polarized480~13001.21~1.4414 500
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基于SPR的可同时检测超宽范围折射率和温度的锚型双通道高阶模式PCF传感器设计
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李新宇 1 , 毛一民 1 , 张兆 1 , 徐晴 1 , 卢翔 2 , 任芳 1
强激光与粒子束 | 强激光物理与技术 2026,38(4): 041002-1-041002-10
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强激光与粒子束 | 强激光物理与技术 2026, 38(4): 041002-1-041002-10
基于SPR的可同时检测超宽范围折射率和温度的锚型双通道高阶模式PCF传感器设计
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李新宇1 , 毛一民1, 张兆1, 徐晴1, 卢翔2, 任芳1
作者信息
  • 1北京科技大学 计算机与通信工程学院,北京 100083
  • 2贵州电网有限责任公司 信息中心,贵阳 563000
  • 李新宇,

通讯作者:

Dual-channel high-order mode PCF sensor based on surface plasmon resonance for refractive index and temperature detection
Xinyu Li1 , Yimin Mao1, Zhao Zhang1, Qing Xu1, Xiang Lu2, Fang Ren1
Affiliations
  • 1School of Computer and Communication Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
  • 2Information Center, Guizhou Power Grid Co, Ltd, Guiyang 563000, China
出版时间: 2026-04-15 doi: 10.11884/HPLPB202638.250301
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提出一种基于表面等离子体共振(SPR)效应的锚形双通道光子晶体光纤(PCF)传感器,用于实现温度与折射率(RI)的超宽范围同步检测。该传感器具有非对称锚型横截面结构,纤芯表面沿正交方向抛光为半圆形,并选择性镀覆金属金(Au)和聚二甲基硅氧烷(polydimethylsiloxane PDMS)薄膜,实现了极化分辨的SPR激发机制。该设计可分别激励高阶x极化与y极化模式,形成两个独立通道,实现多参数同时检测。其中,x极化通道通过Au/PDMS复合膜同时响应RI与温度变化,y极化通道则依靠Au膜单独实现RI检测。基于COMSOL Multiphysics软件对结构参数进行了全面优化,确保两个通道均具备强耦合强度、良好模式约束及高效高阶模激励能力。仿真结果表明,所设计的传感器在宽折射率检测范围1.21~1.44内表现出14 500 nm的最大折射率灵敏度,在宽温度变化范围−100 ℃至100 ℃内实现了最高4 nm/℃的温度灵敏度。该传感器结构新颖、灵敏度高、选择性强,具备在复杂生物和化学环境中开展癌细胞实时检测、生化分析及多参数同步监测等实际应用的广阔前景。

光子晶体光纤  /  表面等离子体共振  /  折射率传感器  /  温度传感器  /  光纤传感
Background

Simultaneous and accurate detection of multiple physical and biochemical parameters, such as refractive index (RI) and temperature, is critically important in complex sensing environments, including biological analysis and cancer cell detection. Photonic crystal fiber sensors based on surface plasmon resonance (PCF-SPR) have attracted considerable attention due to their high sensitivity and compact structure. However, achieving ultra-wide RI detection ranges, effective temperature compensation, and low cross-sensitivity within a single fiber platform remains a significant challenge, particularly when higher-order mode excitation and polarization selectivity are required.

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to propose and numerically investigate a dual-channel PCF-SPR sensor capable of simultaneous RI and temperature sensing over an ultra-wide range, while achieving polarization-resolved mode excitation and reduced cross-interference between sensing channels.

Methods

An anchor-shaped asymmetric photonic crystal fiber with orthogonally polished semi-circular surfaces is designed. Gold (Au) and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) thin films are selectively deposited on different polished surfaces to construct two independent SPR sensing channels. Polarization-resolved excitation of high-order modes is achieved through structural asymmetry and selective coating. A full-vector finite-element method based on COMSOL Multiphysics is employed to analyze mode distributions, loss spectra, and resonance wavelength shifts. Key structural parameters, including air-hole geometry and metal-dielectric layer thicknesses, are systematically optimized to enhance plasmonic coupling strength and mode confinement.

Results

Simulation results indicate that the x-polarized channel coated with Au and PDMS exhibits dual sensitivity to RI and temperature, whereas the y-polarized channel coated only with Au responds exclusively to RI variations of another analyte. The proposed sensor achieves an ultra-wide RI detection range from 1.21 to 1.44, with a maximum RI sensitivity of 14 500 nm/RIU. The temperature sensing range spans from −100 ℃ to 100 ℃, and a peak temperature sensitivity of 4 nm/℃ is obtained. Clear polarization-dependent resonance characteristics and effective channel decoupling are demonstrated.

Conclusions

The proposed dual-channel anchor-shaped PCF-SPR sensor combines ultra-wide RI detection, temperature sensing capability, and polarization-resolved selectivity within a compact fiber structure. Its high sensitivity, flexible channel configuration, and strong resistance to cross-interference make it a promising platform for real-time multi-parameter sensing in complex biological and chemical applications, such as cancer cell detection and biochemical analysis.

photonic crystal fibers  /  surface plasmon resonance  /  refractive index sensors  /  temperature sensors  /  fiber optic sensing
李新宇, 毛一民, 张兆, 徐晴, 卢翔, 任芳. 基于SPR的可同时检测超宽范围折射率和温度的锚型双通道高阶模式PCF传感器设计. 强激光与粒子束, 2026 , 38 (4) : 041002-1 -041002-10 . DOI: 10.11884/HPLPB202638.250301
Xinyu Li, Yimin Mao, Zhao Zhang, Qing Xu, Xiang Lu, Fang Ren. Dual-channel high-order mode PCF sensor based on surface plasmon resonance for refractive index and temperature detection[J]. High Power Laser and Particle Beams, 2026 , 38 (4) : 041002-1 -041002-10 . DOI: 10.11884/HPLPB202638.250301
表面等离子共振(SPR)技术因其高灵敏度、无标记检测能力和实时监测特性,在光学生物传感领域得到了广泛应用[1-4]。通过激发金属-介质界面上的表面等离子体,SPR传感器能够感知周围介质折射率的微小变化,从而实现对生化和环境参数的精准检测。在多种SPR实现形式中,基于光子晶体光纤(PCF)的SPR传感器凭借结构灵活性、多参数检测潜力受到广泛关注[5-8]。PCF内部的微结构气孔可有效调控模态特性、双折射效应及模态耦合,适用于多种传感应用场景。
近年来,人们提出了许多多通道PCF-SPR传感器设计方案[9-14]。例如,Md. Arafat Rahman等人开发了一种基于双矩形槽的双通道PCF-SPR传感器[9],Q. M. Kamrunnahar等人设计了一种双通道质子微通道辅助PCF-SPR传感器[10]。在上述设计中,各通道均检测相同类型分析物。为实现多分析物检测,Parthiban Manickam等人开发了一种在纤芯区域与外部区域分别设置环形通道的混合型PCF-SPR传感器,可同时检测两种不同分析物[11]。Fengmin Wang等人提出了类似结构,在纤芯附近与光纤外部均设置了环形通道,用于双分析物检测[12]。K. M. Mustafizur Rahman等人则提出一种三通道六角形结构,利用不同等离子材料实现多种分析物的检测[13]。此外,Md. Shahedul Hasan等人设计的四通道PCF-SPR生物传感器采用抛光矩形表面,可实现四种分析物的独立检测[14]。现有多通道设计通常依赖空间隔离以构建多个传感通道,但模式之间的重叠及通道间耦合易产生串扰,降低传感准确性。为降低通道间串扰,近年来提出了基于正交偏振模式(x偏振与y偏振)的偏振分辨传感方案。该方法利用非对称PCF的双折射特性,在空间上分离正交偏振模式,并将其选择性耦合至不同金属界面,构建物理和功能独立的检测通道,从而实现多参数或多分析物的低串扰检测,同时保持结构紧凑性与集成度[15-22]。因基模具有良好的能量约束与与金属界面的高效耦合能力,大多数PCF-SPR传感器采用基模进行传感[23-24]。然而,随着模式复用和模式选择技术的进步[25-27],LP11等高阶模式开始被引入SPR传感研究。高阶模式具有特殊的电场分布,可增强金属-场作用,提高传感性能[28-29]。为了实现温度传感,许多PCF-SPR设计都采用了PDMS温敏材料[30-33]。PDMS热光学系数约为−4.5×104/℃,显著高于二氧化硅的1×105/℃,具备较快的温度响应特性,同时具有良好的成膜能力,是PCF-SPR温度传感中的常用材料。由于二氧化硅材料的热光学响应较弱,包层折射率随温度变化可忽略不计。
本文提出一种基于SPR和正交偏振高阶模式的双通道PCF传感器结构,具备同时检测超宽范围内的折射率和温度的能力。设计中引入非对称锚型PCF结构,在x轴与y轴方向分别抛光形成半圆形感应表面,用于实现传感通道的物理分离。x偏振通道涂覆金层与PDMS,用于在1.21~1.44折射率范围和−100 ℃至100 ℃温度区间内实现联合检测;y偏振通道仅涂覆金层,用于第二种分析物的独立折射率检测。通过激发高阶模式并分别耦合至对应金属界面,可实现双参数、双分析物的同时检测,并显著降低通道间串扰。该结构紧凑、集成度高,可工作于可见光至近红外波段,适用于复杂生化环境中的多参数高性能传感应用。
本文设计的PCF-SPR传感器的横截面如图1所示,为了促进纤芯正交模式极化,采用非对称锚型结构,沿xy方向抛光半圆形表面,大气孔对称地分布在相对应的两侧。五层小气孔相对于纤芯的角度位置分别为45°、135°、225°和315°。大气孔的直径用D表示,每个小气孔的直径为2 μm。每个半圆形抛光表面的半径为16 μm,抛光深度为H。在x方向的抛光表面上依次镀有厚度为tg1的金层和厚度为tpdms的PDMS层,用于同时检测一种分析物的折射率和温度。y方向的抛光表面镀有厚度为tg2的金层,用于检测另一种分析物的折射率。
设计的传感器的包层由二氧化硅材料制成,其折射率可通过著名的Sellmeier公式计算如下[34]
$\begin{split}{n}^{2}\left(\lambda \right)=& 1+\dfrac{0.691\;663{\lambda }^{2}}{{\lambda }^{2}-0.004\;679}+\dfrac{0.407\;943{\lambda }^{2}}{{\lambda }^{2}-0.013\;512}+\\& \dfrac{0.897\;479{\lambda }^{2}}{{\lambda }^{2}-97.934\;003} \end{split}$
金具有稳定的物理化学特性,在SPR应用中具有卓越的传感性能,因此被选为等离子材料。金的介电常数由Drude-Lorentz模型计算得出[35]
$ {\varepsilon }_{\rm{Au}}={\varepsilon }_{\mathrm{\infty }}-\dfrac{{\omega }_{\rm{D}}{}^{2}}{\omega \left(\omega +{\mathrm{j}}{\gamma }_{\rm{D}}\right)}-\dfrac{\Delta \varepsilon {{\mathit{\Omega}} }_{\rm{L}}{}^{2}}{\left({\omega }^{2}-{{\mathit{\Omega}} }_{\rm{L}}{}^{2}\right)+{\mathrm{j}}{\Gamma }_{\rm{L}}\omega } $
金的高频介电常数(ε)设定为5.967 3,角频率(ω)通过波长(λ)除以2π乘以光速(c)计算得出。金的等离子体频率(ΩD)是用2π乘以2113.6 THz得出的,后者代表等离子体振荡的频率。阻尼频率(γD)由2π乘以15.92 THz得出,代表这些振荡的衰减率。∆ε是一个1.09的常数,用作加权因子。此外,研究还利用分别设置为104.86×2π和650.07×2π的ΓLΩL来描述洛伦兹振荡强度和光谱宽度。
PDMS是一种固体温度敏感材料,可使金属膜的共振波长随温度变化而变化。其折射率与温度之间的关系可表示如下[36]
$ {n}_{{\mathrm{PDMS}}}=-4.5\times {10}^{-4} T+1.417\;6 $
限制损耗(confinement loss CL)由模式能量向包层泄漏而引起的损耗,其大小反映了光能在纤芯中被有效限制的程度。当包层区域内的倏逝场增强时,会导致模式能量泄漏增强,从而增加CL。对峰值CL的测量有助于评估PCF-SPR传感器的性能[37]
$ {\alpha }_{{\mathrm{loss}}}=8.686\times \dfrac{2\pi }{\lambda }\mathrm{Im}\left({n}_{\text{eff}}\right)\times {10}^{4} $
式中:λ表示以μm为单位测量的入射光波长,Im(neff)表示有效折射率的虚分量。
相对于分析物的RI变化,共振峰波长的变化被明确定义为波长灵敏度,即
$ {S}_{\lambda }=\dfrac{\Delta {\lambda }_{\mathrm{peak}}}{\Delta {n}_{\text{a}}} $
式中:Δλpeak表示波长变化的峰值,Δna表示两个不同的相邻RI。波长灵敏度(Sλ)是使用波长探测法计算性能的一个重要约束条件[38]。光纤传感器的性能系数(Factor of Merit FOM)会影响检测精度。FOM的计算公式如下[39]
$ F_{\mathrm{m}}=\dfrac{{S}_{\lambda }} {\sigma_{\mathrm{FWHM}}} $
式中:Sλ表示每个分析物RI的灵敏度。响应变量相当于其峰值一半时的两个独立可转移值之间的差值称为半峰全宽(full width at half maximum FWHM)。
为评估温度传感器的检测能力,引入了温度灵敏度参数,其计算公式为
$ {S}_{T}(\lambda )=\dfrac{\Delta {\lambda }_{{\mathrm{peak}}}}{\Delta T} $
式中:ΔT表示待测分析物的温度变化。
图2(a)显示了当分析物1的折射率为na1=1.36时x偏振条件下的色散特性,包括纤芯模式(粉色虚线)、表面等离子体极化子(SPP)模式(绿色虚线)和该模式的损耗谱(粉色实线)。图2(b)显示了当分析物2的折射率为na2=1.38时,y偏振下的相应色散曲线,显示了纤芯模式(绿色虚线)、SPP模式(黄色虚线)和该模式的损耗谱(绿色实线)。在发生相位匹配时,纤芯模式的部分能量耦合至金属膜层中传输,表现为纤芯模式限制损耗急剧增大,损耗谱出现共振峰。该峰值的相应波长被定义为共振波长,可通过定位两种模式的有效指数相等的点来确定。由于SPP模式对周围折射率的变化高度敏感,分析物折射率的任何变化都会改变相位匹配条件,从而导致共振波长的移动。因此,通过检测损耗峰的波长偏移,可以准确测量分析物的折射率变化。
数值模拟使用基于有限元法(FEM)的商用求解器COMSOL Multiphysics进行。为提高仿真精度,在计算域边界应用了完美匹配层(PML)来吸收外向电磁能。模拟区域包括PCF的整个横截面及其周围介质。采用连续波光源,并设置足够长的模拟时间,以确保达到稳态条件。对计算网格进行了细化,增加了纤维芯和材料界面附近的密度,因为在这些地方电磁场会发生快速变化,从而提高结果的准确性。
传感器的结构参数的抛光圆直径D,抛光深度Hx偏振通道涂覆的金层厚度tg1,PDMS层厚度tpdmsy偏振通道涂覆的金层厚度tg2会影响光纤的折射率分布和模式耦合能力,从而影响传感器的基模损耗谱和传感特性。
图3显示了在不同的大气孔直径D(从10.5 μm到14.5 μm)条件下,na1=1.34和1.36的x偏振和na2=1.36和1.38的y偏振的损耗光谱。随着直径D的增大,两种偏振态损耗光谱的共振波长几乎保持不变,而损耗峰值却增大了。这种现象归因于半圆形抛光区域附近的场约束增强,从而加强了导波模式与金属界面之间的相互作用,从而强化了SPR效应。当D=14.5 μm时,x偏振和y偏振模式的损耗谱的FWHM都达到最小值。根据定义,当共振波长保持稳定时,FWHM越小,FOM越大。因此,FOM在D=14.5 μm时达到最大值。考虑到灵敏度和光谱分辨率,14.5 μm的直径被选为最佳设计参数。
图4显示了na1=1.34和1.36时x偏振模式以及na2=1.36和1.38时y偏振模式的损耗光谱。随着抛光深度H的增加,所有情况下的共振波长几乎保持不变,而峰值损耗值却在增加,两种偏振态的共振点的FWHM都变窄了。这种现象可归因于抛光深度的增加增强了核心模式与表面等离子体模式之间的耦合。抛光深度越深,核心模式场越接近金属界面,促进了更强的能量泄漏,从而加强了SPR效应。在抛光深度为16.5 μm时,x偏振和y偏振损耗光谱的FWHM都达到最小值。根据FOM的定义,在稳定共振波长处的FWHM越窄,则FOM越高。因此,FOM在H=16.5 μm时达到最大值。根据对波长灵敏度和优点系数的综合评估,确定16.5 μm的抛光深度为最佳值。
图5(a)显示了在na1=1.34和na1=1.36的情况下,改变金层厚度(tg1)对x偏振损耗光谱的影响。随着tg1从25 nm增加到45 nm,共振波长出现了红移。峰值损耗强度最初增加,在tg1=35 nm时达到最大值,随后随着厚度的进一步增加而减小。共振波长偏移也有类似的趋势,也是在tg1=35 nm时达到峰值,然后逐渐减小。
此外,在tg1=35 nm时,na1=1.34和na1=1.36的损耗谱的FWHM都达到了最小值,这表明在此厚度下FOM达到了最大值。这种现象归因于在较薄的金层(<35 nm)中,等离子体激发更强,从而提高了倏逝场与表面等离子体之间的耦合效率。然而,在较厚的金层(>35 nm)中,金属内部吸收和反射的增加会降低耦合效率。
由于x偏振通道也用于温度传感,因此必须评估tg1在不同温度条件下的影响。如图5(b)所示,在0 ℃和−20 ℃条件下,共振波长偏移也在tg1=35 nm时达到最大值,随后逐渐减小,这证实了温度灵敏度在此厚度下也达到了最佳状态。因此,tg1=35 nm被确定为实现高性能折射率和温度传感的最佳金层厚度。
图6显示了在na2=1.36和na2=1.38条件下,改变金层厚度(tg2)对y偏振损耗谱的影响。随着tg2从25 nm增加到45 nm,y偏振光谱中的共振波长出现了红色偏移。na2=1.36和na2=1.38之间的共振波长偏移随着tg2的增加而增加,直到35 nm达到最大值,然后随着厚度的继续增加而减小。此外,两种折射率条件下的FWHM在tg2=35 nm时都达到最小值,表明FOM在此厚度下达到最大值。因此,tg2=35 nm被确定为y偏振通道的最佳金层厚度。
图7(a)展示了在分析物折射率na1=1.34和na1=1.36的情况下,改变PDMS层厚度(tpdms)对x偏振损耗光谱的影响。随着tpdms从100 nm增加到500 nm,在x偏振光谱中观察到共振波长发生了明显的红移。值得注意的是,对于任何给定的厚度,na1=1.34和na1=1.36之间共振波长移动的幅度随着tpdms的增加而减小。这种反比关系可归因于随着PDMS层的增厚,金属层与分析物之间的距离增大,从而减弱了传感器的折射率灵敏度。
图7(b)显示了在温度T=0 ℃和T=−20 ℃时,改变PDMS层厚度(tpdms)对x偏振损耗光谱的影响。随着tpdms从100 nm增加到500 nm,在x偏振光谱中观察到共振波长发生了一致的红移。重要的是,对于任何给定的厚度,T=0 ℃和T=−20 ℃之间共振波长移动的幅度都会随着tpdms的增加而成正比。这种直接关系源于随着厚度的增加,PDMS层对温度变化的响应增强,从而提高了温度灵敏度。考虑到折射率灵敏度和温度灵敏度作为tpdms函数的不同趋势,并为了保持这两个参数的最佳性能,选择tpdms=300 nm作为该传感配置的最佳PDMS层厚度。这种平衡选择确保了对分析物折射率变化和温度波动都有足够的灵敏度,从而优化了设备的整体传感能力。
经过优化后,PCF-SPR 传感器的结构参数如表1所示。选择气孔直径D=14.5 μm、抛光深度H=16.5 μm、金层厚度tg1=tg2=35 nm和PDMS厚度tpdms=300 nm以提高模态耦合效率,并确保在x极化和y极化模式下都能稳健地激发SPR。这些几何配置在限制损耗、波长灵敏度、共振峰FWHM和温度灵敏度之间实现了很好的平衡,从而能够在超宽折射率和温度范围内同时进行检测。
为了评估PCF-SPR传感器的RI传感能力,在折射率1.21到1.44的范围内,以0.01为增量,对损耗光谱进行了系统分析。x偏振通道的分析结果如图8(a)图8(b)所示。观察到的趋势表明,随着RI值的增加,共振波长逐渐偏移,而整个损耗谱曲线基本保持不变。图8(c)展示了共振波长移动与na1从1.21到1.44的变化之间的关系。对1.21至1.41范围内的数据进行了线性和多项式拟合分析。线性拟合的调整R2系数为0.896,而多项式拟合的调整R2值为0.986,表明拟合过程具有极好的一致性。当na1在1.21至1.44之间变化时波长灵敏度随着na1的增加而增加,当na1=1.44时波长灵敏度达到最大值14 500 nm。
y偏振通道的结果如图9(a)图9(b)所示。随着y偏振分析物na2的增加,共振波长逐渐偏移,峰值损耗也随之增加,在na2=1.4时达到最大值,然后逐渐减小。图9(c)展示了共振波长的变化与na2从1.21到1.44的变化之间的关系。使用线性拟合和多项式拟合分析了1.21至1.41范围内的数据。线性拟合的调整R2系数为0.816,而多项式拟合的调整R2系数为0.966,表明拟合模型之间具有良好的一致性。当na1在1.21至1.44之间变化时波长灵敏度随着na1的增加而增加,在na2=1.42时波长灵敏度达到最大值14 500 nm。
为了评估PCF-SPR传感器的温度感应能力,在−100 ℃至100 ℃的温度范围内,以20 ℃为增量,对损耗谱进行系统分析。如图10(a)所示,随着x偏振通道中分析物温度的升高,共振波长发生蓝移。这种偏移归因于涂覆在x偏振通道上的温度敏感材料PDMS层的负热光系数,它使波导模式的有效折射率随温度变化而改变。图10(b)显示了共振波长随温度变化的分析结果和线性拟合曲线,显示出很强的线性关系。线性拟合的调整R2系数为0.969,证明与数据非常吻合,所设计的温度传感器最大灵敏度值达到4 nm/℃,高于传统的光纤温度传感器。
表2所示,我们对提出的双通道PCF-SPR传感器与具有代表性的同类传感器进行了系统性的数据对比。结果表明,本设计在整体性能上具有显著优势。在x偏振与y偏振模式下,其折射率检测范围均达到1.21~1.44,明显宽于多数已有广域传感器;在温度检测方面,x偏振模式实现了–100 ℃至100 ℃的跨度,并保持4.0 nm/℃的高灵敏度,超越了许多前期报道的结构。综上,通过数据对比可见,该传感器在双参数宽量程检测和灵敏度方面均表现优秀,适用于癌症诊断与生化分析等高要求应用。
本文提出了一种基于SPR效应的高灵敏度紧凑型双通道PCF传感器,用于同时检测RI和温度。该传感器采用正交偏振的高阶模式($ {\mathrm{LP}}_{\text{11a}}^{x} $$ {\mathrm{LP}}_{11{\mathrm{b}}}^{y} $),可在单根光纤内实现独立的多分析物检测,从而有效消除通道间串扰。该传感器采用独特的非对称锚形横截面,沿xy方向具有半圆形抛光表面,并选择性地涂覆有金属和聚合物薄膜,以实现偏振分辨和模式选择性SPR激发。x偏振通道采用金和PDMS层功能化,可同时测量RI和温度,而y偏振通道仅涂覆有金,支持独立检测次级分析物的RI。这种双通道、双功能架构提高了紧凑光纤结构内的传感吞吐量和测量多功能性。基于有限元法(FEM)的COMSOL Multiphysics仿真,优化了关键结构参数,包括大气孔直径(D=14.5 μm)、抛光深度(H=16.5 μm)、金层厚度(tg1=tg2=35 nm)和PDMS厚度(tpdms=300 nm)。这些配置促进了强等离子体耦合并减小了光谱线宽。优化后的传感器实现了1.21~1.44的超宽RI检测范围,最大波长灵敏度为14 500 nm。此外,x偏振通道中的PDMS层在–100 ℃至100 ℃的扩展范围内具有高达4.0 nm/℃的高温度灵敏度。该传感器工作在480~1300 nm的光谱范围内,适用于生物医学诊断、环境传感和光纤实验室平台等应用。
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2026年第38卷第4期
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doi: 10.11884/HPLPB202638.250301
  • 接收时间:2025-09-17
  • 首发时间:2026-05-27
  • 出版时间:2026-04-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-09-17
  • 修回日期:2025-12-11
  • 录用日期:2026-01-06
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    1北京科技大学 计算机与通信工程学院,北京 100083
    2贵州电网有限责任公司 信息中心,贵阳 563000

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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