Article(id=1266471146359771630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, issueId=1266471145588019694, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.11884/HPLPB202638.250297, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1754928000000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-12, revisedDate=1767110400000, revisedDateStr=2025-12-31, acceptedDate=1767110400000, acceptedDateStr=2025-12-31, onlineDate=1779879851187, onlineDateStr=2026-05-27, pubDate=1776182400000, pubDateStr=2026-04-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1779879851187, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-05-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1779879851187, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1779879851187, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1266471145588019694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, year='2026', volume='38', issue='4', pageStart='041001-1', pageEnd='049003-11', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1779879851004, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1779879869427, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1266471222939374548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, issueId=1266471145588019694, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1266471222943568853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, issueId=1266471145588019694, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=043001-1, endPage=043001-9, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1266471146724676081, articleId=1266471146359771630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, language=EN, title=Design of low-profile circularly polarized antenna element for wide-angle scanning array, columnId=1266471146649178608, journalTitle=High Power Laser and Particle Beams, columnName=High Power Microwave Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
Background

With the rapid development of low-Earth orbit (LEO) satellite communications, there is a pressing need for circularly polarized phased arrays that offer wide-angle scanning capability while maintaining a low profile, which remains a significant challenge in current designs.

Purpose

This study aims to design a low-profile, wide-beam circularly polarized antenna element and its corresponding wide-angle scanning array to address the limitations of narrow scan angles and high profiles in existing solutions.

Methods

A double-layer antenna element was designed, utilizing corner perturbation and cross-slots to achieve left-hand circular polarization, while the beamwidth was broadened via an upper parasitic structure and metallic posts based on pattern superposition. A 4×4 array was constructed by rotating these elements, with annular open slots integrated into the ground plane to suppress mutual coupling.

Results

The proposed antenna element exhibits a 3-dB axial ratio beamwidth greater than 175°, a gain beamwidth of 120°, and a profile of only 0.07λ0. Simulations of the 4×4 array demonstrate a scan coverage of ±60°, with axial ratio consistently below 2 dB and a stable gain fluctuation of 3.38 dB throughout the scanning range.

Conclusions

The designed antenna and array effectively achieve wide-angle circularly polarized scanning with low profile and stable performance, offering a promising solution for LEO satellite communication terminals and other integrated systems requiring wide spatial coverage.

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针对低轨卫星通信中圆极化相控阵扫描角度窄、剖面高的挑战,设计了一款低剖面、宽波束圆极化天线单元及其宽角扫描阵列。该单元采用双层结构,通过四角微扰与交叉缝隙实现左旋圆极化,并利用上层寄生结构与金属柱基于方向图叠加原理将波束宽度拓展至120°,轴比波束宽度大于175°,剖面高度仅0.07λ0。基于该单元构建的4×4旋转阵列,结合接地板环形开口槽设计,有效抑制了互耦。仿真结果表明,阵列在±60°扫描范围内轴比始终低于2 dB,且增益变化平缓,实现了优异的宽角圆极化扫描性能。

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郭庆功,
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刘佳鑫,

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figs=[ArticleFig(id=1266743902926160790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471146359771630, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Antenna element, figureFileSmall=ZOJ4BPDULVI1oDiupM9MJQ==, figureFileBig=2VW+U8ZMp2Za4d5GOuAXKw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266743903010046871, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471146359771630, language=CN, label=图1, caption=天线单元, figureFileSmall=ZOJ4BPDULVI1oDiupM9MJQ==, figureFileBig=2VW+U8ZMp2Za4d5GOuAXKw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266743903106515864, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471146359771630, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Effect of key parameters on the AR-BW$ \theta $ of the antenna element, figureFileSmall=Hujz1FCbx7xUTRBR5xeQPg==, figureFileBig=Z+CVy5A7a9+ZB5NpmWSANw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1266743903391728537, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, 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Dimension parameters of antenna (mm)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
L1L2LPWpWfWhR
2517840.4111
Rj1Rj2Rj3Rj4D1D2Dz
0.20.91.11.50.60.81
PzH1H2H3
1131
), ArticleFig(id=1266743904947815341, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471146359771630, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

天线单元尺寸参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
L1L2LPWpWfWhR
2517840.4111
Rj1Rj2Rj3Rj4D1D2Dz
0.20.91.11.50.60.81
PzH1H2H3
1131
), ArticleFig(id=1266743905010729902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471146359771630, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Comparison of various antenna elements and arrays

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
RefHPBW/(°)AR-BW$ \theta $/(°)sizepeak-gain scanning range/(°)AR over scan angle/dBgain loss over scan angle/dB
[21]80NA0.42λ0×0.42λ0×0.27λ0±56≤3.0≤3.9
[22]1301301.44λ0($ \phi $)×1.56λ0±60≤4.0≤3.0
[23]1001760.37λ0×0.37λ0×NA±42≤2.8≤3.0
[24]90NA0.32λ0×0.32λ0×0.19λ0±60≤7.0≤4.5
[25]136132NA×NA×0.09λ0±65≤3.0≤3.2
this work1201750.38λ0×0.38λ0×0.07λ0±60≤1.9≤3.3
), ArticleFig(id=1266743905086227375, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1266358635761254452, articleId=1266471146359771630, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同天线单元和天线阵列结果比较

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
RefHPBW/(°)AR-BW$ \theta $/(°)sizepeak-gain scanning range/(°)AR over scan angle/dBgain loss over scan angle/dB
[21]80NA0.42λ0×0.42λ0×0.27λ0±56≤3.0≤3.9
[22]1301301.44λ0($ \phi $)×1.56λ0±60≤4.0≤3.0
[23]1001760.37λ0×0.37λ0×NA±42≤2.8≤3.0
[24]90NA0.32λ0×0.32λ0×0.19λ0±60≤7.0≤4.5
[25]136132NA×NA×0.09λ0±65≤3.0≤3.2
this work1201750.38λ0×0.38λ0×0.07λ0±60≤1.9≤3.3
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低剖面宽波束圆极化天线单元及其宽角扫描阵列设计
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刘佳鑫 , 郭乙颗 , 李方位 , 郭庆功
强激光与粒子束 | 高功率微波技术 2026,38(4): 043001-1-043001-9
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强激光与粒子束 | 高功率微波技术 2026, 38(4): 043001-1-043001-9
低剖面宽波束圆极化天线单元及其宽角扫描阵列设计
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刘佳鑫 , 郭乙颗, 李方位, 郭庆功
作者信息
  • 四川大学 电子信息学院,成都 610065
  • 刘佳鑫,

通讯作者:

郭庆功,
Design of low-profile circularly polarized antenna element for wide-angle scanning array
Jiaxin Liu , Yike Guo, Fangwei Li, Qinggong Guo
Affiliations
  • College of Electronics and Information Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
出版时间: 2026-04-15 doi: 10.11884/HPLPB202638.250297
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针对低轨卫星通信中圆极化相控阵扫描角度窄、剖面高的挑战,设计了一款低剖面、宽波束圆极化天线单元及其宽角扫描阵列。该单元采用双层结构,通过四角微扰与交叉缝隙实现左旋圆极化,并利用上层寄生结构与金属柱基于方向图叠加原理将波束宽度拓展至120°,轴比波束宽度大于175°,剖面高度仅0.07λ0。基于该单元构建的4×4旋转阵列,结合接地板环形开口槽设计,有效抑制了互耦。仿真结果表明,阵列在±60°扫描范围内轴比始终低于2 dB,且增益变化平缓,实现了优异的宽角圆极化扫描性能。

低剖面  /  宽波束  /  宽轴比波束  /  宽角扫描  /  圆极化
Background

With the rapid development of low-Earth orbit (LEO) satellite communications, there is a pressing need for circularly polarized phased arrays that offer wide-angle scanning capability while maintaining a low profile, which remains a significant challenge in current designs.

Purpose

This study aims to design a low-profile, wide-beam circularly polarized antenna element and its corresponding wide-angle scanning array to address the limitations of narrow scan angles and high profiles in existing solutions.

Methods

A double-layer antenna element was designed, utilizing corner perturbation and cross-slots to achieve left-hand circular polarization, while the beamwidth was broadened via an upper parasitic structure and metallic posts based on pattern superposition. A 4×4 array was constructed by rotating these elements, with annular open slots integrated into the ground plane to suppress mutual coupling.

Results

The proposed antenna element exhibits a 3-dB axial ratio beamwidth greater than 175°, a gain beamwidth of 120°, and a profile of only 0.07λ0. Simulations of the 4×4 array demonstrate a scan coverage of ±60°, with axial ratio consistently below 2 dB and a stable gain fluctuation of 3.38 dB throughout the scanning range.

Conclusions

The designed antenna and array effectively achieve wide-angle circularly polarized scanning with low profile and stable performance, offering a promising solution for LEO satellite communication terminals and other integrated systems requiring wide spatial coverage.

low-profile  /  wide beam  /  wide axial-ratio beam  /  wide-angle scanning  /  circular polarization
刘佳鑫, 郭乙颗, 李方位, 郭庆功. 低剖面宽波束圆极化天线单元及其宽角扫描阵列设计. 强激光与粒子束, 2026 , 38 (4) : 043001-1 -043001-9 . DOI: 10.11884/HPLPB202638.250297
Jiaxin Liu, Yike Guo, Fangwei Li, Qinggong Guo. Design of low-profile circularly polarized antenna element for wide-angle scanning array[J]. High Power Laser and Particle Beams, 2026 , 38 (4) : 043001-1 -043001-9 . DOI: 10.11884/HPLPB202638.250297
近年来,随着新一代信息技术的快速发展,卫星通信正经历从传统静止轨道(Geostationary Earth Orbit, GEO)系统向低轨道(Low Earth Orbit, LEO)大规模星座的深刻演进,相比GEO卫星系统在广播电视和固定通信中的稳定应用[1],LEO星座凭借更低的通信延迟、更高的频谱利用率和更灵活的部署能力,已成为满足未来全球广域接入需求的重要技术路径[2]。与此同时,卫星通信的应用边界不断拓展,不再局限于传统广播和回传链路,而是日益融入5G/6G移动通信体系、物联网(Internet of Things, LOT)大规模接入场景,以及复杂高动态的海空地一体化通信需求中[3],但是相较于地球同步轨道卫星,低轨卫星的高速运动导致地面终端在通信过程中需频繁切换卫星链路,显著增加了通信系统的复杂度。传统的机械扫描阵列很难在这高速场景下使用,采用具有更大波束覆盖范围(即扫描角度)的天线可有效降低切换频率,维持通信连续性[4]。此外,圆极化波因其对接收天线极化的不敏感性、优异的抗多径干扰能力及较强的抗雨衰特性,在卫星通信(尤其是低轨系统)中获得了广泛应用。然而,大部分扫描阵列天线主波束的扫描范围只有90°~100°,增益波动4~5 dB,这无法完全满足通信系统的大空域覆盖需求[5]。国内外有关宽角扫描阵列的研究主要分为四种类型[6-11]:紧耦合宽角扫描阵列、栅瓣抵消宽角扫描阵列、频率控制宽角扫描阵列(FCA)和基于宽波束单元的宽角扫描阵列。其中,紧耦合阵列和栅瓣抵消阵列通常需要复杂的宽带馈电结构(如巴伦和阻抗匹配层)及特殊的阵列排布方式,这往往导致结构庞大、剖面增高,限制了其应用场景。频率控制阵列的波束扫描高度依赖于操作频率,与传统的移相器控制相比,其扫描自由度显著降低,性能易受影响。此外,扫描不同角度时所需频率的变化也限制了该类阵列在固定频段系统(如大多数通信系统)中的应用。相比之下,基于宽波束单元的宽角扫描阵列凭借其成本低、易于集成、结构相对简单等优势,受到了更多关注。在极化方式方面,早期扫描阵列多采用线极化[12-14];近年来,随着卫星通信的发展,圆极化扫描阵列天线的应用日益增多[15-16]。文献[15]提出了一种圆极化宽波束宽度微带磁电偶极子(ME-dipole)天线。该天线由一个微带电偶极子和一个背腔槽组成,天线的3 dB波束宽度为128°,CP波束宽度在仰角平面上为121°。组成的1×8阵列可以扫描−66°到66°。天线结构简单,剖面低,但其只能在一维方向上完成宽角度的扫描。文献[16]用交叉偶极子作为圆极化相控阵的辐射元件,天线结构紧凑,但该天线在工作频段内只能实现±30°圆极化扫描,同时反射板的存在限制天线的剖面高度。文献[17]具有两层寄生环结构的同心紧耦合偶极子阵列(TCDA)元件和宽带90°移相器,通过组成8×8阵列实现±60°角度扫描。但其天线单元由多层介质基板和较为复杂的馈电网络构成,结构复杂。文献[18]阵列元件由一个风车型贴片和一个八角形的串联功率分配器构成,其3 dB波束宽度分别为99°和95°,尺寸为0.46λ0×0.46λ0×0.08λ0。虽然具有较低的剖面但单元尺寸较大,不利于组阵后对单元间距的调控且波束宽度不够宽。现有的设计在结构复杂度、轴比波束宽度和尺寸上仍存在不足。其单元组成的阵列同样存在扫描角度较窄和扫描时圆极化性能不佳等问题。
针对上述问题,本文设计了一款低剖面、宽波束圆极化单馈微带天线单元,适用于低剖面宽角扫描圆极化阵阵。基于此单元,构建了4×4旋转阵列,并在相邻单元接地板间引入环形开口槽以抑制互耦。仿真结果表明,该阵列在±60°扫描范围内主波束方向轴比均低于2 dB,成功实现了宽角圆极化扫描性能。
宽角扫描圆极化阵列的一个关键部分是其单元圆极化的宽波束、单元大小,即要求天线单元在工作频率波束宽度尽可能宽且为了满足角度扫描时不产生栅瓣,天线单元的大小需要小于0.5λ。基于以上考虑设计的单元需同时满足宽波束,宽轴比波束,小尺寸。
天线单元如图1所示,采用两层介质基板和一层空气层结构,基板的材料为F4BM265,介电常数为2.65,厚度为H1=1 mm。天线的结构从上到下分别为:第一层介质基板、矩形贴片、金属环;第二层介质基板、辐射贴片、接地板。矩形贴片通过三根金属柱与接地板连接,用以拓宽波束宽度。金属环位于第一层介质基板的下方,起到平衡波束轴比的作用。辐射贴片位于第二层介质基板的上方,使用四角圆形微扰和交叉缝隙产生左旋圆极化。要形成圆极化特性,从逆时针方向看辐射贴片四个角的半径依次增大;交叉缝隙进一步分离模式以提高天线圆极化轴比波束宽度的性能。
在扫描阵列中,天线单元的轴比波束宽度和波束宽度对扫描范围起着决定性的作用。为了在低剖面的前提下进一步得到更宽的轴比波束宽度与波束宽度,利用商业电磁仿真软件Ansoft HFSS对设计的天线进行建模并对关键参数优化仿真。天线的轴比波束宽度性能来源于下层贴片的四角扰动和交叉缝隙。波束宽度则来源于上下层之间金属柱提供的垂直电流,利用方向图叠加原理对波束进行拓宽。图2所示为主要参数对于天线轴比波束宽度和天线波束宽带的影响。
图2可以看出,天线下层贴片交叉缝隙的距离D2与交叉缝隙的缝隙宽度Wf对天线轴比波束宽度(AR-BW$ \theta $)产生影响。D2=0.3 mm时,天线的轴比波束宽度在$ \varphi =0{^{\circ}} $的面上达到171°,在$ \varphi =90{^{\circ}} $的面上同样也达到171°,达到二维宽角度扫描的要求。虽然当D2=0.4 mm在$ \varphi =90{^{\circ}} $时具有更宽的轴比波束宽度,但其波束中心的轴比数值较接近3 dB,可能在后续的实物加工和组阵中由于误差和耦合造成圆极化性能变差。D1D2的情况类似,不再赘述。Wf=0.4 mm时,两个面上的都具有171°的轴比波束宽度,Wf小于0.4 mm时,天线的轴比波束宽度特性在两个面上具有不同的表现,在$ \varphi =0{^{\circ}} $时具有更宽的波束宽度,但是波束中心数值上接近3 dB;而在$ \varphi =90{^{\circ}} $时波束宽度变得很窄,两个面的波束不均衡影响组阵后二维扫描的性能。同样在Wf大于0.4 mm时,天线的轴比波束性能较差,与Wf小于0.4 mm时类似,波束不平衡和数值较接近3 dB,这些都会给后续的组阵和加工造成影响。
天线利用方向图叠加原理,垂直金属柱的高度对天线的波束宽度和增益有较大的影响。如图3所示为空气层高H2对天线波束宽度和增益的影响。波束宽度随着高度增加而增加,而增益在H2小于3 mm时随着空气层的高度增加而增加,在H2大于3 mm时随着高度的增加而降低。这是因为在H2小于3 mm时,上层贴片与下层贴片间距较近,之间的耦合增强从而影响了整个天线的阻抗匹配,随着H2增加阻抗得到改善增益增大。在H2大于3 mm时,垂直金属柱的电流产生的辐射远离金属接地板更加接近偶极子天线的全向辐射,所以随着高度的增加波束宽度增加,此时能量不再集中在辐射中心而是向两边分散增益降低。经最终优化,天线在距离中心S=5 mm处进行馈电,结构参数如表1所示。
根据天线的仿真对天线单元进行加工实测,图4(a)为天线单元的加工实物,图4(b)给出单元暗室测试情况。
图5所示为天线的电压驻波比(VSWR)随频率变化的曲线。仿真结果显示,VSWR在4.64 GHz至4.85 GHz频带内小于2;实测结果则显示VSWR在4.66 GHz至4.88 GHz频带内小于2。图5所示为天线的轴比特性。仿真得到的3 dB轴比带宽(AR-BWf)为4.68 GHz至4.73 GHz,而实测的3 dB轴比带宽为4.69 GHz至4.76 GHz。实测轴比最低点为1.4。值得注意的是,实测轴比性能相较于仿真有所恶化。这主要是由于焊接天线上下两层时产生的轻微对位偏差,导致上层寄生结构对辐射波束的轴比性能产生了不利影响,从而造成了实测与仿真之间的误差。
图6所示为天线在4.71 GHz频率处的辐射方向图。仿真得到的$ \varphi =0{^{\circ}} $平面3 dB波束宽度为120°,$ \varphi ={90}^{0} $平面3 dB波束宽度为122°。实测得到的$ \varphi =0{^{\circ}} $平面3 dB波束宽度为125°,$ \varphi =90{^{\circ}} $平面3 dB波束宽度为124°。图7所示为天线的轴比方向图。仿真得到的$ \varphi =0{^{\circ}} $平面3 dB轴比波束宽度为178°,$ \varphi =90{^{\circ}} $平面3 dB轴比波束宽度为186°,两个主平面的3 dB轴比波束宽度均大于175°。实测的两个主平面3 dB轴比波束宽度同样均大于175°。实测的辐射方向图波束宽度较仿真结果略有增大。这主要是由于焊接过程中上下两层间距的轻微增加所致。实测方向图还表明天线的最大辐射方向发生了偏移,这一现象进一步印证了前文所述中心点(或视轴方向)轴比性能恶化的原因。尽管存在加工误差,其对天线单元在两个主平面内的3 dB轴比波束宽度影响较小(实测与仿真均>175°),表明该单元在宽角度范围内保持了良好的圆极化特性,为其在宽角扫描阵列中的应用提供了单元基础。
直线阵列的各单元间距为d,每一单元都与移相器连接,利用移相器改变值就可分别通过各单元的相位来进行波束扫描。一维扫描相控阵直线天线的远区辐射场可表示为
$ E=C\dfrac{{\mathrm{e}}^{-\mathrm{j}{\boldsymbol{k}}\cdot {\boldsymbol{r}}}}{r}f\left(\theta ,\varphi \right){\displaystyle\sum} _{n=0}^{N-1}{I}_{n}{\mathrm{e}}^{\mathrm{j}nu}=C\dfrac{{\mathrm{e}}^{-\mathrm{j}{\boldsymbol{k}}\cdot {\boldsymbol{r}}}}{r}f\left(\theta ,\varphi \right)S\left(\theta \right) $
式中:C为常数;I为阵元电流振幅;k为波矢量;$ f\left(\theta ,\varphi \right) $为阵元方向图;$ S\left(\theta \right) $为阵因子;$ u=kd \sin\theta +\alpha $,其中,d为单元间距,$ \theta $为波束最大方向指向,$ \alpha $为相差。天线采用等幅激励馈电时,归一化阵因子为
$ S_{\mathrm{\mathit{N}}}=\dfrac{\sin\left(\dfrac{Nu}{2}\right)}{N\sin\left(\dfrac{u}{2}\right)} $
根据已设计好的天线单元,组成4×4单元的面阵,为避免天线布阵间距过大,而导致大角度扫描时出现栅瓣的影响,间距满足公式
$ d< \dfrac{\lambda }{1+\left| \sin {\theta }_{0}\right| } $
式中:$ \lambda $为波长;$ {\theta }_{0} $为主波束最大扫描角。天线单元也受阵列中周围天线的影响,当天线单元之间的距离过近时,会导致单元之间的耦合效应增强,从而显著降低阵列的驻波比、增益和轴比等性能。因此需要综合天线性能和栅瓣情况,对天线间距进行优化设计,最终取天线间距$ d=0.40\lambda $
将上文中的宽波束圆极化天线单元首先围绕中心旋转排布,构成了2×2的子阵。然后又将子阵进行旋转2×2的布阵,最终得到了4×4的阵列。相应的阵列的远区辐射场可表示为
$ {E}_{2\times 2}\left(\theta ,\varphi \right)=C\dfrac{{{\mathrm{e}}}^{-{\mathrm{j}}{\boldsymbol{k}}\cdot {\boldsymbol{r}}}}{r}f\left(\theta ,\varphi \right){\displaystyle\sum} _{m=0}^{1}{\displaystyle\sum} _{n=0}^{1}{I}_{mn}{{\mathrm{e}}}^{{\mathrm{j}}k\left(m{d}_{x}\sin \theta \cos \varphi +n{d}_{y}\sin \theta \sin \varphi \right)+{\mathrm{j}}{{\alpha }_{mn}}} $
$ {E}_{4\times 4}\left(\theta ,\varphi \right)=C\dfrac{{{\mathrm{e}}}^{-{\mathrm{j}}{\boldsymbol{k}}\cdot {\boldsymbol{r}}}}{r}{E}_{2\times 2}\left(\theta ,\varphi \right){\displaystyle\sum} _{{p}=0}^{1}{\displaystyle\sum} _{{q}=0}^{1}{\mathrm{A}}_{{pq}}{\mathrm{e}}^{\mathrm{j}k({p}{{{D}}_{\mathrm{x}}}\mathrm{sin}\theta \mathrm{cos}\varphi +{q}{{{D}}_{{y}}}\mathrm{sin}\theta \mathrm{sin}\varphi )+\mathrm{j}{{\beta }_{\text{pq}}}} $
式中:IA为阵元电流振幅;$ f\left(\theta ,\varphi \right) $为2×2子阵的阵元方向图,$ {E}_{2\times 2}\left(\theta ,\varphi \right) $为4×4阵列的阵元因子;dD为单元间距;$ {\alpha }_{mn}$是子阵内的旋转相位和扫描相位,对于一个标准的顺序旋转馈电,其值通常为[0°, 90°, 180°, 270°]类似的组合。$\;{\beta }_{pq} $是馈给每个子阵扫描相位。$ {\alpha }_{mn} $$ \;{ \beta }_{pq} $共同控制波束扫描。4×4的规模是验证二维宽角扫描的一个典型且有效的选择。它即包含了足够数量的子阵来形成锐利的波束和实现有效的扫描,又避免了更大规模阵列带来的复杂性,从而在性能和复杂度之间取得了良好平衡[19]
天线阵列的结构如图8(a)所示。在俯视角度下,各单元具有逆时针方向的基础相位,相邻单元的相位差为90°,且天线单元围绕中心,按照箭头所示逆时针旋转排布。通过这样的配置,可以有效地增强左旋圆极化信号,并且可以通过调节每一个单元的具体相位以实现扫描的效果,使得天线阵列在扫描的状态下也可以保持较好的圆极化效果。且为了进一步减少角度扫描时带来的耦合效益,在天线单元之间的下方金属接地板加载环形开口槽[20]。下面对比了加载和未加载开口槽时对天线的影响。
图8(b)对比了天线阵列在4.71 GHz处、加载与未加载环形开口槽时,4×4阵列中2×2子阵的四个端口(Port1-Port4)的有源反射系数(Active S11)随扫描角度变化的曲线。结合图8(b)可见,加载开口槽后,阵列的有源反射系数整体性能显著优于未加载状态。特别值得注意的是,当扫描至50°~60°范围时,未加载槽的Port2端口Active S11大于−6 dB,表明此时大部分能量被反射;而加载开口槽后,所有端口在相应扫描角度下的Active S11均保持在−7 dB以下。
图9展示了阵列在$ \varphi =0{^{\circ}} $$ \varphi =90{^{\circ}} $两个主平面的波束扫描范围特性。图9(a)图9(b)显示,在中心频率f=4.71 GHz下,阵列的二维波束扫描范围有效覆盖了±60°。在此扫描范围内,阵列最大增益为13.23 dBi,最小增益为9.85 dBi,增益波动仅为3.38 dB,表明增益变化平稳。图10图11分别给出了阵列在$ \varphi =0{^{\circ}} $$ \varphi =90{^{\circ}} $。平面上扫描至$ \theta ={0}{^{\circ}}、{30}{^{\circ}}{及60}{^{\circ}} $时的轴比特性。即使在最大扫描角$ \theta ={60}{^{\circ}} $时,两个主平面的轴比也分别低至1.62 dB($ \varphi =0{^{\circ}} $)和1.98 dB($ \varphi =90{^{\circ}} $)。综上所述,仿真结果表明:所设计的阵列在±60°宽角扫描范围内,不仅增益波动小(仅3.38 dB),而且轴比始终低于2 dB,充分验证了其优异的宽角扫描圆极化性能。
表2对比了该设计与其他文献设计的圆极化天线单元和其所组成扫描阵列的性能[21-25]λ0表示天线中心频率对应的工作波长。由对比可见,本文所设计的天线在保持低剖面与小单元尺寸的前提下实现了AR-BW$ \theta $>175°与±60°扫描范围内AR<2 dB的综合优势,适用于小型化和高集成度的场景。与文献[22]相比,本文设计的阵列扫描角度虽略小于±65°(本文为±60°),但在最大扫描角处轴比性能更优(≤1.9 dB,优于其3.0 dB),展现出更优的圆极化性能权衡。
本文设计了一款低剖面、宽波束圆极化单馈微带天线单元,并基于该单元构建了宽角扫描阵列。天线单元采用双层结构,利用四角微扰贴片与交叉缝隙实现左旋圆极化辐射,结合方向图叠加技术拓展波束宽度;单元波束宽度达120°,3 dB轴比波束宽度>175°,尺寸仅0.38λ0×0.38λ0×0.07λ0。通过单元旋转排布组成4×4阵列,优化圆极化性能;在相邻单元接地板间引入环形开口槽,进一步抑制互耦效应;阵列在±60°宽角扫描范围内,轴比始终低于2 dB,增益波动平缓,实现稳定的宽角圆极化扫描。所提设计解决了传统圆极化阵列扫描角度受限与剖面过高的难题,为低轨卫星通信终端提供了高性能、易集成的天线解决方案。
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2026年第38卷第4期
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doi: 10.11884/HPLPB202638.250297
  • 接收时间:2025-08-12
  • 首发时间:2026-05-27
  • 出版时间:2026-04-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-12
  • 修回日期:2025-12-31
  • 录用日期:2025-12-31
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    四川大学 电子信息学院,成都 610065

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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genus
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Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
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Genus
种数
Number of
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Percentage of total
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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