Article(id=1266471147131527416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, issueId=1266471145588019694, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11884/HPLPB202638.250237, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1764691200000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-03, revisedDate=1768838400000, revisedDateStr=2026-01-20, acceptedDate=1768838400000, acceptedDateStr=2026-01-20, onlineDate=1779879851371, onlineDateStr=2026-05-27, pubDate=1776182400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1779879851371, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1779879851371, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1779879851371, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1266471145588019694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, year='2026', volume='38', issue='4', pageStart='041001-1', pageEnd='049003-11', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1779879851004, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1779879869427, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1266471222939374548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, issueId=1266471145588019694, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1266471222943568853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, issueId=1266471145588019694, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=043002-1, endPage=043002-10, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1266471147873919226, articleId=1266471147131527416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, language=EN, title=An all-metal beam-scanning lens antenna for high-power microwave applications, columnId=1266471146649178608, journalTitle=High Power Laser and Particle Beams, columnName=High Power Microwave Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Background

With the advancement of high-power microwave (HPM) technology, there is a growing demand for HPM antennas with beam scanning capabilities.

Purpose

This paper focuses on beam-scanning technology in the HPM field and proposes a novel circularly-polarized all-metal beam-scanning lens antenna based on the Risley-prism principle, aiming to address the challenges of wide-angle beam scanning and high power handling capacity (PHC).

Methods

By introducing circular slots and metamaterial structures into hexagonal units, a circular polarization orthogonal conversion efficiency(the conversion efficiency of incident left-hand/right-hand circularly polarized (LHCP/RHCP) waves to their orthogonal RHCP/LHCP waves) of over 99% at the central frequency and a continuous phase tuning range of 0° to 360° are achieved. After arraying, the two-layer lens, together with the radial line slot array (RLSA) antenna, constitutes the beam scanning antenna system. Specifically, the first lens converts the circularly polarized hollow beam radiated by the feed antenna into a solid beam while achieving a 25.66° beam-deflection synchronously. The second lens further deflects the beam, and two-dimensional beam scanning within a conical angle of ±60° can be realized by independently rotating the two layers of lenses.

Results

A beam scanning lens antenna operating at 14.25 GHz with an axial length of 5.6λ is designed and simulated. During the scanning process, the gain varies within the range of 34.7–37.9 dB, the reflection coefficient remains consistently below −25 dB, and the maximum aperture efficiency exceeds 79%. The PHC of the beam scanning antenna exceeds 1 GW.

Conclusions

The antenna proposed in this paper exhibits excellent beam scanning performance and high PHC, demonstrating great potential for applications in the HPM field.

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提出了一种基于Risley棱镜原理的新型圆极化全金属超透镜波束扫描天线,旨在解决高功率微波天线领域的大角度波束扫描和高功率容量难题。通过在六边形透镜单元中引入圆形缝隙及超材料结构,实现了该单元在中心频点处超过99%的圆极化正交转化效率(表征入射左旋/右旋圆极化波向右旋/左旋圆极化的转化效率)及0~360°连续相位调控。单元组阵后,两层透镜与径向线枝节缝隙馈源共同构成了波束扫描天线。其中第一层透镜将馈源辐射的圆极化空心波束转换为实心波束,并实现25.66°波束偏转,第二层透镜将该偏转波束进行二次偏转,独立转动两层透镜可以实现±60°锥角内的二维波束扫描。仿真设计了工作在14.25 GHz、轴向长度为5.6λ的波束扫描透镜天线,扫描过程中增益变化范围为34.7~37.9 dB,反射系数始终低于−25 dB,最大口径效率超过79%。单个透镜单元功率容量为0.63 MW,天线整体功率容量超过1 GW,具有应用在高功率微波领域的潜力。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
孙云飞,
贺军涛,
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 《强激光与粒子束》编辑部 2026, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=MzDfeNUsjI3acPuQGzupdQ==, magXml=xRBB5jmtzvgrXyQzWYSYuQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=hLmphD3UPPCiGS6/B7WoBw==, pdfFileSize=9644009, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=LI/KAdWoj/M9ghho2N250w==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=ZKfw/QVlSTDi2zc2UZYQRw==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

马照坤,

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Structure parameters of two kinds of units

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f/GHza/mmr/mmh/mml1/mmw1/mmr1/mml2/mmw2/mmr2/mmcham/mm
unit #114.256.264.8611.584.544.351.602.331.830.600.30
unit #214.256.645.2211.214.874.842.002.282.020.300.30
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两种单元结构参数

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f/GHza/mmr/mmh/mml1/mmw1/mmr1/mml2/mmw2/mmr2/mmcham/mm
unit #114.256.264.8611.584.544.351.602.331.830.600.30
unit #214.256.645.2211.214.874.842.002.282.020.300.30
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Performance of beam-scanning lens antenna

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
caseθ/(°)gain/dBreflection coefficient/dBaperture efficiency/%axial ratio/dBsidelobe/dB
1037.9−31.379.52.216−16.9
219.337.5−36.972.60.309−16.8
337.836.6−38.958.90.583−16.9
453.135.5−35.645.84.456−16.3
56034.7−27.838.18.411−12.1
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波束扫描透镜天线性能

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
caseθ/(°)gain/dBreflection coefficient/dBaperture efficiency/%axial ratio/dBsidelobe/dB
1037.9−31.379.52.216−16.9
219.337.5−36.972.60.309−16.8
337.836.6−38.958.90.583−16.9
453.135.5−35.645.84.456−16.3
56034.7−27.838.18.411−12.1
), ArticleFig(id=1266743930839253108, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471147131527416, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Comparison of beam scanning lens antennas

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
referencefrequency/GHzscanning range/(°)gain loss at maximum angle/dBaperture efficiency/%axial lengthPHC/(GW·m−2)
Ref. [22]9.375±30/53.015λ4.0
Ref. [24]14.25±451.780.57.5λ3.5
Ref. [25]14.25±603.075.97.5λ5.0
this paper14.25±603.279.55.6λ5.4
), ArticleFig(id=1266743930914750581, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471147131527416, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

波束扫描透镜天线性能对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
referencefrequency/GHzscanning range/(°)gain loss at maximum angle/dBaperture efficiency/%axial lengthPHC/(GW·m−2)
Ref. [22]9.375±30/53.015λ4.0
Ref. [24]14.25±451.780.57.5λ3.5
Ref. [25]14.25±603.075.97.5λ5.0
this paper14.25±603.279.55.6λ5.4
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一种应用于高功率微波的全金属波束扫描透镜天线
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马照坤 , 孙云飞 , 张强 , 贺军涛 , 袁成卫 , 曹甄强
强激光与粒子束 | 高功率微波技术 2026,38(4): 043002-1-043002-10
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强激光与粒子束 | 高功率微波技术 2026, 38(4): 043002-1-043002-10
一种应用于高功率微波的全金属波束扫描透镜天线
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马照坤 , 孙云飞 , 张强, 贺军涛 , 袁成卫, 曹甄强
作者信息
  • 国防科技大学 前沿交叉学科学院,长沙 410073
  • 马照坤,

通讯作者:

贺军涛,
An all-metal beam-scanning lens antenna for high-power microwave applications
Zhaokun Ma , Yunfei Sun , Qiang Zhang, Juntao He , Chengwei Yuan, Zhenqiang Cao
Affiliations
  • College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
出版时间: 2026-04-15 doi: 10.11884/HPLPB202638.250237
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提出了一种基于Risley棱镜原理的新型圆极化全金属超透镜波束扫描天线,旨在解决高功率微波天线领域的大角度波束扫描和高功率容量难题。通过在六边形透镜单元中引入圆形缝隙及超材料结构,实现了该单元在中心频点处超过99%的圆极化正交转化效率(表征入射左旋/右旋圆极化波向右旋/左旋圆极化的转化效率)及0~360°连续相位调控。单元组阵后,两层透镜与径向线枝节缝隙馈源共同构成了波束扫描天线。其中第一层透镜将馈源辐射的圆极化空心波束转换为实心波束,并实现25.66°波束偏转,第二层透镜将该偏转波束进行二次偏转,独立转动两层透镜可以实现±60°锥角内的二维波束扫描。仿真设计了工作在14.25 GHz、轴向长度为5.6λ的波束扫描透镜天线,扫描过程中增益变化范围为34.7~37.9 dB,反射系数始终低于−25 dB,最大口径效率超过79%。单个透镜单元功率容量为0.63 MW,天线整体功率容量超过1 GW,具有应用在高功率微波领域的潜力。

全金属  /  透镜阵列  /  波束扫描天线  /  圆极化馈源  /  高功率微波
Background

With the advancement of high-power microwave (HPM) technology, there is a growing demand for HPM antennas with beam scanning capabilities.

Purpose

This paper focuses on beam-scanning technology in the HPM field and proposes a novel circularly-polarized all-metal beam-scanning lens antenna based on the Risley-prism principle, aiming to address the challenges of wide-angle beam scanning and high power handling capacity (PHC).

Methods

By introducing circular slots and metamaterial structures into hexagonal units, a circular polarization orthogonal conversion efficiency(the conversion efficiency of incident left-hand/right-hand circularly polarized (LHCP/RHCP) waves to their orthogonal RHCP/LHCP waves) of over 99% at the central frequency and a continuous phase tuning range of 0° to 360° are achieved. After arraying, the two-layer lens, together with the radial line slot array (RLSA) antenna, constitutes the beam scanning antenna system. Specifically, the first lens converts the circularly polarized hollow beam radiated by the feed antenna into a solid beam while achieving a 25.66° beam-deflection synchronously. The second lens further deflects the beam, and two-dimensional beam scanning within a conical angle of ±60° can be realized by independently rotating the two layers of lenses.

Results

A beam scanning lens antenna operating at 14.25 GHz with an axial length of 5.6λ is designed and simulated. During the scanning process, the gain varies within the range of 34.7–37.9 dB, the reflection coefficient remains consistently below −25 dB, and the maximum aperture efficiency exceeds 79%. The PHC of the beam scanning antenna exceeds 1 GW.

Conclusions

The antenna proposed in this paper exhibits excellent beam scanning performance and high PHC, demonstrating great potential for applications in the HPM field.

all-metal  /  lens array  /  beam-scanning antenna  /  circularly polarized feed antenna  /  high-power microwave
马照坤, 孙云飞, 张强, 贺军涛, 袁成卫, 曹甄强. 一种应用于高功率微波的全金属波束扫描透镜天线. 强激光与粒子束, 2026 , 38 (4) : 043002-1 -043002-10 . DOI: 10.11884/HPLPB202638.250237
Zhaokun Ma, Yunfei Sun, Qiang Zhang, Juntao He, Chengwei Yuan, Zhenqiang Cao. An all-metal beam-scanning lens antenna for high-power microwave applications[J]. High Power Laser and Particle Beams, 2026 , 38 (4) : 043002-1 -043002-10 . DOI: 10.11884/HPLPB202638.250237
透镜作为一种可以改变电磁波性质的特殊结构,广泛应用于微波和毫米波频段的雷达[1]、成像[2]和波束可控天线阵列[3-4],其中,介质材料透镜因其出色的性能被广泛应用[5-8]。近年来,一种基于光学里斯利(Risley)棱镜原理[9-10]的波束扫描方法显示出巨大的潜力,该方法利用可旋转的等相位梯度透镜来实现二维波束扫描。基于此,一种称为发射阵列(Transmitting-Array, T-A)[11-13]的相控阵透镜引起了广泛关注。T-A通常由多个平面传输层组成,通过特定的设计来改变特定频率电磁波的幅值和相位。T-A具有低剖面、高口径效率和灵活的辐射性能等优点。文献[14]使用相移表面(phase shift surface, PSS)技术设计了一个双层透镜,通过控制金属贴片的尺寸来实现预期的幅度和相位控制,相较于传统的Risley棱镜在剖面高度、体积和重量都具有优势,通过透镜的相位梯度组阵和旋转可以实现二维扫描,但在扫描的过程中增益损失较大,且口径效率仅有30%;文献[15-16]中同样使用PSS技术实现了一种低剖面、无源、低成本的波束控制透镜,扫描范围可达±51°锥角且增益损失仅有3 dB,但使用了时延表面使得整体轴向距离变大;文献[17]提出了一种新型波束扫描透镜,基于潘卡拉特纳姆-贝里(Pancharatnam-Berry, PB)相位原理,通过控制单元的旋转改变圆极化波的相移以此实现了±20°锥角的波束扫描,口径效率可达48%。
然而,由于大多数透镜单元都是由介质基板及印刷在其上的金属元件组成,其功率容量(power handling capacity, PHC)非常有限,很难应用于高功率微波(high-power microwave, HPM)领域。现有的HPM源的输出功率已达到GW量级[18-19],如果将上述透镜单元用于HPM领域,可能会导致介质材料上的射频击穿。由于金属的击穿电压远大于介质,因此以金属结构作为主体的透镜单元在HPM领域中的波束控制方面具有应用潜力。文献[20]提出了一种单层透镜表面,实现了一维波束扫描,在俯仰角上达成了21°的角度偏转。文献[21-23]提出了一种全金属结构,通过多层十字缝隙透镜实现了X波段±30°锥角内的二维波束扫描,但天线整体轴向距离较长且扫描角度小;为解决大角度波束扫描问题,文献[24]提出了一种介质内嵌的透镜结构,在金属单元内开椭圆孔并用介质填充,实现了高效率的相移控制,组成透镜后通过与径向线连续横向枝节天线相结合,实现了±45°锥角内二维波束扫描,具有高口径效率和较高的功率容量;文献[25]提出了一种全金属圆极化转换超透镜,通过三层透镜实现了Ku波段±60°锥角内的二维波束扫描,进一步扩宽了天线的波束扫描范围,功率容量可达数GW,但由于内部有过多的沟槽结构,实际加工存在一定困难。
结合透镜天线的优势和其在HPM领域的研究现状,本文研究并设计了一种新的透镜天线,兼顾了大角度波束扫描、高功率容量、控制便捷和工程可实现性强等优点。首先设计了一种新型的全金属圆极化透镜单元,在Ku频段的圆极化转换效率超过99%,并且实现了0~360°连续相位调控。接着设计了一种新型的圆极化径向线枝节缝隙馈源,实现了均匀辐射和良好的轴比。最后将馈源与两层透镜组合,构成了波束扫描透镜天线,实现了±60°锥角内的二维波束扫描,扫描过程中最大增益为37.9 dB,最大增益损失为3.2 dB,口径效率可达79%,且功率容量超过1 GW,能够满足HPM领域的应用需求。
全金属波束扫描透镜天线的波束扫描示意图如图1所示,整体结构由馈源天线和两层垂直叠加放置的全金属波束扫描透镜组成。本文馈源天线可以直接产生圆极化波束,相较于文献[21-24]中的天线结构省去了一层线-圆转换透镜,整体结构更加简单,轴向尺寸更短。
透镜#1水平放置于馈源天线口面上方沿z轴0.75λ处,可以将空心波束转换为实心波束并实现波束在俯仰角上的偏转;透镜#2水平放置于透镜#1上表面上方沿z轴0.75λ处,可以实现进一步的偏转。通过旋转两层透镜,即可实现天线在±60°锥角范围内的波束扫描。
馈源天线内部切面和单元结构如图2所示,馈源天线采用新型径向线枝节缝隙天线,在底部采用同轴TEM模式激励,以驻波形式通过内部的双层径向线结构后在表面缝隙均匀辐射,为保证结构的稳定性,天线内部以支撑杆进行连接,同时为了抵消支撑杆带来的传输性能恶化,在支撑杆的外围添加了反射槽以抵消反射。缝隙在上层以周向λ/3、径向λ的距离排布,其中最中心的缝隙中心距离内部圆柱支柱距离为λ/2(在驻波条件下此时该处电场最大),当内部电磁场通过缝隙辐射时,缝隙与电场传播方向(径向)夹角为45°,并通过与两侧枝节的相互作用实现了圆极化平面波。在缝隙的下方还设计了相位补偿台阶,避免了径向缝隙间距离变化导致的旁瓣性能恶化。
全金属透镜的基本结构如图3所示,其中每个单元呈正六边形,并采用蜂窝排列方式进行组阵。该组阵方式可以有效降低副瓣,进一步提升天线的扫描角度。透镜单元的主要结构如图4所示。其中心部分由圆形空心波导和在xy轴上分别对称的矩形凸起组成。当电磁波通过该单元时,由于xy方向上结构不同造成相位发生不同的变化,进而使圆极化旋向发生转化。当透镜单元旋转一定角度时,透射微波的相位也会随之改变,实现对相位的重构,从而完成波束偏转。透镜单元结构边缘处进行倒圆角操作,减小了单元内部的电场,提升了单元功率容量。相较于文献[23]中多层叠加的全金属透镜单元结构,本透镜单元通孔加工方式的工程可实现性更强。
透镜单元的主要尺寸也在图4中给出,其中六边形边长为a,中心圆形波导的半径为r,单元高度为hy轴方向上的矩形结构的长度为l1,宽度为w1,倒角半径为r1x轴方向上的矩形结构的长度为l2,宽度为w2,倒角半径为r2。为了进一步减小内部电场,在单元前后也进行倒角,半径为cham。内部缝隙是为圆极化转换和相移而设计的,通过设计对应的结构参数即可达成高效率的圆极化转换。当右旋圆极化(right handed circular polarization, RHCP)波入射时,它将被转化为左旋圆极化(left handed circular polarization, LHCP)波;类似地,当LHCP波入射时,出射波则是RHCP波,两者间的转化效率定义为圆极化正交转换效率。此外,根据PB相位理论,通过控制内部缝隙结构的旋转,还可以实现0~360°范围内的相位控制。
根据Risley棱镜理论,通过绕轴旋转两层垂直叠加放置的透镜,即可实现波束在圆锥空间内的扫描。实际应用过程中,两层透镜常采用相同的预设偏转角度,即$ {\theta }_{1}={\theta }_{2}={\mathit{\Theta}} $,同时取$ {\mathit{\Phi}} ={\varphi }_{2}-{\varphi }_{1} $$ {\varphi }_{1} $$ {\varphi }_{2} $分别为两层透镜相较于初始位置在方位角上的旋转角度。根据文献[21]的理论分析可得天线扫描角度与透镜的旋转角度关系如下
$ \begin{array}{c}\varphi =\dfrac{{\mathit{\Phi}} }{2}\\\sin \theta =2\sin {\mathit{\Theta}} \cos {\mathit{\Phi}} \end{array} $
式中:$ \theta $$ \varphi $为出射波束的俯仰角和方位角指向。由此即可根据两层透镜的预设偏转俯仰角和轴向旋转方位角求出最终波束的指向角。
由于$ {\mathit{\Phi}} $是可任意调节的,所以该透镜结构在俯仰角的扫描范围大小仅取决于两层透镜的预设偏转角度,而在方位角上则可以达成任意角度的扫描。基于式(1),该波束扫描天线的扫描角度随$ {\mathit{\Theta}} $$ {\mathit{\Phi}} $变化的关系如图5所示。
图5可知,通过改变$ {\mathit{\Phi}} $可以实现俯仰角方向上扫描角度的改变。但随着扫描角度的改变,方向图旁瓣必然会受到单元结构的影响,为保证旁瓣性能不被影响,根据文献[26]中的FSS设计理论,以六边形组阵的单元结构间距需满足
$ D \lt \dfrac{1.15{\lambda }_{0}}{1+\sin {\mathit{\Theta}} } $
式中:D是六边形单元几何中心的间距,λ0为该单元中心频点在真空中对应的波长,$ {\mathit{\Theta}} $为透镜预设偏转角度。根据式(2)可得图6。由此可知,如果想要达成±60°锥角波束扫描范围,单元中心间距D应小于12.67 mm,即六边形边长a应小于7.49 mm。
以中心频点14.25 GHz为例,以图4中的单元结构为基准进行设计,经过迭代优化后其第一、二层透镜单元的具体参数如表1所示。两层的单元的轴向长度都在半波长附近,在不使用介质材料的前提下具有较低的剖面高度。两层单元结构参数略有差别,是因为第一层透镜单元为底部天线的垂直入射,而第二层单元则为经过了第一层透镜后的25.66°斜入射,为保证两者在各自的情况在具有最好的性能,因而产生了部分差异。经验证,两层单元的边长均满足式(2)的扫描条件,理论上还可实现更大角度的扫描。
在CST Studio Suite中设置Unit Cell边界条件对两层透镜单元结构进行仿真。对第一层单元采用RHCP波垂直入射(俯仰角θ=0°),仿真得到的反射系数S11与圆极化正交转换效率S21曲线如图7(a)所示,可以看出在中心频点处的圆极化正交转换效率接近0 dB并超过99.3%,在14.15~14.35 GHz的频带范围内,S21优于−0.34 dB,转换效率超过96.2%。旋转透镜单元,得到中心频点处出射相位和转换效率如图7(b)所示,在转动过程中,单元的圆极化正交转换效率在99.3%~99.31%范围内波动,基本没有变化,说明单元旋转不会改变传输特性,具备组阵的能力。同时可以得到出射相位的变化量为单元旋转角度的两倍,相位调节范围为0~360°。
对第二层单元,RHCP波以俯仰角θ=25.66°斜入射,仿真得到反射系数S11与圆极化正交转换效率S21曲线如图8(a)所示,其传输与反射特性与第一层单元非常相似。可以看出在中心频点处S21同样接近0 dB,超过99%,在14.15~14.35 GHz的频带范围内,S21优于−0.35 dB,转换效率超过96.1%。旋转透镜单元,得到中心频点处出射相位和转换效率如图8(b)所示,在转动过程中,单元的圆极化正交转换效率在97.9%~99.3%范围内波动,变化量处于可接受的范围内,说明在斜入射的情况下单元旋转不会显著地改变传输特性。
在高功率微波领域中,功率容量也是一项非常重要的指标。功率容量的计算公式如下
$ {P}_{\max }={\Bigg(\dfrac{{E}_{\mathrm{break}}}{{E}_{\max }}\Bigg)}^{2}{P}_{{\mathrm{in}}} $
式中:$ {E}_{{\mathrm{break}}} $为材料的击穿电压,基于文献[26]及工程经验,真空中金属材料的击穿电压可以取50 MV/m;$ {P}_{{\mathrm{in}}} $为注入功率,在该仿真软件中注入功率为0.5 W;$ {E}_{\max } $为对应注入功率情况下该单元结构内部的最大电场场强。
仿真得到第一层透镜单元与第二层透镜单元的电场分布如图9所示,第一层透镜单元的最大电场为44.4 kV/m,第二层透镜单元的最大电场为44.7 kV/m。根据式(3),计算得到两层透镜单元在14.25 GHz处的功率容量近似相同,均达到0.63 MW,组阵后两层透镜的最大功率容量均超过5.4 GW/m2,满足HPM领域的需求。
透镜组阵后平行放置于天线正上方,并且为确保整体的偏转角度和波束转化,每个单元的偏转角度应该满足特定的关系,根据文献[24-25]的理论分析,第一、二层透镜上不同位置处单元的旋转角度应满足
$ \left\{ \begin{array}{l}{\psi }_{1}=\arctan \Bigg(\dfrac{y}{x}\Bigg)+\dfrac{\Delta \phi }{2}+135{^{\circ}}+{\psi }_{2}\\{\psi }_{2}=\dfrac{180{^{\circ}}}{\lambda }x\sin \alpha \end{array} \right.$
式中:$ {\psi }_{1} $$ {\psi }_{2} $分别为第一、二层透镜上特定单元的旋转角度,$ {\psi }_{1} $的前三项可以将空心波束转化为实心波束,最后一项即$ {\psi }_{2} $可以实现波束在俯仰角上的偏转;xy分别为以透镜中心为原点时该单元的二维坐标位置;$ \Delta \phi $为坐标原点到透镜单元中心的向量与正y轴方向之间的夹角,取值范围为0~360°;$ \lambda $为该频点对应的真空波长;$ \alpha $为两层透镜的预设偏转角度,本文里取25.66°。取两层透镜的半径为285 mm,经计算第一层透镜包含2387个单元,第二层透镜由2107个单元。
文献[24-27]采用径向线连续横向枝节天线配合线-圆极化透镜的方式实现了圆极化,但本文的馈源天线可以直接输出圆极化波,因此省掉了一层透镜,结构更加简单。馈源天线的仿真结果如图10所示,最大波束指向方向为±1.7°,最大增益为32.4 dB,旁瓣为−17.5 dB。在第一层透镜的作用下,馈源辐射的空心波束被转换为实心波束,因此馈源的空心方向图并不影响透镜天线实现微波能量的汇聚。以中心工作频点14.25 GHz为例,当馈源天线口径为600 mm,仿真得到馈源在中心频点处的反射系数低于−35 dB,如图10(c)所示。主瓣附近轴比如图10(d)所示,在主瓣方向上轴比为0.71 dB,并且在一定范围内保持良好。天线口面电场呈均匀分布,可以满足后续馈电的要求。
将第一层透镜与馈源进行组合,间隔取0.75λ,形成的单层透镜天线结构如图11(a)所示。联合仿真后,天线的辐射方向图如图11(b)所示,明显看出天线由原本的空心波束变为实心波束,最大波束方向由原本的1.7°变为25.66°,同时最大增益从32.4 dB变为37.6 dB,增加了5.2 dB,天线旁瓣为−16.8 dB,半功率波束宽度为2.4°,仿真与理论相符,验证了理论设计的正确性。
将两层透镜与馈源进行组合,两层透镜间隔同样取0.75λ。由式(1)可知,在两层透镜预设偏转角度都为25.66°的情况下,该天线的最大俯仰角偏移应为60°。为了更直观的显示在扫描过程中的天线性能变化,控制两层透镜的旋转,其中第一层透镜的旋转角度为$ {\varphi }_{1} $,第二层透镜的旋转角度为$ {\varphi }_{2} $,且$ {\varphi }_{1}=-{\varphi }_{2} $,此时天线的波束扫描轨迹为一条直线,即仅在俯仰方向扫描,而方位角不变,令$ {\mathit{\Phi}} ={\varphi }_{2}-{\varphi }_{1} $,最终仿真得到天线的波束扫描结果如图12图13所示。
在不同的扫描角度下,波束扫描透镜天线的增益、旁瓣和口径效率也会发生改变。表2中给出了五种情况的具体结果,由表2可知垂直出射时天线增益为37.9 dB,最大口径效率约79%,随着波束扫描角度的增大,天线增益有所下降,但波动范围仅有3.2 dB,同时,旁瓣水平也逐渐恶化,从−16.9 dB增加到−12.1 dB,但在偏转角度为53.1°时仍保持着−16.3 dB的旁瓣,整体在可接受范围内。在垂直出射的情况下,−10 dB阻抗带宽可达190 MHz,3 dB圆极化轴比带宽为220 MHz。
此外,在透镜旋转过程中的S参数变化如图13(b)所示,可以看到在波束扫描过程中,该天线在中心频点14.25 GHz处的反射系数始终低于−25 dB,并且在14.15~14.35 GHz带宽范围内也基本小于−10 dB,整体性能良好。
实际应用中,通常需要外加天线罩以保证内部真空,真空环境可以提升击穿电压,满足在高功率微波环境的工作条件,同时天线罩还可以减少外部环境对天线的损坏。添加了天线罩后的切面结构如图14所示,天线罩厚度达到50 mm,采用聚四氟乙烯(Polytetrafluoroethylene, PTFE)材质,能够在内部真空时承受大气压强而不产生形变。由于天线罩由介质材料组成,在真空中与金属的击穿电压不同,有可能在天线罩处产生电场击穿,因此需要同时分析金属结构和介质天线罩的功率承受能力。
在俯仰角为0°即垂直出射的情况下,该波束扫描透镜天线系统的电场如图15所示,天线内部的最大电场强度为1027 V/m,出现位置为第一层的金属透镜内部;对于介质区域,其内侧与外侧的电场强度几乎相同,根据工程经验,PTFE在空气中的击穿电压为3 MV/m[27],超过真空区域的击穿电压,因此仅需考虑介质外侧部分是否产生击穿现象,而在介质层与空气接触一侧的电场强度最大为64 V/m,根据式(3)可以计算出此时整体系统的功率容量,在金属区域和介质区域的功率容量分别为1.16 GW和1.10 GW,即波束扫描天线的功率容量可达1 GW,结合前文该天线半径285 mm计算可得,该天线系统的功率容量可达5.4 GW/m2
将本文设计的波束扫描透镜天线与文献[2224-25]进行对比,其结果如表3所示。从表中可以看到本文设计的波束扫描透镜天线在扫描范围、轴向长度和功率容量这三个方面达到了最优,同时也有着极高的口径效率,但是在扫描过程中增益损失较为明显,仍有优化的空间。
本文提出并设计了一种中心频点位于14.25 GHz处的新型全金属圆极化转化透镜单元和圆极化径向线枝节缝隙馈源,并组合构成了一种新型的波束扫描透镜天线。该天线通过控制两层透镜旋转可以实现±60°锥角内的波束扫描,功率容量超过1 GW,轴向长度仅有5.6λ,在波束扫描过程中,天线工作性能稳定,增益下降仅3.2 dB,最大口径效率可达79.5%。与先前报道的同类天线相比,本天线的轴向尺寸最短,功率容量最高,扫描范围最大,增益损失、口径效率虽稍差但也近乎相同,整体性能十分优秀,具有在高功率微波领域推广应用的巨大潜力。
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2026年第38卷第4期
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doi: 10.11884/HPLPB202638.250237
  • 接收时间:2025-12-03
  • 首发时间:2026-05-27
  • 出版时间:2026-04-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-12-03
  • 修回日期:2026-01-20
  • 录用日期:2026-01-20
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    国防科技大学 前沿交叉学科学院,长沙 410073

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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种数
Number of
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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