Article(id=1266471168325337190, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, issueId=1266471145588019694, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11884/HPLPB202638.250079, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1755964800000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-24, revisedDate=1768147200000, revisedDateStr=2026-01-12, acceptedDate=1768147200000, acceptedDateStr=2026-01-12, onlineDate=1779879856423, onlineDateStr=2026-05-27, pubDate=1776182400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1779879856423, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1779879856423, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1779879856423, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1266471145588019694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, year='2026', volume='38', issue='4', pageStart='041001-1', pageEnd='049003-11', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1779879851004, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1779879869427, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1266471222939374548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, issueId=1266471145588019694, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1266471222943568853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, issueId=1266471145588019694, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=045001-1, endPage=045001-10, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1266471168727990377, articleId=1266471168325337190, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, language=EN, title=Coaxial-structure pulsed intense magnetic field device for laser plasma experiments, columnId=1266471168589578344, journalTitle=High Power Laser and Particle Beams, columnName=Pulsed Power Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Background

In recent years, magnetized laser-plasma research has gained significant importance in multiple frontier fields such as magneto-inertial confinement fusion, magnetic reconnection, collisionless shocks, and magnetohydrodynamic instabilities. Pulsed magnetic field devices have become the mainstream experimental approach, as they can generate magnetic field parameters that meet experimental requirements in terms of strength, spatial scale, and duration. Such devices have been integrated into multiple large-scale laser facilities worldwide, and our research group has also successfully developed several pulsed magnetic field systems adaptable to laser setups of different scales. However, existing devices still face two major challenges: first, strong electromagnetic interference affects data acquisition and equipment safety; second, advances in physical experiments demand higher magnetic field strengths.

Purpose

This study presents a novel coaxial-structure pulsed magnetic field device, designed to optimize the circuit configuration for suppressing electromagnetic interference (EMI) and enhancing magnetic field strength, thereby providing a more reliable high-field environment for magnetized laser-plasma experiments.

Methods

The experiment employs an all-coaxial architecture to enhance electromagnetic compatibility. Multiple soft coaxial cables are connected in parallel to link a 5 μF high-voltage coaxial capacitor with a rigid coaxial transmission line inside the vacuum target chamber, thereby minimizing system inductance.

Results

At 40 kV charging voltage, a discharge current with a peak intensity of 105 kA, a rise time of 1.2 μs, and a flat top width of 1.4 μs is produced, which generates an intense magnetic field of 22 T in the center of a three-turn magnetic field coil of 12 mm diameter. Compared with our previous pulsed intense magnetic field device, the present device can generate larger current and stronger magnetic field, while the free-space EM noise and potential jitter (voltage fluctuation) of the vacuum chamber are significantly reduced.

Conclusions

Experimental results demonstrate that the key performance of this device has reached the mainstream advanced level of international counterparts, such as relevant systems from the U.S. LLNL, France's LULI, and Germany’s HZDR. This device combines high magnetic field strength, microsecond-level flat-top stability, and low electromagnetic interference, providing precisely controllable strong magnetic field experimental conditions—previously difficult to achieve—for frontier research areas such as magneto-inertial confinement fusion, laboratory astrophysics, magnetohydrodynamic instabilities, and pulsed laser deposition coating.

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研制了一套同轴结构的脉冲强磁场设备用于和高功率激光装置相配合开展磁化激光等离子体实验。除磁场线圈外,整个设备全部采用同轴结构以降低电感和抑制电磁辐射,同时在整个设备外加屏蔽层来抑制电磁辐射;传输线部分使用多根长度约3 m的软同轴电缆并联的方式连接电容器和靶室上的刚性传输线。在40 kV脉冲充电电压时,使用直径12 mm的三匝磁场线圈作为负载,产生了峰值电流105 kA、上升时间1.2 μs、平顶宽度1.4 μs的放电脉冲,在线圈中心产生了22 T的强磁场。与课题组之前的脉冲强磁场设备相比,此设备除了可以产生更大的电流和更强的磁场外,自由空间电磁辐射和真空靶室上的电位抖动明显降低。软同轴电缆并联的传输线设计可以适应各种靶场环境,增加了使用灵活性。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
唐桧波,
况龙钰,
胡广月,
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 《强激光与粒子束》编辑部 2026, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=Nt515TAWT6iKVxDtyHo7rg==, magXml=fXSoHIkvsaWqZczcUKUksQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=rujr6EhzUMXd6FEGBPvO7w==, pdfFileSize=22209385, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=ptMIFRMdz2tHeh/YSFTHfA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=FLpVe2R9ClFd+k0F2iCQ5g==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

王志,

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Comparison of electrical parameters between the old and new pulsed magnetic field devices

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voltage/kVcapacitance/μFresistance/Ωinductance/nHimax/kArise time/μs
new device405.00.0694401051.2
old device302.40.080520451.5
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新旧脉冲磁场设备的电气参数对比

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voltage/kVcapacitance/μFresistance/Ωinductance/nHimax/kArise time/μs
new device405.00.0694401051.2
old device302.40.080520451.5
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Inductance and resistance distribution of the pulsed magnetic field device using a 15 mm single-turn coil

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inductance/nHresistance/Ω
capacitors400.001
switch850.030
transmission line2870.030
coil280.008
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脉冲磁场设备的电感和电阻分布(采用15 mm单匝线圈)

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inductance/nHresistance/Ω
capacitors400.001
switch850.030
transmission line2870.030
coil280.008
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用于激光等离子体的同轴结构脉冲强磁场设备
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王志 1 , 王金灿 1 , 李天贻 1 , 熊超 1 , 唐桧波 1 , 况龙钰 2 , 胡广月 1, 3
强激光与粒子束 | 脉冲功率技术 2026,38(4): 045001-1-045001-10
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强激光与粒子束 | 脉冲功率技术 2026, 38(4): 045001-1-045001-10
用于激光等离子体的同轴结构脉冲强磁场设备
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王志1 , 王金灿1, 李天贻1, 熊超1, 唐桧波1 , 况龙钰2 , 胡广月1, 3
作者信息
  • 1中国科学技术大学 核科学技术学院,中国科学院 近地空间环境重点实验室,合肥 230026
  • 2中国工程物理研究院 激光聚变研究中心,四川 绵阳 621900
  • 3中国科学院 上海光学精密机械研究所,中国科学院 超强激光科学卓越创新中心,上海 200031

通讯作者:

唐桧波,
胡广月,
Coaxial-structure pulsed intense magnetic field device for laser plasma experiments
Zhi Wang1 , Jincan Wang1, Tianyi Li1, Chao Xiong1, Huibo Tang1 , Longyu Kuang2 , Guangyue Hu1, 3
Affiliations
  • 1Key Laboratory of Geospace Environment of Chinese Academy of Sciences, School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
  • 2Laser Fusion Research Center, CAEP, Mianyang 621900, China
  • 3Center for Excellence in Ultra-intense Laser Science (CEULS), Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
出版时间: 2026-04-15 doi: 10.11884/HPLPB202638.250079
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研制了一套同轴结构的脉冲强磁场设备用于和高功率激光装置相配合开展磁化激光等离子体实验。除磁场线圈外,整个设备全部采用同轴结构以降低电感和抑制电磁辐射,同时在整个设备外加屏蔽层来抑制电磁辐射;传输线部分使用多根长度约3 m的软同轴电缆并联的方式连接电容器和靶室上的刚性传输线。在40 kV脉冲充电电压时,使用直径12 mm的三匝磁场线圈作为负载,产生了峰值电流105 kA、上升时间1.2 μs、平顶宽度1.4 μs的放电脉冲,在线圈中心产生了22 T的强磁场。与课题组之前的脉冲强磁场设备相比,此设备除了可以产生更大的电流和更强的磁场外,自由空间电磁辐射和真空靶室上的电位抖动明显降低。软同轴电缆并联的传输线设计可以适应各种靶场环境,增加了使用灵活性。

磁化激光等离子体  /  脉冲功率技术  /  脉冲强磁场  /  电磁屏蔽
Background

In recent years, magnetized laser-plasma research has gained significant importance in multiple frontier fields such as magneto-inertial confinement fusion, magnetic reconnection, collisionless shocks, and magnetohydrodynamic instabilities. Pulsed magnetic field devices have become the mainstream experimental approach, as they can generate magnetic field parameters that meet experimental requirements in terms of strength, spatial scale, and duration. Such devices have been integrated into multiple large-scale laser facilities worldwide, and our research group has also successfully developed several pulsed magnetic field systems adaptable to laser setups of different scales. However, existing devices still face two major challenges: first, strong electromagnetic interference affects data acquisition and equipment safety; second, advances in physical experiments demand higher magnetic field strengths.

Purpose

This study presents a novel coaxial-structure pulsed magnetic field device, designed to optimize the circuit configuration for suppressing electromagnetic interference (EMI) and enhancing magnetic field strength, thereby providing a more reliable high-field environment for magnetized laser-plasma experiments.

Methods

The experiment employs an all-coaxial architecture to enhance electromagnetic compatibility. Multiple soft coaxial cables are connected in parallel to link a 5 μF high-voltage coaxial capacitor with a rigid coaxial transmission line inside the vacuum target chamber, thereby minimizing system inductance.

Results

At 40 kV charging voltage, a discharge current with a peak intensity of 105 kA, a rise time of 1.2 μs, and a flat top width of 1.4 μs is produced, which generates an intense magnetic field of 22 T in the center of a three-turn magnetic field coil of 12 mm diameter. Compared with our previous pulsed intense magnetic field device, the present device can generate larger current and stronger magnetic field, while the free-space EM noise and potential jitter (voltage fluctuation) of the vacuum chamber are significantly reduced.

Conclusions

Experimental results demonstrate that the key performance of this device has reached the mainstream advanced level of international counterparts, such as relevant systems from the U.S. LLNL, France's LULI, and Germany’s HZDR. This device combines high magnetic field strength, microsecond-level flat-top stability, and low electromagnetic interference, providing precisely controllable strong magnetic field experimental conditions—previously difficult to achieve—for frontier research areas such as magneto-inertial confinement fusion, laboratory astrophysics, magnetohydrodynamic instabilities, and pulsed laser deposition coating.

magnetized laser plasma  /  pulse power technology  /  pulsed magnetic field  /  electromagnetic noise
王志, 王金灿, 李天贻, 熊超, 唐桧波, 况龙钰, 胡广月. 用于激光等离子体的同轴结构脉冲强磁场设备. 强激光与粒子束, 2026 , 38 (4) : 045001-1 -045001-10 . DOI: 10.11884/HPLPB202638.250079
Zhi Wang, Jincan Wang, Tianyi Li, Chao Xiong, Huibo Tang, Longyu Kuang, Guangyue Hu. Coaxial-structure pulsed intense magnetic field device for laser plasma experiments[J]. High Power Laser and Particle Beams, 2026 , 38 (4) : 045001-1 -045001-10 . DOI: 10.11884/HPLPB202638.250079
外加磁场的激光等离子体近年来受到广泛关注,例如:磁惯性约束聚变[1-4],充磁黑腔[5-6],磁准直射流[7],磁重联[8],无碰撞激波[9],磁流体不稳定性[10-11],磁化激光等离子体的热传导和膨胀过程[12-13]等。
激光等离子体实验需要的磁场参数依赖于要研究的物理对象。磁场强度通常决定于热压和磁压的平衡、回旋频率与碰撞频率的平衡等,常用的磁场强度在10 T至数1000 T;为了匹配激光等离子体的体积和寿命,需要磁场空间尺寸~1 cm3、磁场持续时间>100 ns。基于单匝线圈的脉冲磁场设备产生的磁场通常可以满足激光等离子体实验的要求。
国际上最近建造了多个与激光装置相配合进行磁化激光等离子体实验的脉冲强磁场设备,例如美国Omega激光装置[14-15]、法国LULI激光装置[16]、德国亥姆霍兹重离子研究中心PHELIX激光装置[17]、美国桑迪亚国家实验室的Z装置[18]、日本大阪大学的GEKKO Ⅻ激光装置[19]等。我们课题组也研制了多套适配小型和大型激光装置的脉冲磁场设备用于进行激光等离子体实验[20-23]。实验发现脉冲磁场设备产生的电磁干扰会影响实验数据的采集与分析、并可能损坏灵敏探测设备,因此需要减小电磁干扰[24-27],另外,物理实验需要更高的磁场强度。分析表明之前旧的脉冲磁场设备在电容器部分采用了平行板结构的正负电极、而且空气开关是直接裸露在空气中[23],这种非同轴结构[28-31]产生了严重的电磁干扰。
尽管目前已有数套应用于激光等离子体实验的脉冲磁场装置,但其电磁干扰抑制与更高磁场强度的需求仍未得到充分解决。为此,本研究设计了一套基于同轴结构的新型脉冲磁场设备,旨在显著降低电磁干扰并提升磁场强度。该装置采用全同轴架构以优化电磁兼容性,通过多根并联的软同轴电缆连接5 μF高压同轴电容器与真空靶室上的硬同轴传输线,在实现系统电感最小化的同时,提高了设备的灵活性与结构紧凑性。该脉冲磁场设备在40 kV工作电压下,使用内径12 mm的三匝线圈可产生105 kA的峰值电流,线圈中心峰值磁场达到22 T、上升沿1.2 μs、平顶磁场宽度1.4 μs (>90%峰值磁场)。测量发现新设备的空间电磁辐射和传导耦合引起的靶室电位抖动相对于之前的旧设备均明显降低,确认了同轴结构设计在抑制电磁干扰方面的有效性。
图1展示了旧脉冲强磁场设备的结构与实物图[23]。鉴于新旧装置的主要差异集中于传输线前端的电容器、气体开关等组件,本图重点突出了该部分的结构细节。该设备使用了24个100 nF快插式结构的平板电容器并联的结构,在30 kV脉冲充电电压时可以产生12 T脉冲磁场[23]
基于对旧系统的分析改进,我们设计并搭建了如图2所示的同轴脉冲磁场装置。该设备主要由高压电容器、激光触发气体开关、多根并联的软同轴传输线、刚性同轴传输线、磁场线圈和充电电源组成,除磁场线圈外的各个部分都采用同轴结构。充电电源将电容器充到所需的电压后,激光触发气体开关导通,从电容器释放的放电电流依次穿过气体开关和六根3 m长的软同轴电缆,传导至真空靶室上的刚性同轴传输线进入真空靶室,在真空靶室内的磁场线圈中产生脉冲磁场。与高压同轴电容器相连接的气体开关被密封在外径252 mm、高200 mm厚的不锈钢圆筒内形成同轴结构,在降低电感的同时也屏蔽开关产生的电磁辐射。
同轴高压电容器电容5 μF,工作电压40 kV,耐压强度为工作电压的1.3倍,电感40 nH,尺寸314 mm (L)×314 mm (W)×530 mm (H)。
激光触发的气体开关由聚乙烯绝缘框架和一对可更换的钨铜合金半球形电极组成,电极间距约为17 mm。能量~100 mJ、波长1064 nm的Nd:YAG触发激光脉冲依次穿过焦距为175 mm的平凸透镜、密封开关的窗口玻璃和上侧电极中轴线的小孔后,聚焦于气体开关下侧电极的烧蚀电极表面,通过激光烧蚀产生的初始等离子体,引燃主间隙,从而诱发绝缘气体的击穿,实现开关的快速导通。我们发现开关导通时脉冲电流产生的冲击波会炸裂绝缘框架和窗口玻璃。原因是开关在极短时间内导通,巨大的脉冲电流通过开关间隙,导致间隙内的气体和等离子体被瞬间加热到极高的温度。气体介质爆炸性膨胀,挤压周围静止的气体,形成强大的冲击波,冲击波正面作用于绝缘框架和窗口玻璃,产生巨大的压缩应力。如果此应力超过材料的抗压极限,材料会直接被压碎。
为了防止炸裂,绝缘框架采用了抗冲击能力较强的聚乙烯材料,并且加长了窗口玻璃与上侧电极之间距离,将该距离从10 cm加长至15 cm。冲击波阵面在传播过程中会不断扩展,单位面积上的能量随之下降。开关导通产生的冲击波通过上侧电极中轴线的小孔后可以视为是一个理想点源爆炸,其冲击波超压衰减遵循∆p=R−3,其中∆p是冲击波的超压峰值,R是距离,则超压衰减比∆p2/∆p1=(R1/R2)3=(10/15)3≈0.296。可见仅通过将距离增加50%,冲击波在到达原玻璃位置时的超压峰值预计将衰减到原来的~30%。此外还在窗口玻璃和上侧电极之间加了一个开有5 mm小孔的聚乙烯圆片以削弱到达窗口玻璃的冲击波强度,如图3(b)所示。这是一个孔板阻尼器,小孔面积与管道面积之比决定了理论上的最大衰减,孔直径:dhole=5 mm,通过小孔前管道直径:dpipe=16 mm,面积比:Aratio=(dhole/dpipe)2=(5/16)2≈0.098,如果认为未通过小孔的冲击波全部被聚乙烯吸收则超压峰值预计将衰减到原来的~10%。将两项改进的衰减效果结合起来,冲击波从源(上侧电极小孔)出发,先通过带孔圆片,然后传播15 cm,最后到达玻璃。总衰减系数=(圆片衰减系数)×(距离衰减系数)≈0.296×0.098≈0.029。经过两项改进后,最终作用在窗口玻璃上的冲击波超压峰值,预计仅为原始10 cm处超压的~2.9%。数据分析表明,这两项设计削弱冲击波的效果非常显著。当开关内绝缘气体压力维持在0.1 MPa时,其工作电压范围为23~40 kV。
图4(a)为电容器与气体开关实物图;图4(b)为经金属圆筒外壳及同轴电缆连接后的电容器与气体开关组件,其中气体开关密封于金属圆筒内部。采用多根并联的软同轴电缆连接高压电容器和真空靶室上的刚性同轴传输线,将很重的高压电容器与需要精密调节的刚性传输线和磁场线圈之间柔性连接以增加设备使用的灵活性。软同轴电缆耐压100 kV,正极芯线是直径2.76 mm的多股铜线,负极直径12.45 mm,正负极间白色聚乙烯绝缘层外径12 mm、厚4.5 mm,最外层黑色聚氯乙烯绝缘外皮外径15 mm、厚1 mm;3 m长的同轴电缆每根电感947 nH,六根并联的总电感158 nH,多根同轴电缆并联大大减小了传输线的电感;在同轴电缆外包裹了金属编织网屏蔽电磁辐射。使用多根并联的软同轴电缆,相对于原有设备使用灵活性极大增加,可以安装在靶室的任意法兰上,提供很多之前难以实现的磁场位形。
软同轴电缆与刚性传输线通过图5(a)所示的转接结构实现连接,转接结构由外侧外径256 mm、高65 mm的不锈钢圆筒负极、内部直径210 mm的不锈钢圆盘正极构成,密闭的圆筒内部充0.1 MPa的六氟化硫(SF6)绝缘气体防止正负极之间击穿,转接机构电感23 nH。转接结构实物图如图6(a)所示,使用双密封铠装防爆接头实现软同轴电缆负极与不锈钢圆筒负极,以及带绝缘层正极芯线与内部不锈钢圆盘正极的可靠压接与密封。同轴电缆和转接机构之间可以任意旋转、方便组装和拆卸。另有一根同轴电缆的正极芯线连接到空气开关下极板上作为充电线。组装完成后,将电容器、气体开关封闭在了如图6(b)所示的不锈钢屏蔽外壳里,并在同轴电缆外套了金属编织网,以进一步屏蔽电磁辐射。导电通路接头处用铜垫片密封、非导电通路接头处用硅胶垫密封,在确保导电通路不虚接的同时防止绝缘气体泄露。转接机构预留了多组同轴电缆连接口以方便增加并联的电容器数目。
从真空靶室外进入真空靶室的刚性传输线沿用了之前脉冲磁场设备的设计[20-21],如图2(b)所示,由两层同轴的不锈钢管组成正负极,中间使用3 mm厚的环氧树脂灌封和绝缘;传输线长1 m,总直径 42 mm,耐压90 kV、电感105 nH。刚性传输线在靶室外侧有一个调节机构可以精细调节真空室内的磁场线圈位置[23]。磁场线圈组件通过快插正极、KF接口负极与刚性传输线相连,可以快速更换磁场线圈,线圈头部如图5(b)所示。线圈由Kapton漆包线手工绕制而成,三匝线圈的第三圈特殊绕于前两平行圈外侧。
表1对比了新旧两套脉冲磁场装置的关键电气参数。其中,新装置测试时采用的是15 mm单匝线圈,而旧装置测试时采用的是12 mm双匝线圈。电阻、电感数据是根据放电电流实测数据拟合得到。表2展示了采用15 mm单匝线圈时脉冲磁场设备的电感和电阻分布,其中传输线包含了软电缆并联、刚性线、转接机构。各模块的参数分布中,电容器组数据根据产品标称参数计算而来,传输线和线圈数据通过LCR表测量得到,其余则认为由气体开关贡献。
我们对脉冲磁场设备进行了放电测试,充电电压40 kV,使用内径15 mm的单匝磁场线圈作为负载,使用放置在软同轴电缆和刚性传输线的连接机构圆筒内的罗氏线圈(型号:ZRC-100型;生产商:品研公司;电流电压比:20 V/kA)测量放电电流。图7给出了测量的放电电流波形,气体开关在触发激光到达电极后约3 μs导通。放电电流呈现欠阻尼振荡的正弦波形,振荡周期约为9.4 μs,上升沿1.2 μs,峰值电流105 kA,平顶宽度约1.4 μs(>90%峰值电流)。我们通过COMSOL的电路模块构建了一个RLC电路模型,用于拟合电流波形。通过固定电容值(5 μF),调节电感使振荡周期接近实验波形,调整电容器初始电压以匹配第一个峰值,再优化电阻值使第二个峰值吻合,最终使仿真信号与实验信号高度一致。拟合电流波形如图7红线所示,此时电容5 μF,电感440 nH,电阻69 mΩ,电容器初始电压为37 kV。拟合得到的电容器两端电压为37 kV,低于高压电源显示的40 kV充电电压。该波形差异源于电源显示电压值与电容器实际电压存在偏差、储能期间电荷泄漏及模拟模型与实际参数之间存在差异。
使用放置在线圈中心的磁探针探测放电产生的磁场。图8(a)蓝线展示了在20 kV充电电压时、在内径为9 mm的三匝亥姆霍兹线圈中心测得的磁场波形,上升沿2.3 μs,最大磁场强度8 T。使用Comsol Multiphysics软件对磁场的二维轴对称空间分布进行了模拟,并将模拟结果与实验结果进行了对比。图8(a)红线给出了模拟的线圈中心的磁场时间波形,与实验测量的波形一致,图8(b)展示了磁场峰值时刻(t=2.3 μs)的磁场空间分布,可以看出在ϕ9 mm×15 mm的空间内产生8 T以上的磁场。在40 kV充电电压时,使用内径为12 mm的三匝线圈产生了峰值达到22 T的磁场,如图8(c)所示,但这个强度的磁压力远超过铜线圈的屈服强度(220 MPa),磁场线圈快速扩张直至炸裂,导致磁场波形迅速衰减,不再呈现阻尼振荡波形;图8(d)展现了模拟的峰值时刻二维轴对称的磁场空间分布。
线圈内的脉冲磁场会产生感生电场,感生电场太强时会干扰线圈内激光等离子体的状态和参数诊断[22]。使用Comsol Multiphysics软件对感生电场二维轴对称进行了模拟,如图9所示,40 kV充电电压时,内径为12 mm的三匝线圈内的感生电场在铜线附近最强,在线圈中心最弱,t=0 ns时刻感生电场最强,达到4.8×104 V/m。而我们过去的磁场设备如果要产生同样大小的放电电流其感生电场达到1.2×105 V/m[20-23]。当前新设备的感生电场明显减小,对等离子体状态和参数诊断的干扰变小。
测试发现40 kV充电电压时磁场到达峰值强度之后的磁场波形出现畸变(~2.3 μs),推测是磁压力推动线圈向外扩张,当超过线圈材料屈服强度时造成塑性形变最终使得线圈炸裂所致。为了确认这一点,使用Comsol Multiphysics模拟了线圈在不同时刻受到的Von Mises应力以及相应的形变,如图10所示。可以看到,越靠近内侧的线圈受到的向外应力越大,使得内侧的两匝线圈向外扩张,在3 μs时刻的径向位移达到0.8 mm,Von Mises应力约为11 GPa,远超铜的抗拉强度220 MPa,这产生了实验观察到的铜线炸裂现象;而外侧的一匝线圈受到很弱的向内的应力使其稍微向内运动,在3 μs时刻三匝线圈在空间上融合为一体。尽管线圈最终会炸裂,但在炸裂之前仍然可以实现22 T的磁场强度,可以满足一些激光等离子体实验的需求。对于需要22 T磁场的实验,线圈只能作为有限寿命部件使用。
放电过程中线圈在欧姆热的作用下温度会上升,我们使用Comsol Multiphysics软件模拟了40 kV充电电压时三匝磁场线圈的欧姆热导致的线圈温升,线圈材料为纯铜,如图11所示。图11(a)给出的第一个电流振荡周期结束时(~10 μs)线圈上的温度分布,内侧两匝线圈表面上的部分区域温度达到了4 450 K,超过了纯铜的熔点1 356 K,外侧线圈由于电流分布较为均匀,温度稍低约1 350 K。图11(b)给出了内侧线圈温度最高处的温度随时间变化,发现线圈温度增加的快慢与放电电流正相关,在两个电流振荡周期结束时线圈表面温度达到了5 130 K,这显示单纯的线圈温升也会导致线圈结构的损坏。因此,线圈的炸裂是由机械应力扩张与温升效应共同作用的结果。
为了确认新研制的脉冲强磁场设备的电磁屏蔽性能,测量了脉冲强磁场设备的电磁辐射,如图12所示。测试中负载使用直导线,旧的和新的脉冲强磁场设备的电容器部分放置在同一位置,在电容器旁边1 m距离的小光学平台上放置天线,连接示波器测量自由空间的电磁辐射,在靶室上接导线,连接于示波器上测量靶室上的电位抖动。实验中示波器由单独的UPS电源供电,并与市电断开,防止从其他通路引入干扰信号。旧脉冲强磁场设备充电电压20 kV,电流30 kA;新脉冲强磁场设备充电电压30 kV,电流70 kA。
图13给出了自由空间电磁辐射和靶室电位抖动的测量结果。旧设备产生的自由空间电磁辐射最大值为1.8 V,出现在放电开始的0时刻;新设备产生的自由空间电磁辐射最大值为0.5 V,出现在5 μs左右[24],如图13(a)所示,在相同测量条件下,新设备产生的最大自由空间电磁辐射幅度(0.5 V)约为旧设备(1.8 V)的28%。考虑到新设备的放电电流(70 kA)显著高于旧设备测试条件(30 kA),若将电磁辐射幅度归一化到相同的70 kA放电电流,则新设备的归一化电磁辐射幅度仅为旧设备的12%。同样,将新旧两套设备放电时靶室电位抖动都归一到70 kA放电电流,如图13(b)所示,旧设备产生的靶室电位抖动最大值是210 V,而新设备产生的靶室电位抖动最大值是98 V,相对于旧设备降低了一半。自由空间电磁辐射和靶室电位抖动都明显减小,确认了采用同轴结构设计及加屏蔽层等措施对抑制电磁干扰有明显效果。
我们研制了一套同轴结构的脉冲强磁场设备,该设备在40 kV充电电压时,产生105 kA峰值电流,电流的上升时间为1.2 μs,平顶宽度约为1.4 μs,使用12 mm的三匝磁场线圈可以产生22 T的强磁场。同轴结构设计使得自由空间电磁辐射和靶室电位抖动相对旧设备有明显降低。其中自由空间电磁辐射降低至旧设备的12%(归一化值),靶室电位抖动降低超过50%(归一化值)。使用多根并联的软同轴电缆来连接大质量的电容器和真空靶室上的硬传输线,显著改善了使用灵活性、可以提供各种磁场位形并适应各种靶场环境。本设备在核心指标上已达到国际同类脉冲磁场装置(如美国LLNL、法国LULI、德国HZDR相关设备)的主流先进水平。本设备兼具高场强、微秒级平顶稳定与极低电磁干扰等核心特性,能为磁惯性约束聚变、实验室天体物理、磁流体不稳定性研究及脉冲激光沉积镀膜等前沿领域,提供过去难以实现的精密可控强磁场实验环境。
目前线圈炸裂限制了装置连续使用和磁场强度的提升,未来可通过优化线圈材料(如高强度合金)、使用碳纤维加固等方式进一步提升磁场强度。
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2026年第38卷第4期
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doi: 10.11884/HPLPB202638.250079
  • 接收时间:2025-08-24
  • 首发时间:2026-05-27
  • 出版时间:2026-04-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-24
  • 修回日期:2026-01-12
  • 录用日期:2026-01-12
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    1中国科学技术大学 核科学技术学院,中国科学院 近地空间环境重点实验室,合肥 230026
    2中国工程物理研究院 激光聚变研究中心,四川 绵阳 621900
    3中国科学院 上海光学精密机械研究所,中国科学院 超强激光科学卓越创新中心,上海 200031

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唐桧波,
胡广月,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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