Article(id=1266471188709663174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, issueId=1266471145588019694, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11884/HPLPB202638.250317, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1759075200000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-29, revisedDate=1772035200000, revisedDateStr=2026-02-26, acceptedDate=1772035200000, acceptedDateStr=2026-02-26, onlineDate=1779879861284, onlineDateStr=2026-05-27, pubDate=1776182400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1779879861284, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1779879861284, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1779879861284, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1266471145588019694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, year='2026', volume='38', issue='4', pageStart='041001-1', pageEnd='049003-11', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1779879851004, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1779879869427, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1266471222939374548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, issueId=1266471145588019694, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1266471222943568853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, issueId=1266471145588019694, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=046001-1, endPage=046001-6, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1266471191494681033, articleId=1266471188709663174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, language=EN, title=Design of windows for multi-scale turbulence collective scattering diagnostic system on HL-3 Tokamak, columnId=1266471191087833544, journalTitle=High Power Laser and Particle Beams, columnName=Special Column of 5th Symposium on Frontier of HPLPB, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Background

The study of multi-scale turbulence and related anomalous transport under high-performance plasma operation remains an important topic in the research of magnetic confinement fusion. The parameter range of plasmas in the tokamak experiment determines that far-infrared laser collective scattering is the optimal diagnostic method for multi-scale turbulence diagnostics.

Purpose

This paper discusses the overall design parameters of the diagnostic system and provide a detailed introduction to the design of the windows for the multi-scale turbulence collective scattering (MSTCS) diagnostic system on the HL-3 Tokamak.

Methods

The laser beam entrance window of the MSTCS diagnostic system is located in the mid-plane port #6 of the HL-3 tokamak, and the scattered light beams exit from the windows in the mid-plane port #12. The design aspects of the windows include the material selection, clear aperture calculation, window thickness design, mechanical design, and surface quality requirements. Several interrelated factors need to be considered in the design process. These include the diagnostic wavenumber range, wavenumber resolution, wavenumber purity of the scattering data, laser beam transmission coefficients, and the requirements for vacuum sealing and safety.

Results

On the basis of these considerations, a corresponding design scheme was formulated. The technical details of the analysis and design process as well as the design results are presented.

Conclusions

The MSTCS diagnostic system has been successfully installed on HL-3, and preliminary experimental data confirm the vacuum safety and optical performance of the diagnostic windows, thereby validating the overall design.

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高性能等离子体运行下的多尺度湍流与输运研究是磁约束聚变研究中的重要课题。HL-3托卡马克实验装置的等离子体参数范围决定了远红外激光相干散射是多尺度湍流实验研究所需的最佳诊断手段。本文将基于诊断系统的整体设计参数,详细介绍HL-3托卡马克上的远红外激光相干散射诊断系统的窗口设计。多尺度湍流相干散射诊断系统与HL-3装置相关的窗口界面为6号与12号中平面窗口。这是两个大型复合窗口,其中6号复合窗口上高于中平面100 mm的CF100法兰窗口为主激光入射窗口,12号复合窗口上垂直排列的三个CF165法兰窗口为主激光和散射光的出射窗口。窗口的设计主要需要考虑窗口的透过率、尺寸、真空密封与安全的要求。对于入射窗口的设计,其透过率与窗口材料、厚度有关,窗口的尺寸由高斯光束传播特性决定,窗口的厚度与尺寸设定还需要考虑真空密封与安全要求。出射窗口在设计中除了需要考虑以上因素,还需要重点考虑诊断的物理需求。窗口的高度尺寸与诊断系统的波数测量范围密切相关;同时,受磁场与运行模式影响,对于不同的散射角度,散射光在水平方向上存在角度偏移,窗口的宽度设计作出了相应的调整。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 《强激光与粒子束》编辑部 2026, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=gKBzkUzHM0Clv758zL65hQ==, magXml=LhrwvsYCcDD3RyZKjLyt6g==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=TXhJWwPy7NL912kclK5hQw==, pdfFileSize=1947653, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=uX+zJVSIrGqcCfMwDbPVxQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=tq+Of36u1BVJ33BTENfW5w==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

侯智培,

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侯智培,

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Design and fabrication of quartz vacuum windows with matching layers for millimeter-wave receivers[C]//Proceedings of the 12th International Symposium on Space Terahertz Technology. 2001: 410-415., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1266743781572371414, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471188709663174, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=14, rfOrder=13, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Bréhat F, Wyncke B. Measurement of the optical constants of crystal quartz at 10 K and 300 K in the far infrared spectral range: 10-600 cm−1[J]. 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Journal of the Optical Society of America B, 2004, 21(7): 1379-1386., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1266743767844414341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471188709663174, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1266743767852802950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471188709663174, companyId=1266743767844414341, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Southwestern Institute of Physics, Chengdu 610225, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1266743767865385863, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471188709663174, companyId=1266743767844414341, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=核工业西南物理研究院,成都 610225)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1266743779194201017, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471188709663174, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Schematic diagram of the overall design of MSTCS diagnostic system on HL-3. The inset depicts the correlation between the wave vector components and the magnetic field at the scattering point, figureFileSmall=EbW0BKqW344ONeX1WZBzbQ==, figureFileBig=dsn17Nu8oyGcbvA1k8EJVA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266743779311641530, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471188709663174, language=CN, label=图1, caption=多尺度湍流相干散射诊断系统在HL-3装置的整体设计方案示意图。插图示意的是散射点处湍流波矢主要分量及其和磁场方向的垂直关系, figureFileSmall=EbW0BKqW344ONeX1WZBzbQ==, figureFileBig=dsn17Nu8oyGcbvA1k8EJVA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266743779403916219, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471188709663174, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=The exit window and the scattered light distribution of MSTCS diagnostic system (the width spreading is disregarded), figureFileSmall=oLrZh26g2QGf70vWPVzbqQ==, figureFileBig=/5QG9vVlxqn59irM1Xdb/Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266743779479413692, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471188709663174, language=CN, label=图2, caption=相干散射诊断系统的出射窗口(忽略宽度方向的设计需求)与散射光分布模型, figureFileSmall=oLrZh26g2QGf70vWPVzbqQ==, figureFileBig=/5QG9vVlxqn59irM1Xdb/Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266743779567494077, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471188709663174, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Computational model for determining the exit window height, figureFileSmall=ih8rrs46I/+oQp2sX6s7JQ==, figureFileBig=LOpsuqfxijZ/yE++JnCJcQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266743779634602942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471188709663174, language=CN, label=图3, caption=相干散射诊断系统出射窗口高度计算模型, figureFileSmall=ih8rrs46I/+oQp2sX6s7JQ==, figureFileBig=LOpsuqfxijZ/yE++JnCJcQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266743779701711807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471188709663174, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Relationship between horizontal deflection angle of scattered light and wave vector components. (r/a=0.5, scattering angle is 10°), figureFileSmall=zKKkrLZKfKsveA79LyYiPA==, figureFileBig=EspjlsvfZfZLWdEiD+yvxA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266743779785597888, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471188709663174, language=CN, label=图4, caption=当归一化半径为0.5,散射角为10°时,散射光水平偏转角与测量波失在各方向的分量关系曲线, figureFileSmall=zKKkrLZKfKsveA79LyYiPA==, figureFileBig=EspjlsvfZfZLWdEiD+yvxA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266743779877872577, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471188709663174, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=When the toroidal magnetic field is clockwise, the maximum positive and negative offsets of the scattered light on the window are +26 mm and −58 mm, respectively. When the field is counter clockwise, the corresponding offsets are +40 mm and -44 mm., figureFileSmall=tkZFHWeeJuXgItpKBUvMIg==, figureFileBig=sT/xT/rNWAKxvp0b0cAlNw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266743779953370050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471188709663174, language=CN, label=图5, caption=当环向磁场为顺时针方向时,窗口上的散射光最大正偏移26 mm,负偏移58 mm;当环向磁场为逆时针方向时,窗口上的散射光最大正偏移 40 mm,负偏移44 mm, figureFileSmall=tkZFHWeeJuXgItpKBUvMIg==, figureFileBig=sT/xT/rNWAKxvp0b0cAlNw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266743780020478915, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471188709663174, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=The relationship between the safe thickness and the diameter of a circular quartz crystal window under two mounting conditions: simply supported edge installation (red curve) and fixed edge installation (blue curve), figureFileSmall=rqQE3CRpzCW6AqOAOLI8UQ==, figureFileBig=fE3F6UxMaDBehmi9zqk1vQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266743780083393476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471188709663174, language=CN, label=图6, caption=对于圆形石英晶体窗口,当窗口边缘固定安装时(蓝色曲线),以及窗口边缘简支安装时(红色曲线),窗口安全厚度与窗口直径的变化关系, figureFileSmall=rqQE3CRpzCW6AqOAOLI8UQ==, figureFileBig=fE3F6UxMaDBehmi9zqk1vQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266743780163085253, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471188709663174, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=The relationship between the thickness of the entrance window and its optical transmittance, analyzed for wavelengths of 184.3 µm and 433 µm, and accounting for the selection of fabrication tolerances, figureFileSmall=7MiDO29STFefkkAo9KfTUQ==, figureFileBig=Mz5RKAU5XBguyEpe5PuTTw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266743780221805510, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471188709663174, language=CN, label=图7, caption=相干散射诊断系统入射窗口厚度与窗口透过率关系,考虑184.3 $ 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HL-3托卡马克多尺度湍流相干散射诊断系统的光学窗口设计
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侯智培 , 邓必河 , 陈程远 , 刘春华 , 张麒麟 , 龚少博 , 聂林 , 石中兵
强激光与粒子束 | 第5届HPLPB前沿学术研讨会专栏 2026,38(4): 046001-1-046001-6
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强激光与粒子束 | 第5届HPLPB前沿学术研讨会专栏 2026, 38(4): 046001-1-046001-6
HL-3托卡马克多尺度湍流相干散射诊断系统的光学窗口设计
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侯智培 , 邓必河, 陈程远, 刘春华, 张麒麟, 龚少博, 聂林, 石中兵
作者信息
  • 核工业西南物理研究院,成都 610225
  • 侯智培,

Design of windows for multi-scale turbulence collective scattering diagnostic system on HL-3 Tokamak
Zhipei Hou , Bihe Deng, Chengyuan Chen, Chunhua Liu, Qilin Zhang, Shaobo Gong, Lin Nie, Zhongbing Shi
Affiliations
  • Southwestern Institute of Physics, Chengdu 610225, China
出版时间: 2026-04-15 doi: 10.11884/HPLPB202638.250317
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高性能等离子体运行下的多尺度湍流与输运研究是磁约束聚变研究中的重要课题。HL-3托卡马克实验装置的等离子体参数范围决定了远红外激光相干散射是多尺度湍流实验研究所需的最佳诊断手段。本文将基于诊断系统的整体设计参数,详细介绍HL-3托卡马克上的远红外激光相干散射诊断系统的窗口设计。多尺度湍流相干散射诊断系统与HL-3装置相关的窗口界面为6号与12号中平面窗口。这是两个大型复合窗口,其中6号复合窗口上高于中平面100 mm的CF100法兰窗口为主激光入射窗口,12号复合窗口上垂直排列的三个CF165法兰窗口为主激光和散射光的出射窗口。窗口的设计主要需要考虑窗口的透过率、尺寸、真空密封与安全的要求。对于入射窗口的设计,其透过率与窗口材料、厚度有关,窗口的尺寸由高斯光束传播特性决定,窗口的厚度与尺寸设定还需要考虑真空密封与安全要求。出射窗口在设计中除了需要考虑以上因素,还需要重点考虑诊断的物理需求。窗口的高度尺寸与诊断系统的波数测量范围密切相关;同时,受磁场与运行模式影响,对于不同的散射角度,散射光在水平方向上存在角度偏移,窗口的宽度设计作出了相应的调整。

磁约束聚变  /  相干散射  /  等离子体湍流  /  远红外激光
Background

The study of multi-scale turbulence and related anomalous transport under high-performance plasma operation remains an important topic in the research of magnetic confinement fusion. The parameter range of plasmas in the tokamak experiment determines that far-infrared laser collective scattering is the optimal diagnostic method for multi-scale turbulence diagnostics.

Purpose

This paper discusses the overall design parameters of the diagnostic system and provide a detailed introduction to the design of the windows for the multi-scale turbulence collective scattering (MSTCS) diagnostic system on the HL-3 Tokamak.

Methods

The laser beam entrance window of the MSTCS diagnostic system is located in the mid-plane port #6 of the HL-3 tokamak, and the scattered light beams exit from the windows in the mid-plane port #12. The design aspects of the windows include the material selection, clear aperture calculation, window thickness design, mechanical design, and surface quality requirements. Several interrelated factors need to be considered in the design process. These include the diagnostic wavenumber range, wavenumber resolution, wavenumber purity of the scattering data, laser beam transmission coefficients, and the requirements for vacuum sealing and safety.

Results

On the basis of these considerations, a corresponding design scheme was formulated. The technical details of the analysis and design process as well as the design results are presented.

Conclusions

The MSTCS diagnostic system has been successfully installed on HL-3, and preliminary experimental data confirm the vacuum safety and optical performance of the diagnostic windows, thereby validating the overall design.

magnetic confinement fusion  /  collective scattering  /  plasma turbulence  /  far-infrared laser
侯智培, 邓必河, 陈程远, 刘春华, 张麒麟, 龚少博, 聂林, 石中兵. HL-3托卡马克多尺度湍流相干散射诊断系统的光学窗口设计. 强激光与粒子束, 2026 , 38 (4) : 046001-1 -046001-6 . DOI: 10.11884/HPLPB202638.250317
Zhipei Hou, Bihe Deng, Chengyuan Chen, Chunhua Liu, Qilin Zhang, Shaobo Gong, Lin Nie, Zhongbing Shi. Design of windows for multi-scale turbulence collective scattering diagnostic system on HL-3 Tokamak[J]. High Power Laser and Particle Beams, 2026 , 38 (4) : 046001-1 -046001-6 . DOI: 10.11884/HPLPB202638.250317
电子的反常输运至今依然是一个磁约束聚变能研究中需要解决的科学难题。理论研究表明电子的反常输运和电子回旋尺度湍流、离子回旋尺度湍流及其耦合产生的多尺度湍流都有关联[1-2]。然而能测量电子回旋尺度湍流的高灵敏度诊断仪器还不成熟,实验数据较少,以致最新的多尺度湍流数值模拟所揭示的很多新物理现象还没有得到实验检验。因此,针对电子的反常输运实验研究的难点,课题组在国家自然科学基金重大科学仪器项目支持下基于中国环流三号(HL-3)实验平台开展了高分辨的聚变等离子体多尺度湍流相干散射诊断系统的研制。这一诊断系统的研发需要解决的首要问题就是HL-3装置上真空诊断窗口的选择和设计。本文简要介绍诊断系统的原理、整体设计、和窗口的选择,结合诊断系统的物理和技术要求,详细介绍诊断窗口的设计。
相干散射是具有一定空间周期特性的等离子体湍流对入射电磁波的布拉格散射。湍流的空间尺度可以用湍流的波数来代表。对单一波长的入射波,散射角($ \theta $)和等离子体湍流的波数(k)满足布拉格条件
$ k=2 k_{\mathrm{i}} \sin (\theta / 2) $
式中:$k_{\mathrm{i}}=2 \pi / \lambda_0$λ0是入射波长。散射功率(Ps)和等离子体的密度涨落($ \tilde{n}_{\mathrm{e}}$)相关[3]
$ P_{\rm{s}}=0.25 P_0\left(r_{\rm{e}} \lambda_0 L_{\rm{v}}\right)^2\left(\tilde{n}_{\rm{e}}\right)^2 $
式中:P0是主光束入射功率,re=2.82×10−15 m是电子经典半径,Lv是散射体积长度,ñe是密度涨落的幅度。因此,特定散射角的散射功率谱对应的是具有特定波长的湍流功率谱。
图1是多尺度湍流相干散射诊断系统的设计示意图。激光束由6号窗口入射,在12号窗口外的光路安排可以同时接收几个不同散射角的散射光,也就是可以同时测量不同尺度的湍流功率谱。另外,等离子体湍流的传播几乎垂直于磁力线[4],且径向波数的中心在kr~0[2],因此散射波主要因不同的极向波数$ {{k}}_{ \theta} $在垂直方向分开,如图1所示。选择6/12号窗口的组合可以很好地匹配这一等离子体湍流特性。
窗口的尺寸限制允许的最大散射角约10°,这也限制了可测量的最大波数。对波长0.433 mm的光泵甲酸激光,最大测量波数为25.3 cm−1。对波长0.184 3 mm的光泵二氟甲烷激光,最大测量波数为59.4 cm−1。典型HL-3托卡马克等离子体参数下离子回旋特征尺度为ρs~0.2 cm,因此基于上述波长的相干散射诊断系统测量的归一化波数范围(kθρs)分别为0~5和0~12,都可以涵盖从离子回旋到电子回旋的多尺度湍流[5],其中以后者的覆盖范围更加完整。由于技术条件的限制,目前完成研发的诊断系统的设计是基于波长0.433 mm的甲酸分子激光器,而入射窗口和出射窗口的设计都兼顾了二氟甲烷激光波长。
窗口的设计包括材料的选择及光学机械加工设计、尺寸的设计和厚度的设计。需要考虑的条件包括散射波数测量范围、激光透过率、真空密封的要求等。如上所述,等离子体湍流的传播特性决定了HL-3装置中6/12号入/出射窗口是较优的选择,可以满足测量宽波数范围的要求。激光器的输出功率约为46 mW,考虑到激光的传播损耗,在等离子体中的入射功率小于30 mW。据式(2)及典型等离子体密度参数可以估算散射波的功率很低,小于0.001 mW。因此,除了要求使用高灵敏度的探测器以外,还要求窗口对激光具有高的透过率。这包括两个方面的要求:一是窗口通光孔径不小于高斯光束在窗口处半径的3.1倍,从而可以忽略边缘损失;二是选择低损耗的窗口材料,同时严格控制窗口厚度使其具有最佳透过率。为方便光路准直调节,入射窗口选择了Z-切的石英晶体,通过精确的窗口厚度控制,可以满足波长0.433 mm的激光低损耗透射的要求,并兼顾0.184 3 mm波长。为了兼顾将来波长为0.184 3 mm激光系统的低损耗要求,出射窗口选择了高阻硅材料。由于激光波长较可见光波长要大约两个量级,一般光学表面平面度和粗糙度的要求可以充分满足低散射损失的要求,同时也可以满足真空密封的要求,因此本文后续部分主要讨论窗口尺寸及厚度的设计。
相干散射诊断系统的光路整体设计如图1所示,入射光束经过聚焦后进入6号入射窗口,并在真空室内聚焦于测量位置即散射点,在此发生散射并产生多束散射光,其最大散射角为$ \text{10°} $,散射光从12号窗口出射。由于离子回旋尺度湍流峰值波数一般为$ 1\sim 3 {\text{ cm}}^{{-1}} $,因此诊断系统对于波数分辨率的要求为$ \text{∆}k=1{\text{ cm}}^{{-1}} $,波数分辨率可以近似通过$ \text{∆}k\sim 2/{{w}}_{\text{0}} $求解[6],因此在散射点位置光束的束腰尺寸$ {{w}}_{\text{0}} \approx 20 \text{ mm} $。入射光在传输过程中的光束尺寸变化规律符合高斯光束传输模型,根据散射位置的光斑尺寸,可以计算得到入射光与散射光束在各自窗口上的光束尺寸。
入射窗口的通光孔径应大于高斯光束在窗口处半径的3倍以减小边缘损失的影响[7],提高系统透过率。考虑诊断系统的初步测量位置为归一化半径0.2,此时散射位置距离6号入射窗口的距离z为3 249 mm,根据高斯光束传输规律,可以通过式(3)进行入射光直径的计算[7-8]
$ D=3 w=3 \sqrt{w_0^2+\left(\dfrac{\lambda {\textit{z}}}{\pi w_0}\right)^2}=90 \;\mathrm{mm} $
为给光路的调整稍留余量,选择直径100 mm作为入射窗口的通光尺寸,加工尺寸需要根据密封要求而调整。
出射窗口的通光孔径应满足使最大散射角的散射光可以从窗口透过。由前文可知,最大散射角度由波数测量范围、激光波长所决定,由布拉格条件可知,最大散射角度为$ \text{±10°} $。散射光在窗口的分布情况模型如图2所示。
散射出射窗口的高度由最大散射角和散射光束在窗口上的光斑尺寸决定,窗口需要使所有待测角度的散射光完整通过,窗口高度可以由图3所示的窗口高度计算模型得出。当散射位置设定为r/a=0.2时,距离12号出射窗口1 091 mm,最大散射角为10°,同时由高斯光束传输模型可知12号窗口上的散射光斑尺寸为65 mm,因此可以计算得到窗口的总高度为
$ H=2 \left(L \tan 10^{\circ}+1.5 \sqrt{w_0^2+\left(\dfrac{\lambda {\textit{z}}}{\pi w_0}\right)^2}\right)=448 \;\mathrm{mm} $
考虑到窗口法兰的整体尺寸限制、密封要求及加工工艺可行性,选择450 mm作为窗口设计高度是可行的。当测量位置从r/a=0.2移到等离子体边缘时对窗口高度的要求会降低,因此测量范围也较完整覆盖了等离子体中易产生湍流的区域。
托卡马克等离子体中有较强的约束磁场,因此湍流具有各向异性的传播特征[9],具体表现为:湍流近似垂直于磁场传播,即$ {{k}}_{{//}}\text{≈0} $;极向波数$ {{k}}_{ \theta} $大于径向波数$ {{k}}_{{r}} $。当等离子体中的磁场为环向时,在中平面的散射点处极向波矢为垂直方向,因此散射光在垂直方向散开。实际上等离子体电流产生的极向磁场不可忽略,在托卡马克等离子体中磁力线呈螺旋形,因此散射光除了在垂直方向散射以外,在水平方向上也将发生角度偏转,这就要求窗口的设计需要据此作出宽度方向上的调整以准确接收散射光[10-11]
托卡马克实验中线圈产生的环向磁场和等离子体电流产生的极向磁场都会因实验目标而变。以典型参数环向磁场2 T,等离子体电流1 MA的情况为例,对10°散射角通道,假设在归一化半径r/a=0.5的散射位置进行测量,通过计算可以得出散射光在水平方向的偏转角度$ {\phi }_{{{\mathrm{R}}}} $与测量波矢在各方向的分量之间的关系曲线如图4所示。在窗口中心的出射光(偏移角度为0),其波数分量中的$ {k}_{//} \ne 0 $。由上文可知,等离子体湍流的测量需要满足$ {{{k}}}_{\theta }>{k}_{//} $$ {k}_{{r}} $,且$ {k}_{//} \approx {0} $。若想达到湍流的最佳测试状态,应当在偏转约4.14°的位置($ {k}_{//} \approx {0} $)进行测量。散射光以这个角度偏转,在出射窗口处在水平方向偏移的距离为58 mm。这就要求出射窗口在水平方向扩展58 mm。
对不同的散射角通道,水平偏转角不同,在出射窗口处的水平偏移量也不同。测量点位置不同时,散射点到窗口的距离不同,要求的出射窗口水平扩展也不同。另外,托卡马克运行时电流的方向和环向磁场的方向可以是顺时针的,也可以逆时针,因此磁场螺旋方向可以变化,导致散射光水平偏转角的变化。以上相关计算结果如图5所示。图5分别是基于顺/逆时针的环向磁场的计算,定义在装置外正对窗口进行观察时左向偏移为正偏移。由图5可知,右向最大偏移58 mm,左向最大偏移40 mm。为使散射光在各不同实验条件下均可以无阻碍出射,窗口宽度需要充分考虑上述偏移量的计算。结合散射光束直径为65 mm,应选择宽度163 mm的接收窗口。然而,为了提高窗口整体利用率、满足窗口密封条件、与装置其他诊断窗口的共生需求,我们最终选择宽度150 mm作为有效通光宽度。
在进行窗口的厚度设计时,首先需要考虑安全性,在真空环境下,外部大气压(1 atm≈0.1 MPa)会对窗口产生向内的压力,若窗口厚度不足会导致窗口弯曲甚至破裂。此时窗口的厚度主要取决于窗口尺寸、安装方式及材料的抗拉强度[12]。窗口的厚度t
$ t=R \sqrt{\dfrac{{k }w}{s_{\mathrm{M}}}} $
式中:R为窗口尺寸,SM为材料抗拉强度(高阻硅为124 MPa),w为窗口所承受的最大压力(为保证安全本设计选择w为4个大气压(约0.4 MPa),即安全因子为4,k是与安装结构相关的常数,具体取值见下文。
入射窗口为石英晶体,直径为100 mm,抗拉强度为5400 psi[13],因此可以据式8进行窗口厚度的安全性计算。对于圆形窗口,当窗口边缘简支安装时,k=1.24;当窗口边缘固定安装时,k=0.75。图6是两种边缘安装条件下窗口的直径对应的厚度曲线。因此当入射窗口厚度为6 mm时可以获得大于4的真空安全因子。
入射窗口的厚度设计还需考虑入射光通过窗口时的透过率。窗口两个表面的平行度较高,整体可看作一个法布里-帕罗(F-P)干涉腔,其透过率为
$ T\mathrm{_{F\text{-}P}}=\dfrac{1}{1+F\sin^2\dfrac{\sigma}{2}} $
式中:$\sigma=({4 \pi n \mathrm{h} \cos \theta})/{\lambda_0}$$F={4 R}/{(1-R)^2}$h为窗口厚度,R为材料表面反射率,q为入射角。为防止窗口表面反射光对激光器的干扰,窗口设计时选择了3°的入射角。
针对石英晶体材料,对433 μm和184.3 μm两个波长入射光透过率进行计算,如图7所示。诊断中使用的入射光波长为433 μm(n=2.107 5),考虑184.3 μm(n=2.112)[14]波长是为了增加系统设计在未来的可兼容性。通过以上计算获得在最大透过率时窗口的厚度参数即为所求,最终选择窗口厚度6.677 mm。
由于窗口的厚度对激光透过率影响较大,为了使入射光透过率保持在90%以上,窗口的加工厚度误差需要小于30 $ \text{μm} $,如图7所示。
对于出射窗口而言,多个角度的散射光同时由窗口出射,其厚度的选择无法兼顾各角度散射光均具有极大透过率,因此窗口的厚度设计主要考虑安全性。出射窗口为高度450 mm,宽度150 mm的跑道型窗口,当窗口边缘简支安装时,$ {k\approx 0.74} $;当窗口边缘固定安装时,$ {k\approx 0.5} $,与圆形窗口的参数存在差异。根据高阻硅窗口的材料特性[15],其折射率为3.4175,通过计算可以得出在窗口边缘在不同固定安装方式下窗口尺寸与安全厚度之间的变化关系如图8所示,由图可见选择出射窗口厚度12 mm即可满足需求。
本文介绍了中国环流三号托卡马克装置上的远红外激光相干散射诊断系统的窗口设计方案,其中主要涉及窗口的材料选择、横向尺寸计算、以及厚度的量化分析计算。设计中除了考虑真空密封以及光学工程方面的技术要求以外,还重点考虑了诊断系统的物理要求,特别是在出射窗口的设计中考虑了散射光束受托卡马克中螺旋磁场结构与运行模式影响所发生的散射光水平角度偏移从而产生的窗口横向尺寸扩展需求。在出射窗口上多个角度的散射光同时透射,因此其厚度设计无法对透过率进行优化,后续需要对各角度散射光的透过率进行标定,以提高数据分析的准确性。目前相干散射诊断系统已在HL-3装置上安装运行,并获得了初步的实验数据。相关窗口的真空安全性得到验证,系统准直过程以及实验数据的获得也验证了窗口的光学性能可以满足要求。由于散射光的多角度出射,出射窗口厚度无法按某一特定光束来优化,但是按多角度入射平均透射率计算是有一定的优化空间的,这在将来的系统设计中将会考虑。
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2026年第38卷第4期
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doi: 10.11884/HPLPB202638.250317
  • 接收时间:2025-09-29
  • 首发时间:2026-05-27
  • 出版时间:2026-04-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-09-29
  • 修回日期:2026-02-26
  • 录用日期:2026-02-26
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    核工业西南物理研究院,成都 610225
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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