Article(id=1214642853783978380, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, issueId=1214642851472916876, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19822/j.cnki.1671-6329.20230062, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1767523023315, onlineDateStr=2026-01-04, pubDate=1701705600000, pubDateStr=2023-12-05, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1767523023315, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-04, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1767523023315, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767523023315, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1214642851472916876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, year='2023', volume='', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='62', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1767523022764, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767533993583, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1214688866469069557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, issueId=1214642851472916876, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1214688866469069558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, issueId=1214642851472916876, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=41, endPage=46, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1214642854069191055, articleId=1214642853783978380, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, language=EN, title=Applications and Prospects on VR Technologies in Automobile Industry, columnId=1214642853993693582, journalTitle=Automotive Digest, columnName=Special Topic on Selected Papers from China Automotive Technology and Research Center (CATARC), runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Virtual Reality (VR) Technologies have developed rapidly in recent years and have been widely reflected in all walks of life. In order to better promote the informationization and intelligence of the automobile industry, this study discusses the application and development trend of VR technologies in the automobile industry. The results show that VR technologies have broad applications and prospects in automobile design, production, sales, safety training and entertainment. With the continuous progress of technology, future automobile enterprises will pay more attention to the research and applications of VR technologies.

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虚拟现实(VR)技术发展迅速,在各行各业都得到了广泛应用。为了更好地促进汽车产业的信息化和智能化,通过文献综述和案例分析,总结了VR技术在各行业的应用,并重点分析了VR技术在汽车行业的应用情况和发展趋势。结果表明,VR技术在汽车生产和设计、汽车销售、安全培训、车载娱乐方面具有广阔的应用和前景,未来随着技术不断进步,汽车企业也将更加注重在虚拟现实技术的研究和应用。

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宋瑞升,男,就职于中国汽车技术研究中心有限公司,数字模型产品工程师,主要研究方向为智能网联汽车工程应用。E-mail:

薛南南,男,就职于中国汽车技术研究中心有限公司,数据模型算法工程师,主要研究方向为汽车数据模型算法。E-mail:

王斌,男,就职于中国汽车技术研究中心有限公司,数字产品开发工程师,主要研究方向为车联网大数据应用。E-mail:

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薛南南,男,就职于中国汽车技术研究中心有限公司,数据模型算法工程师,主要研究方向为汽车数据模型算法。E-mail:

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王斌,男,就职于中国汽车技术研究中心有限公司,数字产品开发工程师,主要研究方向为车联网大数据应用。E-mail:

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注:E代表预测值

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VR技术在汽车行业的应用与展望
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宋瑞升 , 薛南南 , 王斌
汽车文摘 | 中国汽车技术研究中心优秀论文专题 2023,(12): 41-46
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汽车文摘 | 中国汽车技术研究中心优秀论文专题 2023, (12): 41-46
VR技术在汽车行业的应用与展望
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宋瑞升 , 薛南南 , 王斌
作者信息
  • 中国汽车技术研究中心有限公司, 天津 300300
  • 宋瑞升,男,就职于中国汽车技术研究中心有限公司,数字模型产品工程师,主要研究方向为智能网联汽车工程应用。E-mail:

    薛南南,男,就职于中国汽车技术研究中心有限公司,数据模型算法工程师,主要研究方向为汽车数据模型算法。E-mail:

    王斌,男,就职于中国汽车技术研究中心有限公司,数字产品开发工程师,主要研究方向为车联网大数据应用。E-mail:

Applications and Prospects on VR Technologies in Automobile Industry
Ruisheng Song , Nannan Xue , Bin Wang
Affiliations
  • China Automotive Technology & Research Center Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300300
出版时间: 2023-12-05 doi: 10.19822/j.cnki.1671-6329.20230062
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虚拟现实(VR)技术发展迅速,在各行各业都得到了广泛应用。为了更好地促进汽车产业的信息化和智能化,通过文献综述和案例分析,总结了VR技术在各行业的应用,并重点分析了VR技术在汽车行业的应用情况和发展趋势。结果表明,VR技术在汽车生产和设计、汽车销售、安全培训、车载娱乐方面具有广阔的应用和前景,未来随着技术不断进步,汽车企业也将更加注重在虚拟现实技术的研究和应用。

虚拟现实  /  虚拟设计  /  汽车销售

Virtual Reality (VR) Technologies have developed rapidly in recent years and have been widely reflected in all walks of life. In order to better promote the informationization and intelligence of the automobile industry, this study discusses the application and development trend of VR technologies in the automobile industry. The results show that VR technologies have broad applications and prospects in automobile design, production, sales, safety training and entertainment. With the continuous progress of technology, future automobile enterprises will pay more attention to the research and applications of VR technologies.

Virtual Reality(VR)  /  Virtual design  /  Automobile sales
宋瑞升, 薛南南, 王斌. VR技术在汽车行业的应用与展望. 汽车文摘, 2023 , (12) : 41 -46 . DOI: 10.19822/j.cnki.1671-6329.20230062
Ruisheng Song, Nannan Xue, Bin Wang. Applications and Prospects on VR Technologies in Automobile Industry[J]. Automotive Digest, 2023 , (12) : 41 -46 . DOI: 10.19822/j.cnki.1671-6329.20230062
虚拟现实(Virtual Reality,VR)技术指利用计算机及相关传感技术,模拟现实世界的三维环境、场景及其交互方式。用户可以通过VR技术身临其境地体验、感知、控制其中的物体或事件,并产生一种身临其境的感觉。用户能够在虚拟环境中执行虚拟世界中的任务,产生更真实、更具想象力的体验。
VR技术在游戏、教育、医疗等行业中得到了广泛应用,如虚拟体验、虚拟商业、虚拟教育、虚拟娱乐和虚拟旅游等。汽车行业作为VR技术应用的一个重要领域,主要应用在汽车设计、生产、销售和维修等多方面。本文主要探讨VR技术在各行业的应用情况,并针对汽车行业的应用做了具体分析。首先,阐述VR的概念、关键技术以及市场预测情况,总结了VR技术在各行业的应用现状,阐述了VR在汽车行业应用现状,最后分析了VR技术在汽车行业中的未来发展与挑战。
VR技术在1980年由Jaron Lanier提出[1],VR技术所创造的环境是一个计算机模拟的、人为设计的虚拟环境,使观众能够以全新的、身临其境的方式去体验和交互。VR除了能够对视觉进行模拟外,还可以对听觉、嗅觉、触觉进行模拟,更接近人类的真实感觉[2]
VR技术的实现需要软件和硬件部分共同完成,如图1。软件部分包括三维建模软件、操作系统和开放平台,负责实时生成动态图像展示给用户,并捕捉用户的动作,将它们转换为虚拟现实环境中的变化[3-4]。硬件部分包括输入设备与输出设备,如芯片、光学显示、跟踪器、交互设备等[5]。据Wellsenn XR的XR硬件拆解报告VR设备中芯片、屏幕和光学显示模块占据了大部分成本,共占设备总成本的65%左右。在芯片方面,高通骁龙的XR2芯片是现在VR的主力芯片[6]。光学显示模块方面,以菲涅尔透镜方案为主流,而Micro LCD因其自身的亮度高、厚度低,将是未来应用的趋势。
VR关键核心技术包括以下4个方面。
(1)三维建模和图形生成
三维建模是通过计算机模拟三维场景,生成可视化的虚拟场景[7]。计算机图形生成技术是三维建模的基础,是数学、物理学、计算机视觉等多学科的综合应用。三维建模和计算机图形学技术的复杂性不仅在于绘制出逼真的场景,还在于如何实现场景中的互动和动态效果[8],如碰撞检测、动画制作、物理仿真等。
(2)复杂场景快速渲染
VR场景对于用户的体验至关重要,但是复杂的场景渲染往往需要耗费大量的计算资源。如何实现复杂场景的高效渲染,是VR技术实现过程中的难点之一[9]。为了解决这个问题,研究人员一直在尝试使用更高效图形渲染算法,如基于图形处理器(Graphic Processing Unit, GPU)的渲染技术、光线追踪技术和实时追踪技术等。
(3)身体感知与运动跟踪
身体感知和运动跟踪技术[10-11]是VR中最重要的技术之一。通过感知用户的身体动作和位置信息,VR系统可以根据用户的动作和位置来实时生成对应的虚拟画面。目前使用的技术包括红外光学跟踪技术、惯性导航技术和机械式跟踪技术。
(4)交互感知
VR的最终目的是为用户创造具有沉浸感的虚拟场景,通过真实的身体移动和手势来触发与场景的交互。如何让用户更自然地交互、更容易进入虚拟场景,一直是VR技术研究的重点之一[12]。目前常用的交互方式包括手柄、光学手势、头部追踪和语音命令[13]
据维深信息(Wellsenn XR)统计和预测,2022年全球VR出货量为986万台,国内VR整体出货量为121万台,较2021年增长218%。预计未来VR设备出货量将保持稳定增长趋势,2025年全球出货量预计增长至 3 000 万台,2027年预计达到12 000万台(图2)。
随着人们生活水平与消费能力的提高,汽车不仅作为一个交通工具,更成为了一种生活方式,以满足人们多样化的需求。随着VR软硬件的协同发展,以及生态建设不断完善,如主流产品的画面分辨率、刷新率不断升级、头戴设备的逐渐轻量化、软件内容的多元化,VR技术在汽车行业拥有广阔的发展前景。
VR技术被广泛应用于旅游领域[14],为人们提供了更加丰富的旅游体验。通过使用VR技术,游客可以在现实中无法接触的地方进行虚拟游览,也能够亲身体验一些危险环境(如暴雪环境、海洋深处)。同时,它还能够提供历史的虚拟漫游和旅游过程中的互动式导览。
VR技术在游戏领域的应用广泛。VR游戏可以给用户更为真实的感觉,也可以设计出更加完美的游戏场景[15],并使用户更加纯熟地参与其中。目前虚拟现实游戏业已经成为了一种饱受欢迎的游戏品类,VR游戏在未来还有巨大的发展空间。
VR技术对于航天领域的应用也具有很高的价值[16-17]。如宇航员在进行受害演练时,使用VR技术可以使航天员身体感受更加真实并能使其在最短的时间内掌握如何应对各种异常情况的技能。VR在航天领域尚处于萌芽状态,预计会在未来得到更加广泛的应用。
在医疗领域,VR技术可以用于手术操作后的训练,通过VR技术来重现手术现场,可以使医生更好地学习和掌握手术技巧,减少医疗事故发生的概率。此外,在疼痛缓解和心理治疗等方面也有广泛的应用[18-20]
在教育行业,VR技术可以模拟真实的教学环境,让学生在虚拟场景中学习和实践[21-23]。例如学生可以通过VR技术实现人体结构的3D模拟,进一步学习人体肌肉、骨骼结构等。此外,VR有助于历史课程的教学演示,可以基于虚拟现实的技术为学生呈现各个历史时期的情境真实资料。
VR技术在军事领域的应用也相对广泛,比如针对战场上的情况进行训练,通过模拟情境判断准确性和敏捷性等,使训练效果更加真实[24-25]。此外还可以模拟各种枪械和飞行器操作等,提高士兵和飞行员的操作技巧和反应能力。
元宇宙指建立一个完全虚拟的世界,其中所有人具备唯一的数字身份[26]。人们可以在这个超越现实的空间中进行活动和交流并获得沉浸式体验。元宇宙实现需要的核心技术支撑包括VR、增强现实(Augmented Reality, AR)[27]和脑机[28]技术,其中VR则是元宇宙的第一流量入口。VR设备制造商纷纷推出新的产品,提高用户在虚拟空间中的交互体验,为元宇宙的发展提供更好的支持。
VR 技术在汽车领域获得了不断发展,如奥迪在2018年的两款车型通过引入了VR技术给用户带来全新的体验[29],蔚来在2021年推出的ET5上也安装了基于VR技术的智能座舱设备。下面本文对VR技术在汽车行业的应用做具体的阐述。
VR技术提供了更好的视觉效果和用户体验,从而使设计师们更能够设计出满足消费者需求的汽车(图3),可以提前体验并改善汽车外观的各个细节[30-32]
在汽车外观设计上,设计师通过VR技术构建出汽车的外观、颜色和内饰三维模型,然后在虚拟环境中直接操作设计,可大大缩短汽车设计周期,将汽车的创新点和特色提前呈现[33],以便更好地调整设计方案。除了外观造型设计,VR还被广泛应用于汽车零部件的设计过程[34-35]。设计师们可以使用VR技术来测试各种设计选项的效果,以便优化零部件性能并提高设计效率。这些技术还可以模拟零部件生产、储存和运输过程,从而优化生产流程和降低成本。
在汽车生产阶段,VR技术可以帮助企业提高生产线效率和生产质量。比如,在设计各种零部件时,进行各种情况下的模拟测试并找出问题提前解决,提高汽车的可靠性和稳定性[36]
在制造汽车零部件时VR技术可以优化制造流程。在汽车组装过程中,VR技术不仅可以提高碰撞测试以及操作流程的准确性,还可以增强工作人员与车辆之间的互动(图4)。工程师们可以使用VR技术来模拟车辆组装过程[37-38],预先检验设计的合理性。VR技术还可以为操作工人提供更好的指导,帮助他们更好地理解如何组装部件,进一步增强组装流程效率。
VR技术可以快速生成各种虚拟车型生产线,并在虚拟环境中进行验证与优化,提高整个生产线效率与性能[39]。VR技术还可以帮助厂商在汽车制造中进行更好的协作,被应用于汽车零部件的追溯和维护[40]
在汽车销售方面,VR技术可以应用于汽车销售展厅的在线展示和线上选车[41-42]。通过应用VR技术,企业可以在虚拟环境中模拟汽车销售场景,或创建立体全息图形式(Hologram)直观、生动地展现汽车性能和特点信息(图5),给消费者提供直观的真实感受,对汽车购买决策有很大的帮助[43]。许多线上的汽车信息浏览软件如懂车帝、汽车之家等也广泛利用VR技术提供给用户真实的看车体验,辅助用户选车与购车。
VR技术在汽车销售和服务领域的应用,可以提升消费者的购车体验和满意度,帮助其更好地理解汽车功能和体验。VR还可以在汽车营销中提供增强的现实感,帮助消费者更便捷地选购商品以提升消费者满意度,提升汽车品牌影响力。
VR技术可以为试驾者提供更加真实和沉浸式的体验,试驾者不会面对风险,不会遭受身体损伤。试驾者驾驶车辆模拟各种行驶状态和环境场景,并能够快速切换车辆参数、驾驶模式,也可以模拟不同车型来进行比较和体验[44]。在保证试驾者使用安全的同时,通过反复练习来习惯多种驾乘方式和不同的驾驶环境。
VR技术应用于汽车试驾中,试驾者可以在虚拟环境中体验不同地区、不同路况和不同场景的驾驶体验,比如高速驾驶、山地驾驶等场景,以及不同天气条件下驾驶场景模拟。VR技术还可以用于员工安全培训。这些技术可以在安全环境中模拟危险情况,从而帮助员工更好地理解工作安全规范,并“亲身”体验危险情况。对于新员工,VR技术可以提供更好的培训体验[45-47],加快他们熟悉工作流程以及安全操作规范的速度。
VR技术也被应用于车载娱乐,能够为驾驶者和乘客带来更好的出行娱乐体验[48-49]。借助VR技术驾驶者和乘客可以享受沉浸式的娱乐服务,比如虚拟景点导航和虚拟游戏等。VR技术在车载娱乐功能的应用能够填充长途旅行中舟车劳顿的乏味时光,提升出行乐趣和体验。
目前对VR车载娱乐的应用是借助车载设备进行实现,乘客通过佩戴轻便的抬头显示(Head-Up-Display, HUD)眼镜实现在车内沉浸式游戏[50]。VR车载游戏还可以与车辆自身的运动状态结合,通过网关将车辆的加速、减速、转弯反馈给游戏场景,给用户带来沉浸式的娱乐体验,还能在一定程度上减少眩晕感[51]
智能座舱指利用先进的电子技术和人工智能技术对驾驶舱进行升级,包括状态控制、环境控制和多模态交互[52]功能。智能座舱还可以更好地理解驾驶员和乘客的需求,进行主动性和个性化服务。在寻求汽车差异化的路上,智能座舱成为汽车企业争相竞逐的焦点[53]
在如今屏幕交互、语音交互和手势交互已经成熟应用落地的大背景下[54],未来汽车企业将会在交互方式方面加大创新力度,AR、VR和全息显示将成为汽车企业探索的新方向[55]。例如,集成更高清晰度和更完整的显示系统,提供更多的信息推荐、办公、影音娱乐内容。实时跟踪并呈现行程路线与周边生态,以实现更优的用户体验。
VR技术在汽车行业中的应用也已经开始显现出巨大的潜力,未来将会呈现出如下发展趋势。
(1)VR技术将更加普及
随着VR技术的发展和普及,更多企业将开始采用VR技术实现在汽车的设计研发、模拟试驾、售前展示和售后维修环节,凭借其沉浸感、互动性和实时性的优势,为汽车行业带来更多的机遇和发展。
(2)VR设备将更加便携
随着VR设备的不断更新换代,移动式VR、一体式VR、外接式设备将更加便携,更适合直接和车辆进行联系,实现汽车高效可视化设计、测量、维修和车载娱乐领域中的应用。
(3)与人工智能、大数据技术结合
随着人工智能、大数据技术的发展,VR技术将更多的与这些技术相结合,更好地完成汽车交互、预测保养、数据采集和处理方面的任务,人工智能借助VR技术的广阔视野为驾驶员提供更准确清晰的驾驶服务,进一步提高汽车行业生产效率和质量。
(4)与车联网、智能驾驶和无人驾驶结合
随着VR技术广泛应用和不断完善,VR技术将会更多的与车联网、智能驾驶和无人驾驶车辆模拟相结合,实现对安全性、舒适性等多个维度的评估,以及自动驾驶场景下的各种功能模拟与驾驶安全行为的分析体验。基于车联网的“端、管、云”基础,VR技术创造出一个非常真实和完美的驾驶场景,实现在不同的环境转换不同类别的驾驶场景,体验未来无人驾驶汽车体系的人工智能模式。
VR技术在未来发展也面临着一些挑战。如VR技术需要更好的硬件设施支持,如更高的带宽、更高的传输速度和更高的显示分辨率等硬件设备。此外,VR技术在体验方面还需要更好的用户接口、更好的人机交互和更好的模拟技术。同时,由于一些用户在使用VR产品时会出现晕眩和眼疲劳问题,这也是VR技术发展过程中需要克服的挑战之一。
随着VR自身技术的不断更新与迭代,预计未来将与人工智能、大数据技术充分结合,不断拓展市场规模和在各行业的应用方向。通过VR技术的应用,汽车设计效率、制造的精度、销售真实性和驾乘体验都将得到提升。汽车厂商将继续借助VR技术持续创新,以满足消费者日益挑剔的多样化需求,并推动汽车行业向更高质量和更高效率发展。
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doi: 10.19822/j.cnki.1671-6329.20230062
  • 首发时间:2026-01-04
  • 出版时间:2023-12-05
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    中国汽车技术研究中心有限公司, 天津 300300
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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