Article(id=1214642578935431798, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, issueId=1214642578167874163, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19822/j.cnki.1671-6329.20220199, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1767522957786, onlineDateStr=2026-01-04, pubDate=1688486400000, pubDateStr=2023-07-05, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1767522957786, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-04, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1767522957786, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767522957786, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1214642578167874163, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, year='2023', volume='', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='62', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1767522957603, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767523097584, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1214643165349466890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, issueId=1214642578167874163, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1214643165349466891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, issueId=1214642578167874163, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=24, endPage=35, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1214642579115786874, articleId=1214642578935431798, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, language=EN, title=A Review on Techniques of Trajectory Planning for Automated Driving Vehicle, columnId=null, journalTitle=Automotive Digest, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
As an important part of automated driving vehicles, trajectory planning is the key to affecting the level of unmanned intelligence. The trajectory planning methods of automated driving vehicles in the past 10 years are summarized and classified into 5 categories: graph search, sampling, mathematical optimization, curve interpolation and machine learning. Each kind of algorithm is described in detail, the application of the algorithm in the actual scene is elaborated and its advantages and disadvantages are analyzed. Finally, the existing problems and challenges are pointed out, and the future research directions are briefly analyzed.
, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Guilin Lü, Hongwei Gao, Tao Chen, He Tian, Shuang Han), CN=ArticleExt(id=1214642580504101548, articleId=1214642578935431798, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, language=CN, title=自动驾驶汽车轨迹规划方法综述, columnId=0, journalTitle=汽车文摘, columnName=, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
作为自动驾驶车辆的重要组成部分,轨迹规划是影响自动驾驶智能化水平的关键。综述10年来智能驾驶车辆轨迹规划方法并将这些算法分为基于图搜索、基于采样、基于数学优化、曲线插值和机器学习5类。针对每类算法进行了阐述,阐述算法在实际场景中的应用并分析了其优缺点。最后指出了目前依然存在的问题和挑战,并总结了未来研究发展方向。
, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=zdY3V7bqJFng83V4//i1jQ==, magXml=JgX2I5bhvlEpFCQ6LyyszQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=msvSonrT3twpnyCSorkfVw==, pdfFileSize=983493, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=Q2Zp2o9LbR32OiQQhplX4g==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=nqMTzxvQjMpYMZuxGaYneA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=
, authorsList=吕贵林, 高洪伟, 陈涛, 田鹤, 韩爽)}, authors=[Author(id=1215255458823193068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=lvguilin@faw.com.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1215255458894496239, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, authorId=1215255458823193068, language=EN, stringName=Guilin Lü, firstName=Guilin, middleName=null, lastName=Lü, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=Global R&D Center, China FAW Corporation Limited, Changchun 130013, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1215255459007742449, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, authorId=1215255458823193068, language=CN, stringName=吕贵林, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=中国第一汽车股份有限公司研发总院, 长春 130013, bio={"content":"
吕贵林(1981),男,硕士,副高级工程师,主要研究方向为智能网联汽车技术。E-mail:lvguilin@faw.com.cn;
"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=
吕贵林(1981),男,硕士,副高级工程师,主要研究方向为智能网联汽车技术。E-mail:lvguilin@faw.com.cn;
, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1215255458726724069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215255458735112678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, companyId=1215255458726724069, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Global R&D Center, China FAW Corporation Limited, Changchun 130013), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215255458743501288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, companyId=1215255458726724069, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中国第一汽车股份有限公司研发总院, 长春 130013)])]), Author(id=1215255459083239923, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, orderNo=1, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=gaohongwei@faw.com.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1215255459158737398, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, authorId=1215255459083239923, language=EN, stringName=Hongwei Gao, firstName=Hongwei, middleName=null, lastName=Gao, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=Global R&D Center, China FAW Corporation Limited, Changchun 130013, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1215255459238429176, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, authorId=1215255459083239923, language=CN, stringName=高洪伟, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=中国第一汽车股份有限公司研发总院, 长春 130013, bio={"content":"
高洪伟(1982),男,博士,副高级工程师,主要研究方向为智能网联汽车技术。E-mail:gaohongwei@faw.com.cn;
"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=
高洪伟(1982),男,博士,副高级工程师,主要研究方向为智能网联汽车技术。E-mail:gaohongwei@faw.com.cn;
, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1215255458726724069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215255458735112678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, companyId=1215255458726724069, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Global R&D Center, China FAW Corporation Limited, Changchun 130013), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215255458743501288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, companyId=1215255458726724069, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中国第一汽车股份有限公司研发总院, 长春 130013)])]), Author(id=1215255459305538043, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, orderNo=2, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=chentao5@faw.com.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1215255459397812734, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, authorId=1215255459305538043, language=EN, stringName=Tao Chen, firstName=Tao, middleName=null, lastName=Chen, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=Global R&D Center, China FAW Corporation Limited, Changchun 130013, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1215255459511058944, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, authorId=1215255459305538043, language=CN, stringName=陈涛, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=中国第一汽车股份有限公司研发总院, 长春 130013, bio={"content":"
陈涛(1984),男,硕士,副高级工程师,主要研究方向为智能网联汽车技术。E-mail:chentao5@faw.com.cn;
"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=
陈涛(1984),男,硕士,副高级工程师,主要研究方向为智能网联汽车技术。E-mail:chentao5@faw.com.cn;
, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1215255458726724069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215255458735112678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, companyId=1215255458726724069, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Global R&D Center, China FAW Corporation Limited, Changchun 130013), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215255458743501288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, companyId=1215255458726724069, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中国第一汽车股份有限公司研发总院, 长春 130013)])]), Author(id=1215255459607527939, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, orderNo=3, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=tianhe@faw.com.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1215255459695608326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, authorId=1215255459607527939, language=EN, stringName=He Tian, firstName=He, middleName=null, lastName=Tian, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=Global R&D Center, China FAW Corporation Limited, Changchun 130013, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1215255459758522888, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, authorId=1215255459607527939, language=CN, stringName=田鹤, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=中国第一汽车股份有限公司研发总院, 长春 130013, bio={"content":"
田鹤(1994),女,硕士,助理工程师,主要研究方向为智能网联汽车技术。E-mail:tianhe@faw.com.cn;
"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=
田鹤(1994),女,硕士,助理工程师,主要研究方向为智能网联汽车技术。E-mail:tianhe@faw.com.cn;
, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1215255458726724069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215255458735112678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, companyId=1215255458726724069, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Global R&D Center, China FAW Corporation Limited, Changchun 130013), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215255458743501288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, companyId=1215255458726724069, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中国第一汽车股份有限公司研发总院, 长春 130013)])]), Author(id=1215255459854991883, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, orderNo=4, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=hanshuang1@faw.com.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1215255459934683663, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, authorId=1215255459854991883, language=EN, stringName=Shuang Han, firstName=Shuang, middleName=null, lastName=Han, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=Global R&D Center, China FAW Corporation Limited, Changchun 130013, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1215255460010181137, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, authorId=1215255459854991883, language=CN, stringName=韩爽, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=中国第一汽车股份有限公司研发总院, 长春 130013, bio={"content":"
韩爽(1991),女,硕士,中级工程师,主要研究方向为智能网联汽车技术。E-mail:hanshuang1@faw.com.cn
"}, bioImg=null, bioContent=
韩爽(1991),女,硕士,中级工程师,主要研究方向为智能网联汽车技术。E-mail:hanshuang1@faw.com.cn
, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1215255458726724069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215255458735112678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, companyId=1215255458726724069, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Global R&D Center, China FAW Corporation Limited, Changchun 130013), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215255458743501288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, companyId=1215255458726724069, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中国第一汽车股份有限公司研发总院, 长春 130013)])])], keywords=[Keyword(id=1215255460182147606, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, language=EN, orderNo=1, keyword=Trajectory planning), Keyword(id=1215255460328948248, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, language=EN, orderNo=2, keyword=Path planning), Keyword(id=1215255460408640026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, language=EN, orderNo=3, keyword=Automated driving), Keyword(id=1215255460479943197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, language=CN, orderNo=1, keyword=轨迹规划), Keyword(id=1215255460568023583, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=路径规划), Keyword(id=1215255460643521060, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=自动驾驶)], refs=[Reference(id=1215255463646642856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=17, issue=4, pageStart=1135, pageEnd=1145, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=DAVID G, JOSHUE P, VICENTE M, journalName=IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, refType=null, unstructuredReference=
DAVID G,
JOSHUE P,
VICENTE M, et al. A review of motion planning techniques for automated vehicles[J].
IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems,
2016,
17(4): 1135-1145., articleTitle=A review of motion planning techniques for automated vehicles, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215255463717946026, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1959, volume=1, issue=1, pageStart=269, pageEnd=271, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=1, authorNames=DIJKSTRA EW, journalName=Numerische Mathematik, refType=null, unstructuredReference=
DIJKSTRA EW. A note on two problems in connexion with graphs[J].
Numerische Mathematik,
1959,
1(1): 269-271., articleTitle=A note on two problems in connexion with graphs, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215255463860552369, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2008, volume=25, issue=8, pageStart=467, pageEnd=492, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[3], rfOrder=2, authorNames=REINHOLTZ C, HONG D, WICKS A, journalName=Journal of Field Robotics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=
REINHOLTZ C,
HONG D,
WICKS A, et al. Odin: Team victortango’s entry in the darpa urban challenge[J].
Journal of Field Robotics,
2008,
25(8): 467-492., articleTitle=Odin: Team victortango’s entry in the darpa urban challenge, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215255463948632756, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=72, issue=3, pageStart=559, pageEnd=590, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[4], rfOrder=3, authorNames=KALA R, WARWICK K, journalName=Journal of Intelligent & Robotic Systems, refType=null, unstructuredReference=
KALA R,
WARWICK K. Multi-level planning for semi-autonomous vehicles in traffic scenarios based on separation maximization[J].
Journal of Intelligent & Robotic Systems,
2013,
72(3): 559-590., articleTitle=Multi-level planning for semi-autonomous vehicles in traffic scenarios based on separation maximization, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215255464028324539, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1968, volume=4, issue=2, pageStart=100, pageEnd=107, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[5], rfOrder=4, authorNames=HART P E, NILSSON N J, RAPHAEL B, journalName=IEEE Transactions on Systems Science and Cybernetics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=
HART P E,
NILSSON N J,
RAPHAEL B. A formal basis for the heuristic determination of minimum cost paths[J].
IEEE Transactions on Systems Science and Cybernetics,
1968,
4(2): 100-107., articleTitle=A formal basis for the heuristic determination of minimum cost paths, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215255464120599233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2007, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=155, pageEnd=182, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[6], rfOrder=5, authorNames=LEEDY B M, PUTNEY J S, BAUMAN C, journalName=The 2005 DARPA Grand Challenge. Springer Tracts in Advanced Robotics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=
LEEDY B M,
PUTNEY J S,
BAUMAN C, et al. Virginia tech’s twin contenders: A comparative study of reactive and deliberative navigation[C]//
The 2005 DARPA Grand Challenge. Springer Tracts in Advanced Robotics. Springer: Berlin Heidelberg,
2007: 155-182., articleTitle=Virginia tech’s twin contenders: A comparative study of reactive and deliberative navigation, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215255464200291010, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2008, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[7], rfOrder=6, authorNames=ZIEGLER J, WERLING M, SCHRODER J, journalName=2008 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium, refType=null, unstructuredReference=
ZIEGLER J,
WERLING M,
SCHRODER J. Navigating car-like robots in unstructured environments using an obstacle sensitive cost function[C]//
2008 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium. IEEE: Eindhoven, Netherlands,
2008., articleTitle=Navigating car-like robots in unstructured environments using an obstacle sensitive cost function, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215255464267399875, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[8], rfOrder=7, authorNames=FASSBENDER D, HEINRICH B C, WUENSCHE H J, journalName=Motion planning for autonomous vehicles in highly constrained urban environments, refType=null, unstructuredReference=
FASSBENDER D,
HEINRICH B C,
WUENSCHE H J.
Motion planning for autonomous vehicles in highly constrained urban environments[C]// 2016 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS). IEEE: Daejeon, Korea (South), 2016., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215255464347091654, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=1268, pageEnd=1273, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[9], rfOrder=8, authorNames=PÉREZ-GILL Ó, BAREA R, LÓPEZ-GUILLÉN E, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=
PÉREZ-GILL Ó,
BAREA R,
LÓPEZ-GUILLÉN E, et al. Deep Reinforcement Learning based control algorithms:Training and validation using the ROS Framework in CARLA Simulator for Self-Driving applications[C]//2021 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium (IV). IEEE: Nagoya, Japan,
2021: 1268-1273., articleTitle=Deep Reinforcement Learning based control algorithms:Training and validation using the ROS Framework in CARLA Simulator for Self-Driving applications[C], refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215255464410006216, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1994, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[10], rfOrder=9, authorNames=STENTZ A, journalName=Proceedings of the 1994 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, refType=null, unstructuredReference=
STENTZ A. Optimal and efficient path planning for partially-known environments[C]//
Proceedings of the 1994 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation. IEEE: San Diego, CA, USA,
1994., articleTitle=Optimal and efficient path planning for partially-known environments, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215255464477115082, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1995, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=1652, pageEnd=1659, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[11], rfOrder=10, authorNames=ANTHONY S, journalName=IJCAI'95: Proceedings of the 14th international joint conference on Artificial intelligence, refType=null, unstructuredReference=
ANTHONY S. The focussed D* algorithm for real-time replanning[C]//
IJCAI'95: Proceedings of the 14th international joint conference on Artificial intelligence,
1995: 1652-1659., articleTitle=The focussed D* algorithm for real-time replanning, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215255464556806860, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2005, volume=21, issue=3, pageStart=354, pageEnd=363, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[12], rfOrder=11, authorNames=KOENIG S, LIKHACHEV M, journalName=IEEE Transactions on Robotics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=
KOENIG S,
LIKHACHEV M. Fast replanning for navigation in unknown terrain[J].
IEEE Transactions on Robotics,
2005.
21(3): 354-363., articleTitle=Fast replanning for navigation in unknown terrain, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215255464615527118, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2009, volume=26, issue=3, pageStart=308, pageEnd=333, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[13], rfOrder=12, authorNames=PIVTORAIKO M, KNEPPER R A, KELLY A, journalName=Journal of Field Robotics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=
PIVTORAIKO M,
KNEPPER R A,
KELLY A. Differentially constrained mobile robot motion planning in state lattices[J].
Journal of Field Robotics,
2009,
26(3): 308-333., articleTitle=Differentially constrained mobile robot motion planning in state lattices, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215255464674247376, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[14], rfOrder=13, authorNames=MCNAUGHTON M, URMSON C, DOLAN J, journalName=2011 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, refType=null, unstructuredReference=
MCNAUGHTON M,
URMSON C,
DOLAN J, et al. Motion planning for autonomous driving with a conformal spatiotemporal lattice[C]//
2011 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation. IEEE: Shanghai, China,
2011., articleTitle=Motion planning for autonomous driving with a conformal spatiotemporal lattice, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215255464800076498, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2012, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=14, authorNames=XU W, WEI J Q, DOLAN J M, journalName=2012 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, refType=null, unstructuredReference=
XU W,
WEI J Q,
DOLAN J M, et al. A real-time motion planner with trajectory optimization for autonomous vehicles[C]//
2012 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation. IEEE: Saint Paul, MN, USA,
2012., articleTitle=A real-time motion planner with trajectory optimization for autonomous vehicles, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215255464875573972, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=21, issue=2, pageStart=740, pageEnd=753, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=15, authorNames=LI X, SUN Z, CAO D, journalName=IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=
LI X,
SUN Z,
CAO D, et al. Real-time trajectory planning for autonomous urban driving: Framework, algorithms, and verifications[J].
IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics,
2015,
21(2): 740-753., articleTitle=Real-time trajectory planning for autonomous urban driving: Framework, algorithms, and verifications, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215255464938488535, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=2, issue=1, pageStart=56, pageEnd=77, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[17], rfOrder=16, authorNames=ELBANHAWI M, SIMIC M, journalName=IEEE Access, refType=null, unstructuredReference=
ELBANHAWI M,
SIMIC M. Sampling-based robot motion planning: A review[J].
IEEE Access,
2014,
2(1): 56-77., articleTitle=Sampling-based robot motion planning: A review, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215255465005597402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2001, volume=20, issue=5, pageStart=378, pageEnd=400, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[18], rfOrder=17, authorNames=LAVALLE S M, journalName=The International Journal of Robotics Research, refType=null, unstructuredReference=
LAVALLE S M. Randomized kinodynamic planning[J].
The International Journal of Robotics Research,
2001,
20(5): 378-400., articleTitle=Randomized kinodynamic planning, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215255465102066396, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2000, volume=Proceedings 2000 ICRA. Millennium Conference. IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation. Symposia Proceedings (Cat. No., issue=00CH37065, pageStart=995, pageEnd=1001, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=18, authorNames=KUFFNER J J, LAVALLE S M, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=
KUFFNER J J,
LAVALLE S M. RRT-connect: An efficient approach to single-query path planning[C]//
Proceedings 2000 ICRA. Millennium Conference. IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation. Symposia Proceedings (Cat. No. 00CH37065). IEEE: Francisco, CA, USA,
2000: 995-1001., articleTitle=RRT-connect: An efficient approach to single-query path planning, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215255465202729695, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2009, volume=17, issue=5, pageStart=1105, pageEnd=1118, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=19, authorNames=KUWATA Y, TEO J, MEMBER S, journalName=IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=
KUWATA Y,
TEO J,
MEMBER S, et al. Real-time motion planning with applications to autonomous urban driving[J].
IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology,
2009,
17(5): 1105-1118., articleTitle=Real-time motion planning with applications to autonomous urban driving, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215255465295004385, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=20, authorNames=KARAMAN S, WALTER M R, PEREZ A, journalName=2011 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, refType=null, unstructuredReference=
KARAMAN S,
WALTER M R,
PEREZ A, et al. Anytime motion planning using the RRT*[C]//
2011 IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation. IEEE: Shanghai, China,
2011., articleTitle=Anytime motion planning using the RRT*, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215255465357918947, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=1670, pageEnd=1677, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=21, authorNames=KLEMM S, OBERLÄNDER J, HERMANN A, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=
KLEMM S,
OBERLÄNDER J,
HERMANN A, et al. Rrt*-connect:Faster, asymptotically optimal motion planning[C]//2015 IEEE international conference on robotics and biomimetics (ROBIO). IEEE: Zhuhai, China,
2015: 1670-1677., articleTitle=Rrt*-connect:Faster, asymptotically optimal motion planning[C], refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215255465425027814, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=2997, pageEnd=3004, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=22, authorNames=GAMMELL J D, SRINIVASA S S, BARFOOT T D, journalName=2014 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, refType=null, unstructuredReference=
GAMMELL J D,
SRINIVASA S S,
BARFOOT T D. Informed RRT*: Optimal sampling-based path planning focused via direct sampling of an admissible ellipsoidal heuristic[C]//
2014 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems. IEEE: Chicago, IL, USA,
2014: 2997-3004., articleTitle=Informed RRT*: Optimal sampling-based path planning focused via direct sampling of an admissible ellipsoidal heuristic, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215255465500525289, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=8, issue=1, pageStart=19842, pageEnd=19852, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[24], rfOrder=23, authorNames=MASHAYEKHI R, IDRIS M Y I, ANISI M H, journalName=IEEE Access, refType=null, unstructuredReference=
MASHAYEKHI R,
IDRIS M Y I,
ANISI M H, et al. Informed RRT*-connect: An asymptotically optimal single-query path planning method[J].
IEEE Access,
2020,
8(1): 19842-19852., articleTitle=Informed RRT*-connect: An asymptotically optimal single-query path planning method, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215255465567634156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2006, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[25], rfOrder=24, authorNames=BENENSON R, PETTI S, FRAICHARD T, journalName=IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, refType=null, unstructuredReference=
BENENSON R,
PETTI S,
FRAICHARD T, et al. Integrating perception and planning for autonomous navigation of urban vehicles[C]//
IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems. IEEE: Beijing, China,
2006., articleTitle=Integrating perception and planning for autonomous navigation of urban vehicles, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215255465643131629, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2010, volume=29, issue=5, pageStart=485, pageEnd=501, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[26], rfOrder=25, authorNames=DOLGOV D, THRUN S, MONTEMERLO M, journalName=The International Journal of Robotics Research, refType=null, unstructuredReference=
DOLGOV D,
THRUN S,
MONTEMERLO M, et al. Path planning for autonomous vehicles in unknown semi-structured environments[J].
The International Journal of Robotics Research,
2010,
29(5): 485-501., articleTitle=Path planning for autonomous vehicles in unknown semi-structured environments, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215255465706046192, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=6, issue=2, pageStart=8, pageEnd=20, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[27], rfOrder=26, authorNames=ZIEGLER J, BENDERET P, SCHREIBER M, journalName=IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Magazine, refType=null, unstructuredReference=
ZIEGLER J,
BENDERET P,
SCHREIBER M, et al. Making bertha drive—An autonomous journey on a historic route[J].
IEEE Intelligent Transportation Systems Magazine,
2014 6(2): 8-20., articleTitle=Making bertha drive—An autonomous journey on a historic route, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215255465781543666, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[28], rfOrder=27, authorNames=ZIEGLER J, BENDER P, DANG T, journalName=2014 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium Proceedings, refType=null, unstructuredReference=
ZIEGLER J,
BENDER P,
DANG T, et al. Trajectory planning for bertha—A local, continuous method[C]//
2014 IEEE Intelligent Vehicles Symposium Proceedings. IEEE: Dearborn, MI, USA,
2014., articleTitle=Trajectory planning for bertha—A local, continuous method, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215255465857041141, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2007, volume=26, issue=2, pageStart=141, pageEnd=166, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[29], rfOrder=28, authorNames=HOWARD T M, KELLY A, journalName=International Journal of Robotics Research, refType=null, unstructuredReference=
HOWARD T M,
KELLY A. Optimal rough terrain trajectory generation for wheeled mobile robots[J].
International Journal of Robotics Research,
2007,
26(2): 141-166., articleTitle=Optimal rough terrain trajectory generation for wheeled mobile robots, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215255465940927223, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2008, volume=25, issue=8, pageStart=425, pageEnd=466, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[30], rfOrder=29, authorNames=URMSON C, ANHALT J, BAGNELL D, journalName=Journal of Field Robotics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=
URMSON C,
ANHALT J,
BAGNELL D, et al. Autonomous driving in urban environments: Boss and the urban challenge[J].
Journal of Field Robotics,
2008,
25(8): 425-466., articleTitle=Autonomous driving in urban environments: Boss and the urban challenge, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215255466045784825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=87, issue=null, pageStart=118, pageEnd=137, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[31], rfOrder=30, authorNames=LI X, SUN Z, CAO D, journalName=Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing, refType=null, unstructuredReference=
LI X,
SUN Z,
CAO D, et al. Development of a new integrated local trajectory planning and tracking control framework for autonomous ground vehicles[J].
Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing,
2017,
87: 118-137., articleTitle=Development of a new integrated local trajectory planning and tracking control framework for autonomous ground vehicles, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215255466121282299, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[32], rfOrder=31, authorNames=CARDOSO V, OLIVEIRA J, TEIXEIRA T, journalName=A model-predictive motion planner for the iara autonomous car, refType=null, unstructuredReference=
CARDOSO V,
OLIVEIRA J,
TEIXEIRA T, et al.
A model-predictive motion planner for the iara autonomous car[C]// 2017 IEEE international conference on robotics and automation (ICRA). IEEE: Singapore, 2016., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215255466205168383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1990, volume=145, issue=2, pageStart=367, pageEnd=393, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[33], rfOrder=32, authorNames=REEDS J A, SHEPP R A, journalName=Pacific Journal of Mathematics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=
REEDS J A,
SHEPP R A. Optimal paths for a car that goes both forwards and backwards[J].
Pacific Journal of Mathematics,
1990,
145(2): 367-393., articleTitle=Optimal paths for a car that goes both forwards and backwards, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215255466268082945, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=30, issue=2, pageStart=507, pageEnd=515, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[34], rfOrder=33, authorNames=BREZAK M, PETROVIC I, journalName=IEEE Transactions on Robotics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=
BREZAK M,
PETROVIC I. Real-time approximation of clothoids with bounded error for path planning applications[J].
IEEE Transactions on Robotics,
2014,
30(2): 507-515., articleTitle=Real-time approximation of clothoids with bounded error for path planning applications, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215255466343580420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[35], rfOrder=34, authorNames=CHEBLY A, TAGNE G, TALJ R, journalName=IEEE intelligent vehicles symposium. IEEE, refType=null, unstructuredReference=
CHEBLY A,
TAGNE G,
TALJ R, et al. Local trajectory planning and tracking of autonomous vehicles, using clothoid tentacles method[C]//
IEEE intelligent vehicles symposium. IEEE,
2015., articleTitle=Local trajectory planning and tracking of autonomous vehicles, using clothoid tentacles method, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215255466406494983, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=50, issue=1, pageStart=12545, pageEnd=12550, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[36], rfOrder=35, authorNames=MOUHAGIR H, CHERFAOUI V, TALJ R, journalName=IFAC-PapersOnLine, refType=null, unstructuredReference=
MOUHAGIR H,
CHERFAOUI V,
TALJ R, et al. Trajectory planning for autonomous vehicle in uncertain environment using evidential grid[J].
IFAC-PapersOnLine,
2017,
50(1): 12545-12550., articleTitle=Trajectory planning for autonomous vehicle in uncertain environment using evidential grid, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215255466477798153, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[37], rfOrder=36, authorNames=MOUHAGIR H, TALJ R, CHERFAOUI V, journalName=IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems, refType=null, unstructuredReference=
MOUHAGIR H,
TALJ R,
CHERFAOUI V, et al. Integrating safety distances with trajectory planning by modifying the occupancy grid for autonomous vehicle navigation[C]//
IEEE International Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems. IEEE: Rio de Janeiro, Brazil,
2016., articleTitle=Integrating safety distances with trajectory planning by modifying the occupancy grid for autonomous vehicle navigation, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215255466549101324, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=66, issue=12, pageStart=9846, pageEnd=9857, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[38], rfOrder=37, authorNames=BENLOUCIF A, NGUYEN A T, SENTOUH C, journalName=IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=
BENLOUCIF A,
NGUYEN A T,
SENTOUH C, et al. Cooperative trajectory planning for haptic shared control between driver and automation in highway driving[J].
IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics,
2019,
66(12): 9846-9857., articleTitle=Cooperative trajectory planning for haptic shared control between driver and automation in highway driving, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215255466620404495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2012, volume=13, issue=4, pageStart=1599, pageEnd=1616, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[39], rfOrder=38, authorNames=CHU K, LEE M, SUNWOO M, journalName=IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, refType=null, unstructuredReference=
CHU K,
LEE M,
SUNWOO M. Local Path Planning for Off-Road Autonomous Driving With Avoidance of Static Obstacles[J].
IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems,
2012,
13(4): 1599-1616., articleTitle=Local Path Planning for Off-Road Autonomous Driving With Avoidance of Static Obstacles, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215255466683319058, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=100, issue=2, pageStart=482, pageEnd=500, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[40], rfOrder=39, authorNames=HU X, CHEN L, TANG B, journalName=Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing, refType=null, unstructuredReference=
HU X,
CHEN L,
TANG B, et al. Dynamic path planning for autonomous driving on various roads with avoidance of static and moving obstacles[J].
Mechanical Systems and Signal Processing,
2018,
100(2): 482-500., articleTitle=Dynamic path planning for autonomous driving on various roads with avoidance of static and moving obstacles, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215255466746233621, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=https://arxiv.org/abs/2001.11231, language=null, rfNumber=[41], rfOrder=40, authorNames=ARADI S, journalName=Machine Learning, refType=null, unstructuredReference=
ARADI S. Survey of Deep Reinforcement Learning for Motion Planning of Autonomous Vehicles[J/OL].
Machine Learning, ( 2020-01-30)[2022-12-28]. https://arxiv.org/abs/2001.11231., articleTitle=Survey of Deep Reinforcement Learning for Motion Planning of Autonomous Vehicles, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215255466817536792, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=https://arxiv.org/abs/2102.02376, language=null, rfNumber=[42], rfOrder=41, authorNames=ZHOU C M, HUANG B D, FRNTI P, journalName=Robotics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=
ZHOU C M,
HUANG B D,
FRNTI P. A review of motion planning algorithms for intelligent robotics[J/OL].
Robotics,( 2021-02-05)[2022-12-28]. https://arxiv.org/abs/2102.02376., articleTitle=A review of motion planning algorithms for intelligent robotics, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215255466867868443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=https://arxiv.org/abs/1504.01716, language=null, rfNumber=[43], rfOrder=42, authorNames=HUVAL B, WANG T, TANDON S, journalName=Robotics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=
HUVAL B,
WANG T,
TANDON S, et al. An Empirical Evaluation of Deep Learning on Highway Driving[J/OL].
Robotics, ( 2015-04-17)[2022-12-28]. https://arxiv.org/abs/1504.01716., articleTitle=An Empirical Evaluation of Deep Learning on Highway Driving, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215255466951754526, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2008, volume=25, issue=8, pageStart=493, pageEnd=527, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[44], rfOrder=43, authorNames=MILLER M, CAMPBELL D, journalName=Journal of Field Robotics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=
MILLER M.
CAMPBELL D. et al. Huttenlocher, Team cornell’s skynet: Robust perception and planning in an urban environment[J].
Journal of Field Robotics,
2008,
25(8): 493-527., articleTitle=Huttenlocher, Team cornell’s skynet: Robust perception and planning in an urban environment, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215255467031446305, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2006, volume=23, issue=9, pageStart=661, pageEnd=692, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[45], rfOrder=44, authorNames=THRUN S, MONTEMERLO M, DAHLKAMP H, journalName=Journal of Field Robotics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=
THRUN S,
MONTEMERLO M,
DAHLKAMP H, et al. Stanley: The robot that won the darpa grand challenge[J].
Journal of Field Robotics,
2006,
23(9): 661-692., articleTitle=Stanley: The robot that won the darpa grand challenge, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215255467119526692, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=30, issue=2, pageStart=461, pageEnd=474, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[46], rfOrder=45, authorNames=HAVLAK F, CAMPBELL M, journalName=IEEE Transactions on Robotics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=
HAVLAK F,
CAMPBELL M. Discrete and continuous, probabilistic anticipation for autonomous robots in urban environments[J].
IEEE Transactions on Robotics,
2014,
30(2): 461-474., articleTitle=Discrete and continuous, probabilistic anticipation for autonomous robots in urban environments, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215255467186635559, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[47], rfOrder=46, authorNames=TRAN Q, FIRL J, journalName=Intelligent Vehicles Symposium(IV), refType=null, unstructuredReference=
TRAN Q,
FIRL J. Modelling of traffic situations at urban intersections with probabilistic non-parametric regression[C]//
Intelligent Vehicles Symposium(IV). IEEE: Gold Coast, QLD, Australia,
2013., articleTitle=Modelling of traffic situations at urban intersections with probabilistic non-parametric regression, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215255467283104554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[48], rfOrder=47, authorNames=DOU Y, YAN F, FENG D, journalName=2016 IEEE International Conference on Advanced Intelligent Mechatronics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=
DOU Y,
YAN F,
FENG D. Lane changing prediction at highway lane drops using support vector machine and artificial neural network classifiers[C]//
2016 IEEE International Conference on Advanced Intelligent Mechatronics. IEEE: Banff, AB, Canada,
2016., articleTitle=Lane changing prediction at highway lane drops using support vector machine and artificial neural network classifiers, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215255467341824811, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=30, issue=6, pageStart=1, pageEnd=197, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[49], rfOrder=48, authorNames=《中国公路学报》编辑部, journalName=中国公路学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=《中国公路学报》编辑部. 中国汽车工程学术研究综述·2017[J].
中国公路学报,
2017,
30(6): 1-197., articleTitle=中国汽车工程学术研究综述·2017, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215255467421516590, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[50], rfOrder=49, authorNames=REHDER E, QUEHL J, STILLER C, journalName=IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, refType=null, unstructuredReference=
REHDER E,
QUEHL J,
STILLER C. Driving like a human: Imitation learning for path planning using convolutional neural networks[C]//
IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation,
2017., articleTitle=Driving like a human: Imitation learning for path planning using convolutional neural networks, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215255468663030577, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[51], rfOrder=50, authorNames=SUN L T, PENG C, ZHAN W, journalName=ASME 2018 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference, 2018, refType=null, unstructuredReference=
SUN L T,
PENG C,
ZHAN W, et al. A fast integrated planning and control framework for autonomous driving via imitation learning[C]//
ASME 2018 Dynamic Systems and Control Conference, 2018., articleTitle=A fast integrated planning and control framework for autonomous driving via imitation learning, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215255468738528051, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=https://arxiv.org/abs/1703.07887, language=null, rfNumber=[52], rfOrder=51, authorNames=PAXTON C, RAMAN V, HAGER G D, journalName=Robotics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=
PAXTON C,
RAMAN V,
HAGER G D, et al. Combining neural networks and tree search for task and motion planning in challenging environments[J/OL].
Robotics, ( 2017-05-22)[2022-12-28]. https://arxiv.org/abs/1703.07887., articleTitle=Combining neural networks and tree search for task and motion planning in challenging environments, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215255468826608438, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=18, issue=9, pageStart=1, pageEnd=22, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[53], rfOrder=52, authorNames=YU L, SHAO X, WEI Y, journalName=Sensors, refType=null, unstructuredReference=
YU L,
SHAO X,
WEI Y, et al. Intelligent land-vehicle model transfer trajectory planning method based on deep reinforcement learning[J].
Sensors,
2018,
18(9): 1-22., articleTitle=Intelligent land-vehicle model transfer trajectory planning method based on deep reinforcement learning, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215255468897911609, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2007, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[54], rfOrder=53, authorNames=BUEHLER M, IAGNEMMA K, SINGH S, journalName=Springer, refType=null, unstructuredReference=
BUEHLER M,
IAGNEMMA K,
SINGH S. The 2005 DARPA grand challenge: the great robot race[M]. Berlin:
Springer,
2007., articleTitle=The 2005 DARPA grand challenge: the great robot race, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215255468973409083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2010, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[55], rfOrder=54, authorNames=BUEHLER M, IAGNEMMA K, SINGH S, journalName=Springer, refType=null, unstructuredReference=
BUEHLER M,
IAGNEMMA K,
SINGH S. The DARPA Urban Challenge: Autonomous Vehicles in City Traffic[M]. Berlin:
Springer,
2010., articleTitle=The DARPA Urban Challenge: Autonomous Vehicles in City Traffic, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1215255469040517949, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2008, volume=25, issue=9, pageStart=569, pageEnd=597, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[56], rfOrder=55, authorNames=MONTEMERLO M, BECKER J, BHAT S, journalName=Journal of Field Robotics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=
MONTEMERLO M,
BECKER J,
BHAT S, et al. Junior: The Stanford entry in the urban challenge[J].
Journal of Field Robotics,
2008,
25(9): 569-597., articleTitle=Junior: The Stanford entry in the urban challenge, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1215255458726724069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215255458735112678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, companyId=1215255458726724069, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Global R&D Center, China FAW Corporation Limited, Changchun 130013), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1215255458743501288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, companyId=1215255458726724069, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中国第一汽车股份有限公司研发总院, 长春 130013)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1215255460819681836, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=AnDdYhbGNym30N2PLhbT1A==, figureFileBig=dT4s6vUalUJaxDMz6d2X7Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215255460886790703, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
自动驾驶控制体系, figureFileSmall=AnDdYhbGNym30N2PLhbT1A==, figureFileBig=dT4s6vUalUJaxDMz6d2X7Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215255460983259700, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=pxQI6irZiqsO9durUOHlVg==, figureFileBig=hoEw3vv2bIKSDKspv6kzkQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215255461067145782, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
状态栅格示意[13], figureFileSmall=pxQI6irZiqsO9durUOHlVg==, figureFileBig=hoEw3vv2bIKSDKspv6kzkQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215255461146837561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=li2kG9hEZdKWMYYdW+3rog==, figureFileBig=wUX5wiaSTMlmJde2O8SapQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215255461226529339, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
CL-RRT车辆控制模块, figureFileSmall=li2kG9hEZdKWMYYdW+3rog==, figureFileBig=wUX5wiaSTMlmJde2O8SapQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1215255461327192639, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Algorithm 1: Dijkstra |
INITIALIZE (G,s) $S=\varnothing $ //S开始为空集,用来存储已访问的顶点 Q=G.V //初始化最小优先队列Q,存放图G的所有节点 while $Q\ne \varnothing $ do u= dequeue-min(Q) //Q中最小元素出队 if u为目标节点 then break else $S=S\bigcup \left\{u\right\}$ for each $v\in G.adj\left[u\right]$ and v is not in S RELAX(u,v,w) |
), ArticleFig(id=1215255461415273028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, language=CN, label=, caption=
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Algorithm 1: Dijkstra |
INITIALIZE (G,s) $S=\varnothing $ //S开始为空集,用来存储已访问的顶点 Q=G.V //初始化最小优先队列Q,存放图G的所有节点 while $Q\ne \varnothing $ do u= dequeue-min(Q) //Q中最小元素出队 if u为目标节点 then break else $S=S\bigcup \left\{u\right\}$ for each $v\in G.adj\left[u\right]$ and v is not in S RELAX(u,v,w) |
), ArticleFig(id=1215255461503353414, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Algorithm 2: INITIALIZE |
for each $v\in G.V$ vd=∞ //初始时节点到起点的距离为无穷 ${v}_{\pi }=NULL$ //初始所有顶点的父节点为空 sd=0 //起点的距离为0 |
), ArticleFig(id=1215255461557879368, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, language=CN, label=, caption=
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Algorithm 2: INITIALIZE |
for each $v\in G.V$ vd=∞ //初始时节点到起点的距离为无穷 ${v}_{\pi }=NULL$ //初始所有顶点的父节点为空 sd=0 //起点的距离为0 |
), ArticleFig(id=1215255461624988234, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Algorithm 3: REALAX(u, v, w) |
if vdud+w(u, v) then //w(u, v)为u到v的权值 vd=ud+w(u, v) //更新v到起点距离 ${v}_{\pi }=u$ //更新v的父节点 |
), ArticleFig(id=1215255461696291405, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, language=CN, label=, caption=
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Algorithm 3: REALAX(u, v, w) |
if vdud+w(u, v) then //w(u, v)为u到v的权值 vd=ud+w(u, v) //更新v到起点距离 ${v}_{\pi }=u$ //更新v的父节点 |
), ArticleFig(id=1215255461771788879, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Algorithm 4: A* |
$S=\varnothing $$Q=\varnothing $$Q\Leftarrow s$ while $Q\ne \varnothing $ do u= dequeue-min(Q) //取出Q中f值最小的节点 if u为目标节点 then break else $S=S\bigcup \left\{u\right\}$ for each $v\in G.adj\left[u\right]$ 计算f(v) if v is in Q then if v当前估价值f(v)小于Q中的f(v) then Update Q //替换Q中f(v) else if v is in S then if v 当前估价值f(v)小于S中的f(v) then Update S //替换S中f(v) $Q\Leftarrow v$ else if v is not in S and is not in Q then $Q\Leftarrow v$ |
), ArticleFig(id=1215255461826314835, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, language=CN, label=, caption=
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Algorithm 4: A* |
$S=\varnothing $$Q=\varnothing $$Q\Leftarrow s$ while $Q\ne \varnothing $ do u= dequeue-min(Q) //取出Q中f值最小的节点 if u为目标节点 then break else $S=S\bigcup \left\{u\right\}$ for each $v\in G.adj\left[u\right]$ 计算f(v) if v is in Q then if v当前估价值f(v)小于Q中的f(v) then Update Q //替换Q中f(v) else if v is in S then if v 当前估价值f(v)小于S中的f(v) then Update S //替换S中f(v) $Q\Leftarrow v$ else if v is not in S and is not in Q then $Q\Leftarrow v$ |
), ArticleFig(id=1215255461906006618, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Algorithm 5: D* |
$S=\varnothing $$Q=\varnothing $$Q\Leftarrow target$ while Q $\ne \varnothing $ do u= dequeue-min(Q) //取出Q中k值最小的节点,k为所有变化h值中最小的值 if u为目标节点 then break else $S=S\bigcup \left\{u\right\}$ for each $v\in G.adi\left[u\right]$ $h\left(v\right)=h\left(u\right)+w(u, v)$ //h(v)为目标节点到v点的实际值 if v is in Q then if v当前估价值h(v)小于Q中的h(v) then Update Q //用当前估价值h(v)替换Q中原本h(v),并将k值取最小的h值 elseif v is in S then if v 当前估价值h(v)小于S中的h(v) then Update S //替换s中的h(v),k取最小的h值 $Q\Leftarrow v$ elseif v is not in S and is not in Q then $Q\Leftarrow v$ |
), ArticleFig(id=1215255461989892702, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, language=CN, label=, caption=
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Algorithm 5: D* |
$S=\varnothing $$Q=\varnothing $$Q\Leftarrow target$ while Q $\ne \varnothing $ do u= dequeue-min(Q) //取出Q中k值最小的节点,k为所有变化h值中最小的值 if u为目标节点 then break else $S=S\bigcup \left\{u\right\}$ for each $v\in G.adi\left[u\right]$ $h\left(v\right)=h\left(u\right)+w(u, v)$ //h(v)为目标节点到v点的实际值 if v is in Q then if v当前估价值h(v)小于Q中的h(v) then Update Q //用当前估价值h(v)替换Q中原本h(v),并将k值取最小的h值 elseif v is in S then if v 当前估价值h(v)小于S中的h(v) then Update S //替换s中的h(v),k取最小的h值 $Q\Leftarrow v$ elseif v is not in S and is not in Q then $Q\Leftarrow v$ |
), ArticleFig(id=1215255462073778786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 规划算法 | 优点 | 缺点 |
| Dijkstra | 必然能够找到最优路径,适用于全局规划 | 搜索速度慢,有大量无用节点被遍历、不适合大地图数据 |
| A* | 具有启发函数降低搜索成本 | 不适合部分已知以及动态地图环境 |
| D* | 实现局部规划、适用于动态环境 | 规划出的轨迹不一定连续、启发式规则不容易确定 |
| 状态栅格 | 适用于局部规划和动态环境规划、所得轨迹满足连续性且对于车辆可行 | 评估所有可能的方案、计算成本高 |
), ArticleFig(id=1215255462161859173, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
图搜索规划算法对比
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 规划算法 | 优点 | 缺点 |
| Dijkstra | 必然能够找到最优路径,适用于全局规划 | 搜索速度慢,有大量无用节点被遍历、不适合大地图数据 |
| A* | 具有启发函数降低搜索成本 | 不适合部分已知以及动态地图环境 |
| D* | 实现局部规划、适用于动态环境 | 规划出的轨迹不一定连续、启发式规则不容易确定 |
| 状态栅格 | 适用于局部规划和动态环境规划、所得轨迹满足连续性且对于车辆可行 | 评估所有可能的方案、计算成本高 |
), ArticleFig(id=1215255462258328169, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Algorithm 6: RRT |
Initialize RRT-tree //初始化RRT搜索树 RRT-tree $\Leftarrow {x}_{start}$ while () xrandom = Smple(M) //在地图M中随机采样获得xrandom节点 xnear = Near(xrandom, RRT-tree) //在搜索树中找到距离xrandom最近的节点 if distance(xrandom, xnear) > threshold then //如果xrandom与xnear距离大于阈值 xnew = Steer(xrandom, xnear, threshold) //xnew为xnear与xrandom沿线上一点,与xnear距离为threshold else xnew= xrandom if nocollision(M, edge(xnew, xnear)) then //如果xnew与xnear连线没有穿过地图障碍物 RRT-tree $\Leftarrow {x}_{new}$ RRT-tree $\Leftarrow $ edge(xnew, xnear) if distance(xnew, xtarget) < threshold then break |
), ArticleFig(id=1215255462342214253, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, language=CN, label=, caption=
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Algorithm 6: RRT |
Initialize RRT-tree //初始化RRT搜索树 RRT-tree $\Leftarrow {x}_{start}$ while () xrandom = Smple(M) //在地图M中随机采样获得xrandom节点 xnear = Near(xrandom, RRT-tree) //在搜索树中找到距离xrandom最近的节点 if distance(xrandom, xnear) > threshold then //如果xrandom与xnear距离大于阈值 xnew = Steer(xrandom, xnear, threshold) //xnew为xnear与xrandom沿线上一点,与xnear距离为threshold else xnew= xrandom if nocollision(M, edge(xnew, xnear)) then //如果xnew与xnear连线没有穿过地图障碍物 RRT-tree $\Leftarrow {x}_{new}$ RRT-tree $\Leftarrow $ edge(xnew, xnear) if distance(xnew, xtarget) < threshold then break |
), ArticleFig(id=1215255462463849073, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Algorithm 7: RRT* |
Initialize RRT-tree RRT-tree $\Leftarrow {x}_{start}$ while () xrandom = Smple(M) xnear = Near(xrandom, RRT-tree) if distance(xrandom, xnear) > threshold then xnew = Steer(xrandom, xnear, threshold) else xnew= xrandom if nocollision(M, edge(xnew, xnear)) then RRT-tree $\Leftarrow {x}_{new}$ xmin = re-choose(xnew, RRT-tree) //在树中找到一个代价最小的节点作为xnew新的父节点 RRT-tree $\Leftarrow $ edge(xmin, xnew) Rewire() //根据新的父节点重新配置搜索树 if distance(xnew, xtarget) < threshold then break |
), ArticleFig(id=1215255462543540850, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, language=CN, label=, caption=
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| Algorithm 7: RRT* |
Initialize RRT-tree RRT-tree $\Leftarrow {x}_{start}$ while () xrandom = Smple(M) xnear = Near(xrandom, RRT-tree) if distance(xrandom, xnear) > threshold then xnew = Steer(xrandom, xnear, threshold) else xnew= xrandom if nocollision(M, edge(xnew, xnear)) then RRT-tree $\Leftarrow {x}_{new}$ xmin = re-choose(xnew, RRT-tree) //在树中找到一个代价最小的节点作为xnew新的父节点 RRT-tree $\Leftarrow $ edge(xmin, xnew) Rewire() //根据新的父节点重新配置搜索树 if distance(xnew, xtarget) < threshold then break |
), ArticleFig(id=1215255462635815538, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 规划算法 | 优点 | 缺点 |
| RRT | 能够快速地得到解决方案,且不受限于地图形式 | 所得路径不光滑且不一定是最优路径,在遇到狭窄通道时不容易获得解 |
| RRT* | 能够得到符合车辆动力学的可行的轨迹 | 局部优化搜索树,耗费时间长 |
| PMP | 局部运动规划,计算复杂度低 | 所得路径不一定光滑 |
), ArticleFig(id=1215255462702924404, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
采样规划算法对比
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 规划算法 | 优点 | 缺点 |
| RRT | 能够快速地得到解决方案,且不受限于地图形式 | 所得路径不光滑且不一定是最优路径,在遇到狭窄通道时不容易获得解 |
| RRT* | 能够得到符合车辆动力学的可行的轨迹 | 局部优化搜索树,耗费时间长 |
| PMP | 局部运动规划,计算复杂度低 | 所得路径不一定光滑 |
), ArticleFig(id=1215255462824559227, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 规划算法 | 优点 | 缺点 |
| 函数优化 | 容易满足车辆动力学约束以及道路约束 | 计算成本高 |
| 模型预测 | 根据控制参数修改轨迹,提高安全性和舒适度 | 理论模型和实际模型存在误差,无法提供更远未来的预测 |
), ArticleFig(id=1215255462895862401, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, language=CN, label=表3, caption=
数学优化规划算法对比
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 规划算法 | 优点 | 缺点 |
| 函数优化 | 容易满足车辆动力学约束以及道路约束 | 计算成本高 |
| 模型预测 | 根据控制参数修改轨迹,提高安全性和舒适度 | 理论模型和实际模型存在误差,无法提供更远未来的预测 |
), ArticleFig(id=1215255462996525705, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 规划算法 | 优点 | 缺点 |
| 圆弧直线 | 实现简单、计算成本低 | 获得的路径是不连续的 |
| 回旋曲线 | 曲率满足线性变化 | 依赖全局路径点,计算成本高 |
多项式 曲线 | 计算成本低,曲线拼接处连续,满足舒适性 | 通常需要4次或更高次多项式,难以计算系数 |
| 样条曲线 | 计算成本低、轨迹满足连续性 | 不一定是最优解 |
), ArticleFig(id=1215255463092994701, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, language=CN, label=表4, caption=
插值曲线规划算法对比
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 规划算法 | 优点 | 缺点 |
| 圆弧直线 | 实现简单、计算成本低 | 获得的路径是不连续的 |
| 回旋曲线 | 曲率满足线性变化 | 依赖全局路径点,计算成本高 |
多项式 曲线 | 计算成本低,曲线拼接处连续,满足舒适性 | 通常需要4次或更高次多项式,难以计算系数 |
| 样条曲线 | 计算成本低、轨迹满足连续性 | 不一定是最优解 |
), ArticleFig(id=1215255463206240913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 规划算法 | 优点 | 缺点 |
| 模仿学习(IL) | 通过真实数据训练,能够全面覆盖常见的交通场景 | 对于特殊的交通状况应对能力差 |
| 深度强化学习(DRL) | 通过模拟驾驶环境达到学习目的、能够覆盖更多交通状况 | 模拟的交通环境与现实世界中可能会有偏差 |
), ArticleFig(id=1215255463290126997, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, language=CN, label=表5, caption=
机器学习规划算法对比
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 规划算法 | 优点 | 缺点 |
| 模仿学习(IL) | 通过真实数据训练,能够全面覆盖常见的交通场景 | 对于特殊的交通状况应对能力差 |
| 深度强化学习(DRL) | 通过模拟驾驶环境达到学习目的、能够覆盖更多交通状况 | 模拟的交通环境与现实世界中可能会有偏差 |
), ArticleFig(id=1215255463361430169, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 算法类别 | 优点 | 缺点 |
| 图搜索 | 必然能够找到最优路径 | 搜索速度慢,受限于地图形式,大部分不适合动态环境 |
| 采样 | 能够快速得到路径 | 所得路径不一定是最优路径,且对于车辆不一定可行 |
| 数学优化 | 能够得到车辆可行路径 | 计算成本高 |
| 插值曲线 | 能够得到平滑的、满足车辆动力学的路径 | 规划速度慢 |
| 机器学习 | 高度模仿现实场景,针对交通场景能够比传统方法覆盖更广泛,发展前景好 | 尚未广泛应用于现实系统中,缺乏硬编码的安全措施,对于小概率交通状况(Corne case)应对能力差 |
), ArticleFig(id=1215255463449510558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214642578935431798, language=CN, label=表6, caption=
轨迹规划方法比较
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 算法类别 | 优点 | 缺点 |
| 图搜索 | 必然能够找到最优路径 | 搜索速度慢,受限于地图形式,大部分不适合动态环境 |
| 采样 | 能够快速得到路径 | 所得路径不一定是最优路径,且对于车辆不一定可行 |
| 数学优化 | 能够得到车辆可行路径 | 计算成本高 |
| 插值曲线 | 能够得到平滑的、满足车辆动力学的路径 | 规划速度慢 |
| 机器学习 | 高度模仿现实场景,针对交通场景能够比传统方法覆盖更广泛,发展前景好 | 尚未广泛应用于现实系统中,缺乏硬编码的安全措施,对于小概率交通状况(Corne case)应对能力差 |
)], attaches=null, journal=Journal(id=1149694111122235398, delFlag=0, nameCn=汽车文摘, nameEn=Automotive Digest, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, issn=1671-6329, eissn=null, cn=22-1112/U, coden=null, periodic=0, language=CN, oaType=null, ccby=null, superviseOffice=null, ownerOffice=null, pubOffice=null, editorOffice=null, officeType=null, aims=null, clcCode=null, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=null, officeZip=null, officeEmail=null, officePhone=null, editDirector=null, officeDirector=null, officeDirectorPhone=null, officeStaffNum=null, officeEmpNum=null, coverPicUrl=luiJW6+BcEXciylORYcumg==, journalPrice=null, startedYear=null, abbrevIsoEn=null, journalRemark=null, publicationField=null, createdTime=1752038036376, updatedTime=1761735682597, createdBy=18614031015, updatedBy=13701087609, firstLetterCn=A, firstLetterEn=A, subjectCode=Engineering, subjectName=Engineering, subjectCodeEn=Engineering, subjectNameEn=null, picCn=luiJW6+BcEXciylORYcumg==, picEn=O+ZP75C19YktWcRPOtyJBw==, jcr=null, cjcr=null, exts=[JournalExt(id=1190368987570606240, language=CN, name=汽车文摘, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=, createdTime=1761735682623, updatedTime=1761735682623, createdBy=13701087609, updatedBy=13701087609, submissionGuidelinesUrl=, submissionAuthorUrl=https://qcwz.cbpt.cnki.net/index.aspx?t=1, submissionEditorUrl=https://qcwz.cbpt.cnki.net/index.aspx?t=3, submissionReviewUrl=https://qcwz.cbpt.cnki.net/index.aspx?t=2, submissionCeEditorUrl=, submissionAeEditorUrl=, option={"copyright":""}), JournalExt(id=1190368987625132193, language=EN, name=Automotive Digest, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, managedBy=, sponsoredBy=, publishedBy=, editorOffice=, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=, officeZip=, editDirector=, officeDirector=null, officePhone=null, coverPicUrl=null, journalRemark=, submitArticleUrl=null, websiteUrl=, createdTime=1761735682636, updatedTime=1761735682636, createdBy=13701087609, updatedBy=13701087609, submissionGuidelinesUrl=, submissionAuthorUrl=https://qcwz.cbpt.cnki.net/index.aspx?t=1, submissionEditorUrl=https://qcwz.cbpt.cnki.net/index.aspx?t=3, submissionReviewUrl=https://qcwz.cbpt.cnki.net/index.aspx?t=2, submissionCeEditorUrl=, submissionAeEditorUrl=, option={"copyright":""})], databaseList=null, tenantJournalId=1189645257101713411, websiteList=[Website(id=1189645359124066938, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1189645257101713411, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/qcwz/CN, language=CN, createTime=1761563156157, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1761563183518, updateBy=18614031015, name=汽车文摘-中文, tplId=1146099689490845704, title=汽车文摘, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1189645933336867479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189645359124066938, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1761563293060, updateTime=1761563293060, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189645933315895956, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189645359124066938, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1761563293055, updateTime=1761563293055, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189645933353644698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189645359124066938, code=grayFlag, value=0, createTime=1761563293064, updateTime=1761563293064, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189645933307507347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189645359124066938, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/qcwz/CN/file/pic?fileId=wLaOR3KnYrzJXN7hXuyp1Q==, createTime=1761563293053, updateTime=1761563293053, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189645933366227612, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189645359124066938, code=minRunFlag, value=0, createTime=1761563293067, updateTime=1761563293067, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189645933332673174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189645359124066938, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/qcwz/CN/file/pic, createTime=1761563293059, updateTime=1761563293059, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189645933362033307, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189645359124066938, code=silenceFlag, value=0, createTime=1761563293066, updateTime=1761563293066, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189645933324284565, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189645359124066938, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_cn_619/, createTime=1761563293057, updateTime=1761563293057, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189645933345256088, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189645359124066938, code=themeColor, value=null, createTime=1761563293062, updateTime=1761563293062, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189645933349450393, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189645359124066938, code=themeStyle, value=null, createTime=1761563293063, updateTime=1761563293063, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)]), Website(id=1189645359224730237, webName=null, webTitle=null, webDomain=null, webCopyrigh=null, webIpcNo=null, seoTitle=null, seoKeywords=null, seoDescription=null, tenantJournalId=null, journalId=1189645257101713411, journalNameCn=null, journalNameEn=null, grayFlag=null, tenantId=1146029695717560320, platformId=null, journalGroupId=null, journalGroupNameCn=null, journalGroupNameEn=null, type=1, domain=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/qcwz/EN, language=EN, createTime=1761563156181, createBy=18614031015, updateTime=1761563214005, updateBy=18614031015, name=汽车文摘-英文, tplId=1146101810881728533, title=Automotive Digest, delFlag=0, indexPage=/home, props=[WebsiteProps(id=1189645970888471201, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189645359224730237, code=articleTextType, value=kx, createTime=1761563302013, updateTime=1761563302013, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189645970871693982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189645359224730237, code=banner, value=null, createTime=1761563302009, updateTime=1761563302009, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189645970905248420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189645359224730237, code=grayFlag, value=0, createTime=1761563302017, updateTime=1761563302017, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189645970863305373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189645359224730237, code=logo, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/qcwz/EN/file/pic?fileId=wLaOR3KnYrzJXN7hXuyp1Q==, createTime=1761563302007, updateTime=1761563302007, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189645970917831334, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189645359224730237, code=minRunFlag, value=0, createTime=1761563302020, updateTime=1761563302020, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189645970884276896, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189645359224730237, code=picServerUrl, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/qcwz/EN/file/pic, createTime=1761563302012, updateTime=1761563302012, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189645970913637029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189645359224730237, code=silenceFlag, value=0, createTime=1761563302019, updateTime=1761563302019, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189645970880082591, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189645359224730237, code=staticResourcePath, value=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/cast_kjdb_en_623/, createTime=1761563302011, updateTime=1761563302011, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189645970892665506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189645359224730237, code=themeColor, value=null, createTime=1761563302014, updateTime=1761563302014, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015), WebsiteProps(id=1189645970896859811, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=null, journalGroupId=null, siteId=1189645359224730237, code=themeStyle, value=null, createTime=1761563302015, updateTime=1761563302015, creator=18614031015, updator=18614031015)])], journalTitle=汽车文摘, weixinUrl=null, journalUrl=https://qcwz.cbpt.cnki.net/, iacademicId=null, status=1, seqNo=null, journalTitleEn=Automotive Digest, journalPhotoCn=luiJW6+BcEXciylORYcumg==, journalPhotoEn=O+ZP75C19YktWcRPOtyJBw==, journalFirstLetter=A, journalRecommend=null, journalNew=null, journalCollection=null, jcrJf=null, cjcrJf=null, jcrJfStr=null, cjcrJfStr=null, submissionFirstDecision=null, sciSubjectClassification=null, casSubjectClassification=null, citeScore=null, totalCitationFrequency=null, icpCode=null, psCode=null, advertisingLicenseCode=null, copyrightInformation=null, country=null, option=, provinceCode=null, provinceName=null, collectFlag=false), detailUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/qcwz/CN/10.19822/j.cnki.1671-6329.20220199, detailUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/qcwz/EN/10.19822/j.cnki.1671-6329.20220199, pdfUrlCn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/qcwz/CN/PDF/10.19822/j.cnki.1671-6329.20220199, pdfUrlEn=https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/qcwz/EN/PDF/10.19822/j.cnki.1671-6329.20220199, aliStartDate=null, aliEndDate=null, collectionFlag=false, citedCount=null, citedUrl=null, reference=null)