Article(id=1266471245680894721, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, issueId=1266471145588019694, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11884/HPLPB202638.250264, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1755532800000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-19, revisedDate=1770048000000, revisedDateStr=2026-02-03, acceptedDate=1772035200000, acceptedDateStr=2026-02-26, onlineDate=1779879874867, onlineDateStr=2026-05-27, pubDate=1776182400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1779879874867, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1779879874867, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1779879874867, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1266471145588019694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, year='2026', volume='38', issue='4', pageStart='041001-1', pageEnd='049003-11', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1779879851004, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1779879869427, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1266471222939374548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, issueId=1266471145588019694, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1266471222943568853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, issueId=1266471145588019694, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=045002-1, endPage=045002-7, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1266471246066770691, articleId=1266471245680894721, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, language=EN, title=Analysis and research on electromagnetic coupling within PFN-Marx generator, columnId=1266471168589578344, journalTitle=High Power Laser and Particle Beams, columnName=Pulsed Power Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Background

The quasi-square wave output characteristic of a PFN-Marx generator is a pair of contradictions with the compactness of the setup. With the higher requirement of the compactness of the setup, the inter stage electromagnetic coupling of PFN wave transmission becomes increasingly significant, which has a significant effect on the pulse modulation characteristics of the PFN and further affects the quasi-square wave output characteristics of the generator.

Purpose

It is necessary to investigate the electromagnetic coupling during the wave transmission process of the PFN-Marx generator and derive the corresponding calculation formulas. This allows for the avoidance of specific electromagnetic couplings during the design phase, ensuring both the quality of the output waveform and the compactness of the device.

Methods

This paper presents an electromagnetic coupling analysis of the PFN during the discharging process of PFN Marx generator. Firstly, the electromagnetic coupling phenomena in the PFN and between the PFNs are analyzed by theoretical derivation, and the calculation formulas are obtained. Then, the 3D model of the typical PFN Marx generator is built up for field circuit simulation. Finally, a single-stage generator and a multi-stage generator are built for experimental verification.

Results

The experimental results verify the theoretical analysis and simulation results, showing good consistency. The preliminary design optimization directions for the PFN-Marx generator can be outlined as follows: 1. Maintain appropriate inter-wire spacing; 2. Increase design redundancy to compensate for electromagnetic coupling; 3. Keep the transmission lines neat and regular to minimize unnecessary electromagnetic coupling.

Conclusions

Based on the above results, the understanding of electromagnetic coupling in the wave transmission of PFN-Marx generator can be improved, so as to avoid partial electromagnetic coupling in design and improve the square wave output ability of PFN-Marx generator. This paper can provide technical reference for the development of quasi-square wave technology and compact technology of the PFN-Marx generator.

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PFN-Marx发生器准方波输出特性与装置的紧凑性是一对矛盾。随着对装置紧凑性的更高要求,发生器叠加过程中PFN波传输产生的级间电磁耦合愈发明显,其对PFN的脉冲调制特性有显著的影响,进一步影响发生器的准方波输出特性。基于此问题,本文开展PFN-Marx发生器叠加过程中PFN的电磁耦合分析。首先,通过理论推导,分析波传输过程中PFN级内和级间的电磁耦合现象,并得出其计算公式;然后,建立典型的PFN-Marx发生器的3D模型进行场路协同仿真;最后,分别搭建单级、多级发生器进行实验验证。通过分析对比三种结果,提高对PFN-Marx发生器波传输过程中电磁耦合的认识,从而在设计中规避部分电磁耦合,提升PFN-Marx发生器方波输出能力。本文可以为PFN-Marx发生器的准方波输出和紧凑化提供技术参考。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 《强激光与粒子束》编辑部 2026, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=WyUFzh460042ACvadlSYdg==, magXml=k62jsABwb6a1dhcr/Pby4Q==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=sVB3U0UYgy/Iym89YkOANg==, pdfFileSize=9474103, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=a3pwKCLvXJ0hKEncmZocVA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=al5gquzVqIxpuCUMbJ31Xw==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

刘世飞,

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刘世飞,

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language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Side view of the three-stage PFN-Marx generator, figureFileSmall=awgSw1fNJCVatIUbWTT5lg==, figureFileBig=cofGYe17b5m1RrAeIbCZqA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266743802917183567, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471245680894721, language=CN, label=图10, caption=三级PFN-Marx发生器的侧视图, figureFileSmall=awgSw1fNJCVatIUbWTT5lg==, figureFileBig=cofGYe17b5m1RrAeIbCZqA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266743802975903824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471245680894721, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Experimental results of the load voltage waveform under three distance conditions, figureFileSmall=MX7TP7DP9JW0ipk1qAzyZA==, figureFileBig=dth+HXWRuRoW092PEHEugg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266743803063984209, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471245680894721, language=CN, label=图11, caption=三种距离的PFN-Marx的负载波形对比, figureFileSmall=MX7TP7DP9JW0ipk1qAzyZA==, figureFileBig=dth+HXWRuRoW092PEHEugg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266743803126898770, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471245680894721, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

PFN parameters corresponding to theoretical calculations, simulations, and experimental results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
inductance of PFN/nHcorresponding pulse width/ns
distance of 5 mmdistance of 15 mmdistance of 25 mmdistance of 5 mmdistance of 15 mmdistance of 25 mm
theory184221248245263271
simulation195225252250266275
experiment176211247240260270
), ArticleFig(id=1266743803202396243, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471245680894721, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

理论计算、仿真及实验结果对应的PFN参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
inductance of PFN/nHcorresponding pulse width/ns
distance of 5 mmdistance of 15 mmdistance of 25 mmdistance of 5 mmdistance of 15 mmdistance of 25 mm
theory184221248245263271
simulation195225252250266275
experiment176211247240260270
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PFN-Marx发生器内电磁耦合分析研究
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刘世飞 1 , 张建德 2 , 张自成 2 , 邱旭东 1 , 高明珠 1 , 李锐 1 , 周业凯 3
强激光与粒子束 | 脉冲功率技术 2026,38(4): 045002-1-045002-7
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强激光与粒子束 | 脉冲功率技术 2026, 38(4): 045002-1-045002-7
PFN-Marx发生器内电磁耦合分析研究
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刘世飞1 , 张建德2, 张自成2, 邱旭东1, 高明珠1, 李锐1, 周业凯3
作者信息
  • 1西北核技术研究所,西安 710024
  • 2国防科技大学 前沿交叉学科学院,长沙 410073
  • 3复旦大学,上海 200433
  • 刘世飞,

Analysis and research on electromagnetic coupling within PFN-Marx generator
Shifei Liu1 , Jiande Zhang2, Zicheng Zhang2, Xudong Qiu1, Mingzhu Gao1, Rui Li1, Yekai Zhou3
Affiliations
  • 1Northwest Institute of Nuclear Technology, Xi’an 710024, China
  • 2National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
  • 3Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
出版时间: 2026-04-15 doi: 10.11884/HPLPB202638.250264
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PFN-Marx发生器准方波输出特性与装置的紧凑性是一对矛盾。随着对装置紧凑性的更高要求,发生器叠加过程中PFN波传输产生的级间电磁耦合愈发明显,其对PFN的脉冲调制特性有显著的影响,进一步影响发生器的准方波输出特性。基于此问题,本文开展PFN-Marx发生器叠加过程中PFN的电磁耦合分析。首先,通过理论推导,分析波传输过程中PFN级内和级间的电磁耦合现象,并得出其计算公式;然后,建立典型的PFN-Marx发生器的3D模型进行场路协同仿真;最后,分别搭建单级、多级发生器进行实验验证。通过分析对比三种结果,提高对PFN-Marx发生器波传输过程中电磁耦合的认识,从而在设计中规避部分电磁耦合,提升PFN-Marx发生器方波输出能力。本文可以为PFN-Marx发生器的准方波输出和紧凑化提供技术参考。

波传输过程  /  电磁耦合  /  场路协同仿真  /  脉冲形成网络  /  PFN-Marx发生器
Background

The quasi-square wave output characteristic of a PFN-Marx generator is a pair of contradictions with the compactness of the setup. With the higher requirement of the compactness of the setup, the inter stage electromagnetic coupling of PFN wave transmission becomes increasingly significant, which has a significant effect on the pulse modulation characteristics of the PFN and further affects the quasi-square wave output characteristics of the generator.

Purpose

It is necessary to investigate the electromagnetic coupling during the wave transmission process of the PFN-Marx generator and derive the corresponding calculation formulas. This allows for the avoidance of specific electromagnetic couplings during the design phase, ensuring both the quality of the output waveform and the compactness of the device.

Methods

This paper presents an electromagnetic coupling analysis of the PFN during the discharging process of PFN Marx generator. Firstly, the electromagnetic coupling phenomena in the PFN and between the PFNs are analyzed by theoretical derivation, and the calculation formulas are obtained. Then, the 3D model of the typical PFN Marx generator is built up for field circuit simulation. Finally, a single-stage generator and a multi-stage generator are built for experimental verification.

Results

The experimental results verify the theoretical analysis and simulation results, showing good consistency. The preliminary design optimization directions for the PFN-Marx generator can be outlined as follows: 1. Maintain appropriate inter-wire spacing; 2. Increase design redundancy to compensate for electromagnetic coupling; 3. Keep the transmission lines neat and regular to minimize unnecessary electromagnetic coupling.

Conclusions

Based on the above results, the understanding of electromagnetic coupling in the wave transmission of PFN-Marx generator can be improved, so as to avoid partial electromagnetic coupling in design and improve the square wave output ability of PFN-Marx generator. This paper can provide technical reference for the development of quasi-square wave technology and compact technology of the PFN-Marx generator.

wave transmission  /  electromagnetic coupling  /  field-circuit simulation  /  pulse forming network  /  PFN-Marx generator
刘世飞, 张建德, 张自成, 邱旭东, 高明珠, 李锐, 周业凯. PFN-Marx发生器内电磁耦合分析研究. 强激光与粒子束, 2026 , 38 (4) : 045002-1 -045002-7 . DOI: 10.11884/HPLPB202638.250264
Shifei Liu, Jiande Zhang, Zicheng Zhang, Xudong Qiu, Mingzhu Gao, Rui Li, Yekai Zhou. Analysis and research on electromagnetic coupling within PFN-Marx generator[J]. High Power Laser and Particle Beams, 2026 , 38 (4) : 045002-1 -045002-7 . DOI: 10.11884/HPLPB202638.250264
脉冲功率驱动源的重要发展方向包括更高的输出功率、更紧凑的结构设计及长脉冲输出[1-2]。PFN-Marx发生器可同时实现脉冲调制和电压叠加,具有天然的紧凑基因,其已逐渐成为世界性研究的热点[3-4]。国外如美国应用能源公司[5-7]、德克萨斯理工大学[8-9]、法国原子能委员会[10]及国内的中国工程物理研究院[11-14]、国防科技大学[15-18]、西北核技术研究所[19-20]等单位均研制出了性能卓越的PFN-Marx发生器。为保持PFN-Marx发生器的紧凑性及其准方波的输出特性,核心要义是采用高能量密度的电容器,并通过改进空间和拓扑结构来降低杂散耦合参数。文献[16]中PFN-Marx发生器可在50 Ω负载上实现30 Hz、5 GW的输出,能量密度为6.5 J/L;文献[14]中PFN-Marx发生器可在40 Ω负载上以10 Hz输出8 GW脉冲,整体储能密度为5.5 J/L;文献[12]中PFN-Marx发生器可在15 Ω负载上输出20 GW脉冲,整体储能密度为8 J/L。此类发生器追求高储能密度而进行了高紧凑设计,从而引入更多杂散和耦合参数,叠加低阻抗的输出环境,输出波形质量并不理想,整体更类似于电容放电的指数型波。文献[11]中提到降低电磁耦合的有效途径是减小PFN-Marx发生器内波传输过程中电极的相互作用面积和增大级间距离,但并未提及具体电磁耦合的计算方式及减小方法。该研究在降低电磁耦合后,发生器输出脉冲的上升沿相对于优化前减小了3 ns,脉冲宽度增加12 ns,具有更好的方波特性。
为了解决以上问题,对PFN-Marx发生器内电磁耦合展开分析和研究。以一等电容电感的PFN为例,通过理论分析波传输过程中PFN级内和级间的电磁耦合并得出其计算公式;建立典型的PFN-Marx发生器的3D模型进行场路协同仿真;通过搭建单级和多级的发生器进行实验验证,为实现发生器的准方波输出提供有意义的指导和参考。
以一典型的Rayleigh型PFN为例,其示意图如图1所示。节电容为6 nF的云母电容,共9个,由矩形铜带并联同时铜带充当节电感,铜带尺寸为320 mm×10 mm×1 mm。根据电感计算手册[21],矩形截面的导线自感计算式为
$ {L}_{\rm{jx}}=\dfrac{{\mu }_{0}{l}_{\rm{jx}}}{2\pi }\left(\ln \Bigg(\dfrac{2{l}_{\rm{jx}}}{{b}_{\rm{jx}}+{c}_{\rm{jx}}}\Bigg)+\dfrac{1}{2}\right) $
式中:cjx是矩形铜带的宽度,ljx是矩形铜带的长度,bjx是矩形铜带的厚度,Ljx是矩形铜带的自感。
PFN中矩形铜带的位置如图2所示,图中云母电容已略去。在该PFN放电过程中,电流如图2红线箭头所示。以下推导过程中考虑不同级间PFN的放电电流情况基本一致,若级间PFN的放电电流情况差别较大,需要代入合适的电流表达式进一步精确耦合计算。上下铜片的之间的电磁耦合会减少铜片的自感,即表现为互感。根据电感计算手册[21],等长平行导线之间的互感计算式为
$ {M}_{\rm{jx}}=\dfrac{{\mu }_{0}{l}_{\rm{jx}}}{2\pi }\left(\ln \Bigg(\dfrac{{l}_{\rm{jx}}+\sqrt{{l}_{\rm{jx}}+h_{\rm{jx}}}}{{h}_{\rm{jx}}}\Bigg)-\dfrac{\sqrt{l_{\rm{jx}}^{2}\text+h_{\rm{jx}}^{2}}}{l_{\rm{jx}}^{2}}+\dfrac{{h}_{\rm{jx}}}{{l}_{\rm{jx}}}\right) $
式中:Mjx是铜带导线之间的互感,hjx是铜带之间的距离。PFN级内的铜带是串联的且电流相反,铜带之间是负耦合,因而单级PFN总电感LPFN1
$ {L}_{{\mathrm{PFN1}}}=2{L}_{\rm{jx}}-2{M}_{\rm{jx}} $
电容电极之间的距离hjx为20 mm,根据铜带的尺寸代进式(1),可以得到单条铜带提供292 nH的电感,互感Mjx计算为162 nH。组成PFN之后,利用式(2)和式(3)可以计算出两条铜带组成的电感即LPFN1=260 nH,平均单条铜带电感为130 nH左右。从计算结果可知,PFN级内的电磁耦合很大。
式(2)提供的导线之间的互感计算较难准确地计算出有限长的铜带之间的互感,且如果按照单条铜带之间的互感计算,会导致计算量繁复。电感计算手册中对于回路的互感大多数集中在两个完整回路之间,在PFN-Marx内主要是平行导线之间的互感,如果将PFN级内的两根铜带看作是完整回路,在计算PFN级间的电磁耦合将导致较大的误差。考虑有限长度的单条铜带与平行铜带之间的互感较为合理。基本思路是:单条铜带与平行铜带之间的电磁耦合,先推导单条铜带导线外磁场强度,然后对两条铜带组成的矩形面积分得到全磁通,从而计算互感。
两级PFN间的铜带示意图如图3所示,以铜带(2)顶点建立坐标,当铜带(2)通y方向的电流,将在xy平面上半面产生从纸面向外的磁场,在下半面产生朝纸面向里的磁场。利用毕奥-萨伐尔定律,有限长铜带线外一点Bx,y)的磁场强度为
$ {B}_{\rm{jx}}=\dfrac{{\mu }_{0}{I}_{\rm{jx}}}{4\pi {b}_{\rm{jx}}}\displaystyle\int_{{\theta }_{1}}^{{\theta }_{2}}\sin (\theta ){\mathrm{d}}\theta $
式中:$ {\theta }_{1}=\arctan \Bigg(\dfrac{{l}_{\rm{jx}}-y}{x}\Bigg) $$ {\theta }_{2}=\pi -\arctan \Bigg(\dfrac{x}{{l}_{\rm{jx}}-y}\Bigg) $xyB点坐标。利用式(4)对图3中的红框矩形面积进行面积分,可以得到平行铜带在铜带(2)磁场下的全磁通Ψjx1,同理可以得到平行铜带在铜带(1)下的全磁通Ψjx2,且这两个全磁通方向相反。
$ {{\mathit{\Psi}} }_{{\mathrm{jx}}1}=\displaystyle\int_{{d}_{\rm{jx}}}^{{h}_{\rm{jx}}+{d}_{\rm{jx}}}\displaystyle\int_{0}^{{l}_{\rm{jx}}}\dfrac{{\mu }_{0}{I}_{\rm{jx}}}{4\pi {b}_{\rm{jx}}}\displaystyle\int_{{\theta }_{1}}^{{\theta }_{2}}\sin (\theta ){\mathrm{d}}\theta {\mathrm{d}}y{\mathrm{d}}x $
$ {{\mathit{\Psi}} }_{{\mathrm{jx}}2}=\displaystyle\int_{{h}_{\rm{jx}}+{d}_{\rm{jx}}}^{2{h}_{\rm{jx}}+{d}_{\rm{jx}}}\displaystyle\int_{0}^{{l}_{\rm{jx}}}\dfrac{{\mu }_{0}{I}_{\rm{jx}}}{4\pi {b}_{\rm{jx}}}\displaystyle\int_{{\theta }_{1}}^{{\theta }_{2}}\sin (\theta ){\mathrm{d}}\theta {\mathrm{d}}y{\mathrm{d}}x $
式中:djx是级间矩形铜带的距离,利用MPFN1=(Ψjx1Ψjx2)/Ijx可以计算得到单条铜带与平行铜带之间的互感。MPFN1是相邻两个PFN之间的耦合电感,可以计算得到两个PFN叠加之后的电感LPFN2
$ {L}_{{\mathrm{PFN2}}}=2{L}_{{\mathrm{PFN1}}}-2{M}_{{\mathrm{PFN1}}} $
估算一下,当djx=25 mm时,MPFN1=13.9 nH,而相隔一个PFN的之间的耦合电感为MPFN2=5.2 nH。可以计算得到相隔两个PFN以上的耦合电感将非常小,在接下来的计算中将忽略。
利用CST微波工作室中的场路协同仿真可以模拟PFN级间电磁耦合对波形的影响。其中,PFN用3D模型建立,以仿真其中的电磁场耦合;电路部分主要是为3D模型提供充电电源、开关和阻性负载。建立一个三级的PFN-Marx发生器,PFN模块之间的距离djx范围分别为5 mm到25 mm,如图4所示。云母电容的模型简化为提供6 nF电容的平板式电容器。电容器的两端平板采用的是理想导体,铜带按照实际采用纯铜材料,电容介质是虚拟材料主要为了提供6 nF的电容。电路方面如图5所示。图4中预留的6个端口(port 1~port 6)与图5中的电路模型端口是对应的。port 1、3、5设计用于输入电压信号,而port 2、4、6被设计为连接开关和阻性负载7 Ω,构建PFN充电电路模型,设置两个探头P1和P2用于检测充电电压波形和输出电压脉冲。
场路协同仿真过程:当瞬态仿真开始时,电压控制开关(1)打开,−50 kV直流电源开始为3D模型PFN充电。同时,电压控制开关(2)关闭。在1000 ns时刻,电压控制开关(2)导通,压控开关(1)关断,然后将PFN放电到阻性负载,P1记录充电电压,P2记录负载电压。
场路协同仿真中主要考虑PFN之间的距离为5 mm、15 mm和25 mm的情况。典型充电电压如图6所示,因为充电电阻很小只有2 Ω,电容器的充电电压在1000 ns时刻已经稳定在−50 kV。三种距离的PFN的仿真负载波形如图7所示,其中电压已经归一化处理。从图7可以看出,负载脉冲宽度随着距离的减小而减小,从275 ns减少到250 ns。结果表明节电感的降低导致了负载脉冲宽度缩短。
首先,对单个PFN的电感量进行实验验证。将单级PFN短路放电,可以利用式(8)估算回路的等效电感。
$ {T}_{{\mathrm{period}}}=2\pi \sqrt{{L}_{{\mathrm{eq}}}{C}_{{\mathrm{eq}}}} $
式中:Tperiod是短路放电的振荡周期,Ceq是回路的等效电容,可以直接通过LCR仪测量得到,Leq是回路的等效电感。
将组装的单级9节PFN充电−1 kV之后,直接进行短路放电测试,利用罗氏线圈测量回路的电流波形,其结果如图8所示。其中振荡周期约为754 ns,可以计算得到回路的等效电感约270 nH。而1.1小节中PFN的电感计算值为260 nH。实验测试值要比1.1小节中计算值稍大一些,是因为电容器也存在内感,内感也算在了等效电感中。
根据仿真结果,设置与仿真模型相同的实验布置,以验证电磁耦合,实物装置如图9所示,侧视示意图如图10所示。将三个PFN放置在充有SF6气体的尼龙容器中进行绝缘。水电阻用于吸收装置的输出能量,并利用高压探头记录其电压波形。水电阻的阻值为7 Ω,基本与三级PFN匹配。PFN采用不同厚度的尼龙盒子,以此来控制间距。另外为了方便适应PFN的高度,隔离电感和气体开关的级数为6级。
具体实验流程为:首先调节PFN级间的间距为25 mm,给PFN充电至−5 kV,开关导通后测量得到负载的波形,而后调整PFN级间的距离,以此重复实验。实验结果如图10所示,电压波形已归一化处理。从图上结果可知,随着距离的从25 mm减少至5 mm,电压波形的脉宽脉冲从270 ns减少到240 ns,PFN的电感量明显在减小。
对比图7图11,5 mm和15 mm的实验电压波形似乎与仿真相去甚远,5 mm距离的PFN-Marx发生器的输出负载波形看起来更像是指数波形,并且伴随上升沿变缓、半波宽减小的现象,这些迹象表明实验的级间电磁互感比场路协同仿真的互感要更复杂一些。进一步分析如下:(1)电磁耦合不仅存在于相邻级间的PFN中,还存在于其他引线中,如电容器引线、开关引线、负载的引线等(放电时隔离电感内电流很小,考虑其引线不参与放电过程)。这部分尺寸和形状较复杂其本身电感和之间的互感在场路协同仿真中很难完全准确计算出来,考虑其不影响仿真结果的趋势因而在仿真中这部分互感值被忽略了。(2)在实验中,堆叠的PFN之间采用不同厚度的尼龙盒子来控制间距,但阵列式开关的高度固定。因此,在减小PFN级间间距时,PFN因耦合电感量下降,而PFN开关连线之间的间距未能对应减小,导致这部分引线间的电感电磁耦合相对较小,相当于开关引线的电感占比较大,导致输出上升沿变缓,使得输出负载波形呈现指数波形。
将上述的理论计算、仿真研究和实验验证的结果汇总在表1中,仿真结果和实验结果均为根据输出的脉宽,利用等电容等电感的PFN建立对应的PSpice仿真计算得到对应的PFN回路总电感。理论、仿真和实验基本一致。
从上述分析可知,PFN的电磁耦合主要与输出脉宽相关。在PFN内波传输的过程中,级内和级间的电磁耦合会使得铜带电感量下降,而该过程与电流传输距离强相关。PFN的电感量下降到一定程度之后,将不能促使电容器按顺序放电,使得PFN更像是把电容器并联起来的模块而失去了脉冲方波调制的特性,所以电磁耦合严重的PFN负载波形往往像指数波,导致发生器的输出脉冲电压失去方波特性。另外,通过实验发现,PFN之间的距离缩短之后,带来的并不只有输出波形脉宽的缩短,还伴随着波形叠加高频振荡,应该是PFN的级间电容耦合带来的负面影响。在PFN-Marx发生器的设计中,应通过理论、仿真计算,考虑波传输过程的电磁耦合,提前设计电感量或者控制距离,保证输出波形质量以及装置的紧凑化水平。
本文首先通过理论推导,分析波传输过程中PFN级内和级间的电磁耦合现象,并得出其计算公式;然后,建立典型的PFN-Marx发生器的3D模型进行场路协同仿真;最后,通过搭建单级和多级的发生器进行实验验证。理论、仿真和实验结果较为吻合。通过分析对比三种结果,可知PFN内波传输的过程的电磁耦合与距离强相关。本研究可以提高对PFN-Marx发生器波传输过程中电磁耦合的认识,从而在设计中规避部分电磁耦合,保证输出波形质量以及装置的紧凑化水平。根据以上结果,可以初步给出PFN-Marx发生器的设计优化方向:(1)保持线间距不小于25 mm,其电感值计算、仿真值和实验值更接近,而且跨级之间的耦合更小,整系统的电磁耦合复杂程度更小一些;(2)在设计中,提前考虑电感因为电磁耦合而减小,提前增大回路中的电感设计,保证PFN的输出脉冲特性;(3)系统中开关、输出等各类引线的形状保持规整,方便计算电感和互感值,并且可以有效减少不必要电磁耦合,减少对整体PFN-Marx发生器的输出能力。
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2026年第38卷第4期
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doi: 10.11884/HPLPB202638.250264
  • 接收时间:2025-08-19
  • 首发时间:2026-05-27
  • 出版时间:2026-04-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-19
  • 修回日期:2026-02-03
  • 录用日期:2026-02-26
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    1西北核技术研究所,西安 710024
    2国防科技大学 前沿交叉学科学院,长沙 410073
    3复旦大学,上海 200433
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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