Article(id=1214642856556417526, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, issueId=1214642851472916876, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19822/j.cnki.1671-6329.20230120, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1767523023975, onlineDateStr=2026-01-04, pubDate=1701705600000, pubDateStr=2023-12-05, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1767523023975, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-04, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1767523023975, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767523023975, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1214642851472916876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, year='2023', volume='', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='62', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1767523022764, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767533993583, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1214688866469069557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, issueId=1214642851472916876, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1214688866469069558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, issueId=1214642851472916876, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=8, endPage=13, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1214642856812270071, articleId=1214642856556417526, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, language=EN, title=Advances in Mechanical Properties of Three-Dimensional Braided Composites, columnId=1214642853993693582, journalTitle=Automotive Digest, columnName=Special Topic on Selected Papers from China Automotive Technology and Research Center (CATARC), runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With the increasing development of braiding process and the continuous improvement of automation level, three-dimensional braided carbon fiber composite materials have become ideal candidates for the design and preparation of complex special-shaped components with main bearing capacity in the high-tech field of manufacturing. In order to further explore the application prospects of 3D braided carbon fiber composites in the automotive industry, the paper investigates the effects of structures, temperatures, load modes on the mechanical properties and failure mechanism of 3D braided composites and expounds the current research status and progress of 3D braided composites at home and abroad, which puts forward suggestions for their application development.

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随着编织工艺日益成熟和自动化水平不断提升,三维编织碳纤维复合材料已成为制造业高新技术领域主承力复杂异型构件设计及制备的理想候选材料。为了进一步探索三维编织碳纤维复合材料在汽车行业的应用前景,研究结构、温度和加载方式对三维编织复合材料力学性能及失效机理的影响,阐述现阶段国内外围绕三维编织复合材料力学性能研究现状与进展,考虑温度、编织参数和加载方向因素,制备并研究三维七向编织复合材料的力学性能,研究结果表明该材料在各种工况下均具备优异的力学性能,最后对其应用发展提出建议。

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杨莹,1995,女,硕士研究生,助理级工程师,中汽信息科技(天津)有限公司,研究方向为复合材料力学。E-mail:

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杨莹,1995,女,硕士研究生,助理级工程师,中汽信息科技(天津)有限公司,研究方向为复合材料力学。E-mail:

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杨莹,1995,女,硕士研究生,助理级工程师,中汽信息科技(天津)有限公司,研究方向为复合材料力学。E-mail:

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三维编织复合材料的力学性能研究进展
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杨莹 , 臧金环
汽车文摘 | 中国汽车技术研究中心优秀论文专题 2023,(12): 8-13
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汽车文摘 | 中国汽车技术研究中心优秀论文专题 2023, (12): 8-13
三维编织复合材料的力学性能研究进展
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杨莹 , 臧金环
作者信息
  • 中汽信息科技(天津)有限公司, 天津 300300
  • 杨莹,1995,女,硕士研究生,助理级工程师,中汽信息科技(天津)有限公司,研究方向为复合材料力学。E-mail:

Advances in Mechanical Properties of Three-Dimensional Braided Composites
Ying Yang , Jinhuang Zang
Affiliations
  • China Auto Information Technology (Tianjin) Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300300
出版时间: 2023-12-05 doi: 10.19822/j.cnki.1671-6329.20230120
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随着编织工艺日益成熟和自动化水平不断提升,三维编织碳纤维复合材料已成为制造业高新技术领域主承力复杂异型构件设计及制备的理想候选材料。为了进一步探索三维编织碳纤维复合材料在汽车行业的应用前景,研究结构、温度和加载方式对三维编织复合材料力学性能及失效机理的影响,阐述现阶段国内外围绕三维编织复合材料力学性能研究现状与进展,考虑温度、编织参数和加载方向因素,制备并研究三维七向编织复合材料的力学性能,研究结果表明该材料在各种工况下均具备优异的力学性能,最后对其应用发展提出建议。

复合材料  /  碳纤维  /  力学性能  /  模拟仿真

With the increasing development of braiding process and the continuous improvement of automation level, three-dimensional braided carbon fiber composite materials have become ideal candidates for the design and preparation of complex special-shaped components with main bearing capacity in the high-tech field of manufacturing. In order to further explore the application prospects of 3D braided carbon fiber composites in the automotive industry, the paper investigates the effects of structures, temperatures, load modes on the mechanical properties and failure mechanism of 3D braided composites and expounds the current research status and progress of 3D braided composites at home and abroad, which puts forward suggestions for their application development.

Composite material  /  Carbon fiber  /  Mechanical property  /  Simulation
杨莹, 臧金环. 三维编织复合材料的力学性能研究进展. 汽车文摘, 2023 , (12) : 8 -13 . DOI: 10.19822/j.cnki.1671-6329.20230120
Ying Yang, Jinhuang Zang. Advances in Mechanical Properties of Three-Dimensional Braided Composites[J]. Automotive Digest, 2023 , (12) : 8 -13 . DOI: 10.19822/j.cnki.1671-6329.20230120
传统层合复合材料存在层间强度低、不耐冲击和易分层的缺陷。三维编织复合材料不仅具备传统层合复合材料的各项优点,还因其一体成型的制备工艺而具备轻质量轻、强度高,抗冲击、抗老化的优异性能,可以满足航空航天、建筑、汽车等领域对材料抵抗多向应力的迫切需求。近年来,随着编织工艺日益成熟和自动化水平不断提升,三维编织复合材料已成为制造业高新技术领域主承力复杂异型构件设计及制备的理想候选材料[1-3],已有一些采用三维编织复合材料制造的关键部件投入生产应用,例如发动机风扇叶片、异形梁、车顶板。
目前,三维四向、五向编织复合材料已得到国内外学者的广泛关注。为了综合提高三维编织复合材料在面内面外各方向的力学性能,对于新型编织复合材料结构(如三维六向、七向编织复合材料)的开发工作正在进行。三维编织复合材料在实际应用中往往要受到来自各个方向的载荷,并且常处于恶劣的温度条件下,因此有必要研究该材料在不同结构和复杂工况下的力学性能及失效机理。
本文首先阐述三维编织复合材料在汽车行业的应用现状,分析其应用前景。其次总结不同结构的三维编织复合材料在拉伸、压缩、弯曲、冲击、疲劳试验条件下的力学性能和失效机理,最后设计并制备三维七向编织复合材料,对其力学性能进行初步研究,对三维编织复合材料在汽车上的应用进行展望。
现阶段的碳纤维复合材料在多个汽车配件方面具备比较成熟的应用方案。作为占据整车质量高达40%以上的主体部件,车身不仅起到支撑整体结构的作用,还要保证行驶的安全性。目前,德国宝马公司所研发的Z-9及Z-22系列车型中选用了多种碳纤维复合材料制成的车身结构件;德国大众汽车公司“2 L车”CC1研究项目中,用于车身的碳纤维复合材料比例高达45%;通用汽车公司采用碳纤维复合材料制成的Chevrolet CorvetteZ06纪念版轿车的发动机罩盖,质量仅为9.3 kg;福特和保时捷的发动机罩也全部采用了碳纤维复合材料。
随着国家碳排放政策实施,新能源汽车逐渐成为汽车销售市场上的主力。新能源汽车轻量化主要分为2个方向:(1)减轻整车质量;(2)优化储能装置。
蔚来公司生产的ES6除了采用碳纤维后地板总成、碳纤维座椅板总成、碳纤维后地板横梁总成3大部件之外,其电池包上壳体也采用了碳纤维材料,大幅度减轻整车质量。采用碳纤维材料有利于新能源汽车轻量化,进而有效延长续驶里程。
根据近年来环境政策以及“碳达峰、碳中和”目标的要求,汽车轻量化已经成为影响汽车厂商生存的重要因素,因此,碳纤维增强复合材料也越来越受到汽车厂商的重视。实现碳纤维复合材料在汽车各部位中的广泛应用,可以更好地满足汽车的轻量化需求,并在新能源汽车领域取得进一步发展[4-6]
近年来,国内外学者在三维编织复合材料的静态力学性能研究方面做了大量的工作,例如Fang等[7]通过微机损伤模型与有限元细观力学模型研究了三维四向编织复合材料的单轴压缩性能,在模拟中考虑了纤维初始错位角和编织纱的纵向剪切非线性,提供了具有2个不同编织角的复合材料破坏形式,发现编织角度小的复合材料的压缩性能对纤维初始缺陷敏感。
Han等[8]分析了三维六向编织复合材料在室温、高温和液氮温度下的力学性能和失效情况,验证了温度对材料的弯曲性能有重要影响,发现弯曲性能随着温度的升高而降低,并且在-196 °C时的弯曲性能显著增强。此外,三维六向编织复合材料的弯曲性能高于四向和五向编织复合材料,这是因为横向纱可以有效地抑制负载传播。
李泽江等[9]设计制造了三维六向编织复合材料T型接头,针对不同的编织角(20°、30°、40°)及不同的纱线束细度的拉脱性能进行试验研究。试验结果表明,在拉脱载荷作用下,编织角对三维六向编织T型接头的拉脱性能影响很大,编织角从20°变为40°时,拉脱载荷提高53%;而纱线束细度对三维六向编织T型接头的拉脱性能影响较小。
卢子兴等[10-11]进行了三维四向、五向编织材料的拉伸试验,获得了试验材料的主要拉伸性能参数和破坏规律,并且通过压缩试验,研究了三维四向编织复合材料的抗压力学性能。结果表明,横向压缩的破坏机理与纵向压缩明显不同,并且纵向压缩模量更大。编织角是影响压缩破坏机理的重要因素,当编织角大于某个角度,材料的应力应变曲线趋于非线性,延性增加,更多地表现为塑性失效特征。
陈利等[12]探究了三维五向编织复合材料的纵向拉伸和压缩试验,认为该材料在破坏前基本呈线弹性,纵向拉、压破坏具有脆性特征,拉伸模量和压缩模量接近,而抗拉强度远大于压缩强度,并且提高第五向纱线的比例,可以增强材料的纵向性能。
Li等[13]在5种不同温度条件下对三维编织复合材料进行了3点弯曲试验。结果表明:室温下,该复合材料具有最高的拉伸强度和拉伸模量,同时随着纤维的断裂而损伤,表现出脆性断裂特征。但在较高的温度下,复合材料发生软化现象,可塑性增强,其损伤来源主要是基体微裂纹和纤维与基体脱粘。
Zhang等[14]提出了一种热机耦合本构模型,用于计算三维编织复合材料在高温环境下的应力和温度分布,并推导出一个绝热温升方程,用有限元方法对冲击损伤进行数值模拟。
Zhu等[15]通过试验研究了三维六向编织碳纤维和环氧复合材料的面内压缩性能,并且建立了渐进损伤模型来预测材料的力学性能和定量解释其破坏行为。
Han等[16]成功制备了三维六向编织碳纤维和环氧复合材料,分析了温度和编织角对该材料的面外压缩性能和失效模式的影响。
孙梦尧等[17]以三维五向编织复合材料为研究对象,使用落锤冲击仪对20°和40°编织试样开展了冲击能量为100 J的低速冲击试验。在此基础上,利用Micro-CT对内部损伤区域进行了图像采集,并建立了基于阈值的整体损伤自动提取方法。结果表明,损伤沿着冲击中心向四周拓展并呈现对称性,主要损伤分布依次是纤维损伤、基体损伤和界面脱粘。同时,20°编织试样比40°编织试样损伤更为严重,且沿着轴纱方向,两种编织角试样的损伤扩展值更大。
Li等[18]研究了不同编织角度的三维六向编织复合材料的高应变率冲击效应和破坏行为,验证了三维六向编织复合材料具有典型的应变率敏感性。随着应变速率的增大,材料的强度和模量均增大,破坏应变减小。随着编织角度的增大,复合材料的损伤和断裂明显减小,材料在高应变率条件下的脆性破坏减少。
胡美琪等[19]采用试验测试、计算机断层扫描技术和有限元分析方法,研究不同编织结构参数的三维碳纤维增强环氧树脂编织复合材料梁在不同温度和冲击速度下的横向冲击损伤性质,揭示多次冲击加载下的热力耦合损伤机理,发现温度、加载速度和编织结构对多次冲击损伤的影响规律。同时建立了完整的复合材料热力耦合冲击加载破坏研究方法,可应用于其他纤维增强聚合物复合材料冲击加载破坏性能研究,也可以应用于不同温度环境中纺织复合材料工程结构抗冲击损伤设计。
Li等[20]采用霍普金森压杆技术,在350~600 s-1高应变率下对三维五向碳纤维和酚醛编织复合材料单轴压缩应力应变响应进行了试验研究。
Tan等[21]采用分裂式霍普金森压力棒研究了三维编织复合材料的动态压缩响应,并且建立了中尺度有限元模型来表征其压缩行为。结果表明,在动态加载条件下,三维编织复合材料的破坏应力和抗压刚度在纵向最高,其次是面外厚度方向,而在横向上最弱。
Lyu等[22]建立了基于真实结构特征的三维编织复合材料的全尺寸细观结构模型,探讨了在不同应变率时该材料的面内横向动态冲击性能和失效模式,结果表明,复合材料的应力波分布有四个周期,且应力波周期逐渐减小。随着冲击速度的增加,所有数值均增大。
张明等[23]基于有限元软件ABAQUS,通过编写用户子程序UMAT,建立了可以详细表征材料在静力和疲劳载荷下各个组分损伤演化过程的有限元模型。在三维五向编织复合材料有限元模型中引入界面和缺陷,模拟三维五向编织复合材料疲劳失效过程,分析材料疲劳失效模式,预测疲劳寿命。
Li等[24]制备了三维六向编织复合材料,研究其拉伸疲劳性能,分析了三维五向编织复合材料在压缩疲劳下的疲劳行为和破坏机理。此外,小编织角复合材料在纵向和横向上都具有较高的疲劳寿命,材料在纵向荷载作用下的抗疲劳能力优于横向荷载下的抗疲劳能力。
余海燕等[25]对碳纤维复合材料层合板进行了25~50 ℃加速水浴吸湿试验以及吸湿后单向拉伸和3点弯曲试验,研究了吸湿率、拉伸强度和弯曲强度随吸湿时间、水浴温度的变化规律,讨论了层合板的失效机理。拟合试验数据建立了层合板的剩余强度模型,并基于环境当量系数对层合板的湿热老化寿命进行预测。
国内外学者对于三维编织复合材料的研究大多集中于对三维四向和五向编织材料静态力学性能的研究。近年来,对三维六向编织材料的研究逐渐增多,而未见关于三维七向编织复合材料静动态力学性能及其失效机理的研究相关文献。因此,有必要进一步探索编织结构与复合材料的关系,制备并研究三维七向编织复合材料的力学性能,考虑温度、编织参数和加载方向对其性能的影响,为该材料的应用建立数据库。
本文选用东丽公司生产的碳纤维作为编织纱线,采用三维七向编织工艺编织的织物,该织物具备两个大小不同编织角。通过真空辅助树脂传递模塑成形工艺,将环氧树脂与该编织预制件复合固化成形,获得三维七向编织复合材料。
根据ASTM标准D3410—87,在高温电子试验机上分别在不同温度(25~180 ℃)进行高温压缩试验[26-27]。在每个温度水平上至少测试3个样品,以获得试验结果的平均值。
温度是影响三维七向编织复合材料压缩性能的重要因素。如图1所示,在面外压缩条件下,随着温度的升高,样品的强度逐渐下降,这说明面外压缩性能逐渐减弱,同时,模量随着温度上升也呈现下降趋势。这是由于温度上升使得树脂内部分子运动剧烈,纤维与基体之间的热膨胀系数差增大,纤维与基体之间的应力减小,性能下降。
除此之外,编织角较大的材料压缩性能优于编织角较小的材料。因此,平面外压缩性能随编织角的增大而增大。这是由于第七向纤维束和编织纤维束在平面外承担了大部分的负荷。编织角越大,纤维分量在面外方向上越大,承载能力越高;编织角越大,纤维内部结构越致密,复合材料越难断裂。
图2所示,在25 ℃时,材料产生45°的裂纹。在90 ℃时,材料发生变形,并且四角剥落。在180 ℃高温时,树脂在高温下发生软化现象、基体严重开裂、界面出现脱粘,材料性能显著下降。这主要是因为环氧树脂基体在其玻璃化转变温度附近发生软化现象,使得材料在高温下承载不了这样的压缩载荷,从而通过基体碎裂来消耗压缩带来的能量。
图3为材料在不同温度下,通过扫描电镜观察到的微观破坏照片。在25 ℃常温条件下,纤维剪切断裂拉出,但是基体与纤维的界面附着力仍然很强。在90 ℃条件下,基体呈现塑性破碎。在180 ℃高温条件下,树脂发生熔化,塑性基体在剪切中断裂,基体严重损坏并发生分层。对于面外压缩,以碳纤维为主要承载对象,复合材料表现出较高的力学性能,但随着温度的升高,由于基体的性能退化,其压缩性能有所下降。
因此,在面外压缩时,轴向纱线和六向、七向纱线垂直于压缩方向都受到正压力作用,编织纱线受到压缩应力和剪切应力的耦合作用,由于材料内部的交叉网络结构,纤维承载了主要的压力。轴向纤维和六向、七向纤维发生屈曲和撕裂,编织纤维发生剪切断裂并拔出,基体产生裂纹,纤维完全断裂后,材料被压实,最终完全失效。在室温下,材料出现45°剪切断裂,边缘纤维束向外扩张,对于大编织角的材料,剪切断裂和扭转现象更为明显。随着温度的升高,基体的软化和塑化作用使树脂与纤维的结合能力减弱,基体从纤维束上脱落,界面发生严重的脱粘,导致材料失效。
三维编织复合材料作为主要承载构件,通常要承受多方向载荷,例如发动机壳体经常受到复杂的多向载荷。本文从力学试验、仿真模拟、理论分析3个方面概述了现阶段三维编织复合材料的力学性能和失效模式研究进展,分析了三维结构、温度和加载方式对材料失效形式的影响。进一步研究了三维七向编织复合材料在常温和高温条件下的压缩性能,探索了编织角对该材料的压缩性能影响,从宏观和微观角度观察了材料的失效模式和破坏形貌,分析并揭示其失效机理,为三维七向编织复合材料的广泛应用建立数据库。
本文根据以上分析,可以得出结论:
三维编织复合材料的力学性能受温度影响较大,随着温度上升到一定高度,材料的强度下降,模量减小,温度升高,三维编织复合材料的失效模式发生变化,由常温下的纤维断裂、基体开裂转变为基体熔融、纤维剪切断裂。同理,温度过低也会降低材料的强度和模量,使其在低温环境下发生脆性开裂。除此之外,编织角和载荷方向对复合材料的力学性能也存在一定影响。
三维编织结构由其常见的三维四向逐步发展到已有初步研究的三维七向结构,随着结构愈加复杂,材料的受力情况更加多变。未来应进一步研究有限元模型,模拟疲劳环境下拉压弯剪的受力情况,结合理论分析预测材料力学特征,从理论角度对材料的力学性能进行解析,以不同结构的材料来匹配合适的应用场景。
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2023年第卷第12期
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doi: 10.19822/j.cnki.1671-6329.20230120
  • 首发时间:2026-01-04
  • 出版时间:2023-12-05
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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