Article(id=1214559557616062968, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, issueId=1214559554692628868, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19822/j.cnki.1671-6329.20220258, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1767503163961, onlineDateStr=2026-01-04, pubDate=1683216000000, pubDateStr=2023-05-05, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1767503163961, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-04, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1767503163961, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767503163961, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1214559554692628868, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, year='2023', volume='', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='62', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1767503163264, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767503571438, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1214561266752999524, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, issueId=1214559554692628868, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1214561266752999525, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, issueId=1214559554692628868, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=53, endPage=58, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1214559557842555391, articleId=1214559557616062968, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, language=EN, title=Analysis of the Correlation Between Rim and Wheel Rotation Resistance Reduction, columnId=null, journalTitle=Automotive Digest, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Through numerical simulation and wind tunnel test, the influence of the rim opening ratio on the wind resistance of the vehicle under the wheel rotation condition is analyzed, and the recommended value of the rim opening ratio in design and development is given. Meanwhile, the correlation between the moment of ventilation resistance and the vehicle wind resistance is analyzed, and then the mechanism of wheel rotation drag reduction is analyzed. Analysis conclusions can be as following: (1) The simulation method of wheel rotation condition is credible by using the rotating wall method; (2) Under the wheel rotation condition, the smaller the opening ratio is more favorable for the vehicle wind drag reduction, and the difference of the vehicle wind drag coefficient between the rotating condition and the stationary condition will be reduced; (3) The greater the wheel ventilation resistance torque, the more conducive it is to reduce the wind resistance coefficient of the whole vehicle under rotation conditions.

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通过仿真和风洞试验方法,总结汽车轮辋开口比在车轮旋转工况下对整车风阻的影响规律,并给出产品开发中的轮辋开口比建议值,分析车轮通风阻力矩与整车风阻系数关联性,从而分析车轮旋转降低风阻系数机理。分析结果表明:(1)车轮旋转工况的仿真方法采用旋转壁面法具有可信性;(2)车轮旋转工况下,开口比越小对降低整车风阻越有利,同时会增大旋转工况下整车风阻系数降低量;(3)车轮通风阻力矩影响量越大,越有利于旋转工况下降低整车风阻系数。

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车艳秋,就职于一汽奔腾,研究方向为汽车空气动力学。E-mail:

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车艳秋,就职于一汽奔腾,研究方向为汽车空气动力学。E-mail:

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车艳秋,就职于一汽奔腾,研究方向为汽车空气动力学。E-mail:

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序号 参数 设定值
1 计算阻塞比/% 1.30
2 入口速度/km·h-1 120
3 出口压力/Pa 0
4 地面边界 非滑移壁面
5 计算域其它边界 滑移壁面
6 车轮旋转角速度/rad·s-1 93.896
7 空气密度/kg·m-3 1.184 15
8 空气动力粘度/Pa·s 1.764×10-5
9 计算雷诺数 2.13×106
10 湍流模型 k-ε
11 边界层 y+壁面
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某SUV车型稳态仿真参数设置

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序号 参数 设定值
1 计算阻塞比/% 1.30
2 入口速度/km·h-1 120
3 出口压力/Pa 0
4 地面边界 非滑移壁面
5 计算域其它边界 滑移壁面
6 车轮旋转角速度/rad·s-1 93.896
7 空气密度/kg·m-3 1.184 15
8 空气动力粘度/Pa·s 1.764×10-5
9 计算雷诺数 2.13×106
10 湍流模型 k-ε
11 边界层 y+壁面
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车型分类 电动汽车 传统燃油汽车
水平评价
分类
优秀 较好 中等 较差
轮辋开口比(P)/% P≤15 P≤25 25<P<35 P≥35
风阻系数影响量ΔCd ΔCd≤0.002 ΔCd≤0.004 0.004<ΔCd<0.007 ΔCd≥0.007
17 英寸轮辋开口面积建议S/cm2 S≤219 S≤350 350<S<500 S≥500
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轮辋开口比与风阻系数影响量ΔCd的评价

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车型分类 电动汽车 传统燃油汽车
水平评价
分类
优秀 较好 中等 较差
轮辋开口比(P)/% P≤15 P≤25 25<P<35 P≥35
风阻系数影响量ΔCd ΔCd≤0.002 ΔCd≤0.004 0.004<ΔCd<0.007 ΔCd≥0.007
17 英寸轮辋开口面积建议S/cm2 S≤219 S≤350 350<S<500 S≥500
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前轮ΔCd 后轮ΔCd 其它部分ΔCd 整体ΔCd
轮辋模型1 0.007 -0.001 -0.012 -0.008
轮辋模型2 0.0035 0.001 -0.0014 -0.01
轮辋模型3 0.001 -0.001 -0.0013 -0.012
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不同轮辋模型车辆各部位旋转工况风阻系数影响量ΔCd

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前轮ΔCd 后轮ΔCd 其它部分ΔCd 整体ΔCd
轮辋模型1 0.007 -0.001 -0.012 -0.008
轮辋模型2 0.0035 0.001 -0.0014 -0.01
轮辋模型3 0.001 -0.001 -0.0013 -0.012
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工况 整车ΔCd 背部ΔCd
轮辋模型1 -0.008 -0.003
轮辋模型2 -0.009 -0.002
轮辋模型3 -0.012 -0.003
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整车及背部旋转工况风阻系数影响量ΔCd

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工况 整车ΔCd 背部ΔCd
轮辋模型1 -0.008 -0.003
轮辋模型2 -0.009 -0.002
轮辋模型3 -0.012 -0.003
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前轮阻力矩/N·m 后轮阻力矩/N·m 旋转工况下风阻系数降低量
工况 静止 旋转 差值 静止 旋转 差值
轮辋
模型1
-0.679 1.222 1.901 0.073 1.720 1.647 -0.008
轮辋
模型2
0.084 1.698 1.615 0.150 1.765 1.615 -0.010
轮辋
模型3
-0.763 0.981 1.744 0.073 1.793 1.719 -0.012
轮辋
模型4
0.213 2.203 1.990 0.166 1.934 1.768 -0.012
轮辋
模型5
-0.036 1.722 1.759 0.333 1.898 1.565 -0.009
轮辋
模型6
-0.082 1.791 1.873 0.425 1.975 1.550 -0.003
轮辋
模型7
0.224 1.883 1.659 0.492 2.068 1.577 -0.003
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不同轮辋模型前轮和后轮通风阻力矩及影响量

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前轮阻力矩/N·m 后轮阻力矩/N·m 旋转工况下风阻系数降低量
工况 静止 旋转 差值 静止 旋转 差值
轮辋
模型1
-0.679 1.222 1.901 0.073 1.720 1.647 -0.008
轮辋
模型2
0.084 1.698 1.615 0.150 1.765 1.615 -0.010
轮辋
模型3
-0.763 0.981 1.744 0.073 1.793 1.719 -0.012
轮辋
模型4
0.213 2.203 1.990 0.166 1.934 1.768 -0.012
轮辋
模型5
-0.036 1.722 1.759 0.333 1.898 1.565 -0.009
轮辋
模型6
-0.082 1.791 1.873 0.425 1.975 1.550 -0.003
轮辋
模型7
0.224 1.883 1.659 0.492 2.068 1.577 -0.003
), ArticleFig(id=1214589625595773562, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214559557616062968, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况 整车风阻系数降低量 通风阻力矩
影响量/N·m
轮辋
模型1
基础 -0.008 1.647
基础+去除
后轮导风板
-0.010 1.640
轮辋
模型2
基础 -0.010 1.615
基础+去除
后轮导风板
-0.015 1.651
轮辋
模型3
基础 -0.012 1.719
基础+去除
后轮导风板
-0.014 2.014
), ArticleFig(id=1214589625675465340, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214559557616062968, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

后轮导风板对旋转工况下整车风阻系数降低量与通风阻力矩影响量的影响

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工况 整车风阻系数降低量 通风阻力矩
影响量/N·m
轮辋
模型1
基础 -0.008 1.647
基础+去除
后轮导风板
-0.010 1.640
轮辋
模型2
基础 -0.010 1.615
基础+去除
后轮导风板
-0.015 1.651
轮辋
模型3
基础 -0.012 1.719
基础+去除
后轮导风板
-0.014 2.014
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汽车轮辋与车轮旋转降阻关联性分析
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车艳秋 1 , 杨兴龙 1 , 郑镇雨 1 , 刘明哲 2 , 杨雪峰 1 , 张英朝 2
汽车文摘 | 2023,(5): 53-58
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汽车文摘 | 2023, (5): 53-58
汽车轮辋与车轮旋转降阻关联性分析
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车艳秋1 , 杨兴龙1, 郑镇雨1, 刘明哲2, 杨雪峰1, 张英朝2
作者信息
  • 1 一汽奔腾轿车有限公司奔腾开发院, 长春 130000
  • 2 吉林大学, 汽车仿真与控制国家重点试验室, 长春 130022
  • 车艳秋,就职于一汽奔腾,研究方向为汽车空气动力学。E-mail:

Analysis of the Correlation Between Rim and Wheel Rotation Resistance Reduction
Yanqiu Che1 , Xinglong Yang1, Zhenyu Zheng1, Mingzhe Liu2, Xuefeng Yang1, Yingchao Zhang2
Affiliations
  • 1 FAW Car Co., Ltd., Changchun 130000
  • 2 State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and Control, Jilin University, Changchun 130022
出版时间: 2023-05-05 doi: 10.19822/j.cnki.1671-6329.20220258
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通过仿真和风洞试验方法,总结汽车轮辋开口比在车轮旋转工况下对整车风阻的影响规律,并给出产品开发中的轮辋开口比建议值,分析车轮通风阻力矩与整车风阻系数关联性,从而分析车轮旋转降低风阻系数机理。分析结果表明:(1)车轮旋转工况的仿真方法采用旋转壁面法具有可信性;(2)车轮旋转工况下,开口比越小对降低整车风阻越有利,同时会增大旋转工况下整车风阻系数降低量;(3)车轮通风阻力矩影响量越大,越有利于旋转工况下降低整车风阻系数。

空气动力学  /  车轮旋转效应  /  轮辋  /  计算流体力学

Through numerical simulation and wind tunnel test, the influence of the rim opening ratio on the wind resistance of the vehicle under the wheel rotation condition is analyzed, and the recommended value of the rim opening ratio in design and development is given. Meanwhile, the correlation between the moment of ventilation resistance and the vehicle wind resistance is analyzed, and then the mechanism of wheel rotation drag reduction is analyzed. Analysis conclusions can be as following: (1) The simulation method of wheel rotation condition is credible by using the rotating wall method; (2) Under the wheel rotation condition, the smaller the opening ratio is more favorable for the vehicle wind drag reduction, and the difference of the vehicle wind drag coefficient between the rotating condition and the stationary condition will be reduced; (3) The greater the wheel ventilation resistance torque, the more conducive it is to reduce the wind resistance coefficient of the whole vehicle under rotation conditions.

Aerodynamics  /  Wheel rotation effect  /  Rim  /  Computational Fluid Dynamics(CFD)
车艳秋, 杨兴龙, 郑镇雨, 刘明哲, 杨雪峰, 张英朝. 汽车轮辋与车轮旋转降阻关联性分析. 汽车文摘, 2023 , (5) : 53 -58 . DOI: 10.19822/j.cnki.1671-6329.20220258
Yanqiu Che, Xinglong Yang, Zhenyu Zheng, Mingzhe Liu, Xuefeng Yang, Yingchao Zhang. Analysis of the Correlation Between Rim and Wheel Rotation Resistance Reduction[J]. Automotive Digest, 2023 , (5) : 53 -58 . DOI: 10.19822/j.cnki.1671-6329.20220258
随着电动汽车的发展和普及,续驶里程已成为影响用户驾乘体验的关键因素。风阻消耗能量是整车行驶能量消耗的重要组成部分,因此也是影响续驶里程的关键因素之一。目前,国内外整车厂均发布了超低风阻电动汽车。实现更低风阻车型研发,降低行驶阻力中的空气阻力已成为研究热点[1]。据统计,汽车轮腔部位的风阻约占整车风阻力的25%[2]。因此,研究车轮引起的轮腔内风阻损失对于降低整车风阻有重要意义。
通常情况,车轮旋转工况比静止工况测得的整车风阻系数低,无论是独立车轮[3-4]还是整车空气动力学试验[5-6]都有相同的结论。然而,在其他学者研究中,也曾出现车轮旋转工况比静止工况测得的整车风阻系数高[7]或者差异比较小的情况[8]。学术界对于车轮旋转工况降低风阻的机理未达成共识[9-12]。造成车轮旋转工况与静止工况整车风阻差异的原因非常复杂,仍需要各种车型大量试验或仿真数据支撑,才能不断完善这方面相关理论。
以上对于车轮旋转工况下整车风阻的研究多以形体较为简单的标准模型为主,很少涉及包含详细研究底盘和机舱结构的批量生产状态下整车风阻模型。
为了使研究具有实际工程指导意义,本文的研究对象为包含机舱和底盘的整车模型,研究方法包括计算流体动力学(Computational Fluid Dynamics, CFD)仿真分析和全尺寸油泥模型风洞试验。
关于车轮旋转工况CFD仿真方法,目前行业内大多主机厂主要以稳态仿真方法为主。Yu等[13]对比了多种仿真中常见的车轮旋转实现方法,认为2种稳态方法,即旋转壁面法和多重参考系法(Multiple Reference Frame, MRF)在计算整车风阻方面能够模拟出相对准确的结果,但对于升力预测偏差较大。梁继续[14]在研究车轮旋转状态下的流动机理过程中,对比了旋转壁面法和MRF方法,认为旋转壁面法模拟结果更加贴近真实流场,MRF方法会使得车轮附近的局部气流加速,从而产生偏差。谷正气等[15]对包含车轮的整车进行仿真分析时,也同样认为对车轮模拟采用旋转壁面法比MRF更为合理。
根据以上文献分析,本文中车轮旋转CFD仿真方法采用旋转壁面法,并用风洞试验校核该仿真方法精度及工程可信性。
吉林大学的傅立敏、胡兴军等[16-17]对单个车轮不同辐板开孔的车轮模型进行了研究,发现车轮的几何外形对空气动力学特性影响十分显著,应予以充分考虑,并认为风阻系数增加是由涡量增加导致的。Koitrand等[18]通过试验和仿真测试了轮辋不同开口比下整车风阻系数,结果显示,试验和仿真对旋转工况下降低风阻效果具有一致性。
鉴于轮辋设计在车轮旋转工况下对风阻影响较大,本文主要研究轮辋与车轮旋转工况下整车风阻系数降低的关联性。
CFD仿真采用Star CCM+流体分析软件进行稳态仿真计算。研究对象为某自主品牌燃油车SUV在研车型,重要参数设置如表1。其中,CFD仿真模型的体网格加密设置如图1
风洞试验模型为全尺寸油泥模型车,如图2所示。为确保结果具有可对比性,油泥模型车数据与仿真数据保持一致。其中,机舱和底盘部分由同平台车的相应部分改制完成,风洞试验室使用上海同济大学地面交通风洞中心。
本文为研究车型配置3款轮辋模型,分别进行试验和仿真对比分析。
3款轮辋模型分别命名为轮辋模型1、轮辋模型2、轮辋模型3,如图3所示。其中,轮辋模型1处于研发阶段,进行了模糊展示。
对已上市某SUV车型,利用旋转壁面仿真方法和油泥模型风洞试验进行仿真精度对标。仿真和试验内容包括基础工况和部分标准试验工况,用以验证不同工况下,旋转壁面仿真方法的整车仿真精度是否具有可信性。
经过对比分析得到如下结论:
(1)不同工况下,应用旋转壁面仿真方法得到整车仿真精度为97%(图4)。
(2)应用旋转壁面仿真方法预测的风阻系数影响量与油泥模型试验结果趋势一致(图5)。
(3)应用旋转壁面仿真方法预测的不同部位风阻系数影响量与试验数据对比差值小于0.005(图5)。
对于本文研究车型,利用旋转壁面仿真方法和油泥模型风洞试验进行整车风阻系数的仿真精度对标,仿真精度达到97%左右,属于行业较高的水平。对比数据见图6
基于以上结果,针对本文研究车型,应用旋转壁面法预测车轮旋转工况下整车风阻系数具有工程可信性。
通过轮辋模型2不同开口比试验结果以及以往不同车型轮辋封闭式实车风洞试验,分析其对整车风阻系数影响规律,并提出满足产品开发降低风阻需求的轮辋开口比建议方案。
本文中轮辋开口比定义:轮辋Y法线方向镂空部分的投影面积(图7中轮辋白色部分面积)与轮辋规格总面积的比值,图7为轮辋模型2开口比示意。开口比越大,表示轮辋镂空部分的面积越大,即表明车辆行驶中轮辋通过的气流越多,轮腔的气流越不好梳理,不利于整车风阻系数降低。
图8展示了轮辋模型2不同轮辋开口比对应的整车风阻系数变化的油泥模型试验结果。试验结果表明,减小轮辋开口比有利于增大车轮旋转工况下整车风阻系数降低量。
根据图8总结规律如下:
(1)轮辋开口比越小,整车风阻系数影响量越小。
(2)轮辋开口比越大,越有利于增大旋转工况下整车风阻系数降低量。
结合图8分析结果,在车型开发时,为平衡成本、质量、热管理及风阻要求,需合理设计轮辋开口比。具体原则为满足制动片散热要求的前提下,对应电动汽车更低的风阻目标,建议采用小开口比轮辋;传统燃油车应根据油耗目标需求,选取合适的轮辋开口比。
本文结合产品开发项目经验,对轮辋开口比开发建议进行了如下总结:
(1)传统燃油汽车
对于传统燃油汽车,开口比(P)≤25%,为优秀水平,对降低整车风阻有利,可以将轮辋开口比对风阻系数影响量ΔCd控制在0.004,但会相应地增加成本。25%<P<35%为中等水平,也是常规设计状态,可以将轮辋开口对风阻系数影响量ΔCd控制在0.004~0.007。P≥35%,为较差水平。轮辋开口比对整车风阻系数影响量ΔCd会达到0.007以上,对风阻系数要求不高的车型适用,同时可以减轻轮辋质量和降低成本。
(2)电动汽车
对于电动汽车,建议开口比(P)≤15%,可以将轮辋开口比对风阻系数影响量ΔCd控制在0.002以内,满足电动汽车低风阻目标,为提高续驶里程,也会相应地增加成本。表2为轮辋开口比与风阻系数影响量ΔCd的评价表,其中轮辋开口面积的建议以17 英寸轮辋为例。
针对本文研究的某燃油车SUV车型,由表3所示的不同部位旋转工况风阻系数影响量统计结果显示,在车轮旋转工况下,前轮本身表现出增加风阻的效果,后轮则影响较小。整车在车轮旋转工况下降低风阻的效果是前轮增加风阻与其它部位降低风阻综合的结果。
为深入研究旋转工况下轮辋对整车风阻系数影响,选取表3“其它部分”中的背部(尾涡对应的车身部分),统计其风阻系数影响量,将结果列于表4。从统计结果上看,背部阻力变小,即体现为背压增大。
图9为3种轮辋模型随车长变化的风阻系数影响量累积曲线。首先,尽管车身前部,尤其是前轮附近在旋转工况下阻力增加,但是整车风阻累积下来后,3种不同轮辋都产生了降低风阻效果,其中每种轮辋降低风阻效果略有差异。其次,前轮前部产生的风阻增加效果累积至后轮前部区域时,几乎都消失。车身前部及前轮区域因为车轮旋转而产生的风阻差异几乎不会影响到后轮及车身背部,这也与上述分析结果吻合。因此,可以认为旋转工况引起风阻下降的原因主要是后轮,其中气动阻力下降的部位集中在后轮及后轮以后的车身,结果显示旋转状态有利于恢复汽车尾部背压。
通风阻力矩反映车轮在旋转或静止工况下与空气的相互作用程度。通风阻力矩定义为车辆行驶状态中,气流通过轮腔时,车轮围绕其旋转轴所受到的力矩(图10)。
表5统计了本文研究车型中7种轮辋模型的前轮和后轮通风阻力矩(模型中除轮辋不同,其它数据全部保持一致)。其中静止工况下,出现了车轮通风阻力矩为负数的情况,主要是由不同轮辋模型结构,使有些车轮在气流作用下按前进方向旋转导致。车轮旋转工况下,计算得到前轮和后轮通风阻力矩全部为正,表明其作用为阻碍车轮旋转。
表5中的轮辋模型4、轮辋模型5、轮辋模型6、轮辋模型7见图11
静止工况与旋转工况整车风阻系数差值为旋转工况下整车风阻系数影响量ΔCd,静止工况与旋转工况通风阻力矩差值为旋转工况下通风阻力矩影响量。图12为旋转工况下整车风阻系数影响量随前轮和后轮通风阻力矩影响量变化趋势。结果表明,车轮旋转工况,整车风阻影响量ΔCd与前轮通风阻力矩影响量没有明显相关性,而与后轮通风阻力矩影响量有比较明显的关联性,即随着后轮通风阻力矩影响量的增大,整车风阻系数影响量ΔCd增大,但不代表旋转工况降低风阻效果增大。车轮旋转工况下通风阻力矩的增大,表明特定的轮辐结构可以使得车轮旋转引起的车轮与气流相互作用增强,尤其是沿车辆行驶方向车轮与气流相互作用增强。图13(b)中所体现的后车轮通风力矩影响量越大,旋转工况下整车风阻影响量ΔCd越小的趋势就说明了由于车轮与气流相互作用变强,有利于车轮旋转工况降低风阻。这一现象也与前文所述的观点吻合,即车轮旋转工况下,降低风阻效果主要取决于后轮与尾部,与前轮区域几乎没有关联性。
但是,图12(b)中有2个点不符合这一结论,也表明,趋势图只能代表大部分情况下符合趋势所得到的结论,但仍然有部分情况不符合趋势。
为了进一步验证图12(b)所示的趋势,本文设置了一组验证方案,即通过去除后轮导风板,加强气流对后轮作用效果,进而使得后轮通风阻力矩影响量更大。结果如表6所示,轮辋模型2和轮辋模型3模型去除后轮导风板之后,通风阻力矩影响量明显提升,并且整车风阻系数影响量也随之增大,即整车风阻系数降低量与通风阻力矩影响量正相关的关系成立。
综合以上分析,得出如下结论:
(1)车轮旋转工况下,整车风阻系数降低量与后轮通风阻力矩影响量有明显关联性;
(2)随着后轮通风阻力矩影响量增大,即气流与后轮相互作用加强,有利于增大车轮旋转工况风阻系数降低量,但这个结论目前不适合所有车型,后续需要继续深入研究。
(1)车轮旋转工况的仿真方法采用旋转壁面法具有可信性,特别适合轮辋方案设计预测。
(2)轮辋开口比越小,越有利于增大车轮旋转工况下整车风阻系数降低量。所以在产品开发中,应根据风阻目标需求合理地对轮辋开口比进行约束。
(3)通风阻力矩影响量越大,气流在轮胎表面的作用效果越强,越有利于增大车轮旋转工况风阻降低量。
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2023年第卷第5期
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doi: 10.19822/j.cnki.1671-6329.20220258
  • 首发时间:2026-01-04
  • 出版时间:2023-05-05
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    1 一汽奔腾轿车有限公司奔腾开发院, 长春 130000
    2 吉林大学, 汽车仿真与控制国家重点试验室, 长春 130022
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Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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