Article(id=1214559325868183692, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, issueId=1214559322579849322, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19822/j.cnki.1671-6329.20220235, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1767503108705, onlineDateStr=2026-01-04, pubDate=1680624000000, pubDateStr=2023-04-05, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1767503108705, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-01-04, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1767503108705, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767503108705, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1214559322579849322, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, year='2023', volume='', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='62', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1767503107924, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1767503515552, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1214561032366899362, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, issueId=1214559322579849322, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1214561032366899363, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, issueId=1214559322579849322, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=35, endPage=39, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1214559326094676116, articleId=1214559325868183692, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, language=EN, title=Car Zero Gravity Seat Layout and Optimization Design, columnId=1214559323246743660, journalTitle=Automotive Digest, columnName=Special Topic for Selected Papers of China FAW 2022, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With the demand of consumers for buying the second cars, the requirements for the functionality and comfort of cars have increased, especially for the riding comfort of the seat. The traditional car seat system design does not fully consider the user’s rest situation, resulting in poor riding experience in the later stage. Through the analysis of traditional seat layout design in the early stage, the human-machine layout requirements of zero gravity seats are formulated, and the optimization design parameters of zero gravity seat layout are checked, design and development methodologies are effectively summarized. By optimizing the human-machine parameters of zero gravity seats, more use scenarios of seats are added to protect the health of drivers and passengers, zero gravity seats are successfully applied in the market.

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随着消费者购买第2辆汽车的需求增加,消费者对汽车驾乘舒适性要求也逐渐提高,特别对座椅的乘坐舒适性提出了更高要求。传统汽车座椅系统设计没有全面考虑用户的休息情景,造成后期乘坐体验舒适性差。通过前期传统座椅布置设计分析,制定零重力座椅人机布置要求,校核零重力座椅布置优化设计参数,总结了座椅设计开发优化方法。通过改善零重力座椅的人机参数,增添更多座椅使用模式,确保驾乘人员乘坐舒适并成功应用于整车产品市场。

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张程(1984-),男,就职于北汽瑞翔汽车有限公司,研究方向为汽车座椅与被动安全技术。E-mail:

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张程(1984-),男,就职于北汽瑞翔汽车有限公司,研究方向为汽车座椅与被动安全技术。E-mail:

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张程(1984-),男,就职于北汽瑞翔汽车有限公司,研究方向为汽车座椅与被动安全技术。E-mail:

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注:H30:前轴踵点到R点距离;a1:靠背角;a2:臀部角;a3:膝部角;a4:踝部角;a5:坐垫角;a6:小腿角

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注:L1:大腿压入坐垫有效距离;L2:大腿离去点与H点距离;L3:坐垫压陷量;L4:靠背压陷量;L5:靠背压入座椅靠背有效距离;L6:坐垫头枕与人体有效高度;L7:坐垫头枕与人体头部距离

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注:a1:靠背角;a2:臀部角;a3:膝部角;a4:踝部角;a5:坐垫角;a6:小腿角

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注:L8:大腿压入坐垫有效距离;L9:坐垫压陷量,L10:靠背压入座椅靠背有效距离;L11:靠背压陷量;L12:头压入头枕有效长度;L13:头压入头枕有效压陷量;L14:大腿压入腿托有效长度;L15:大腿压入腿托有效压陷量

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参数代号 名称 座椅推荐值 传统设计值
H30 前轴踵点到R点距离/mm 250~405 335±10
a1 靠背角/(°) 20~30 25±2
a2 臀部角/(°) 95~115 100±2
a3 膝部角/(°) 100~145 120±3
a4 踝部角/(°) 87~90 88±1
a5 坐垫角/(°) 12~18 15±1
a6 小腿角/(°) 35~70 45±3
), ArticleFig(id=1214589551100739785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214559325868183692, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

传统座椅人机布置参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数代号 名称 座椅推荐值 传统设计值
H30 前轴踵点到R点距离/mm 250~405 335±10
a1 靠背角/(°) 20~30 25±2
a2 臀部角/(°) 95~115 100±2
a3 膝部角/(°) 100~145 120±3
a4 踝部角/(°) 87~90 88±1
a5 坐垫角/(°) 12~18 15±1
a6 小腿角/(°) 35~70 45±3
), ArticleFig(id=1214589551243346124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214559325868183692, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数代号 名称 传统座椅参数值
L1 大腿压入坐垫有效距离 300~350
L2 大腿离去点与H点距离 285~295
L3 坐垫压陷量 30~45
L4 靠背压陷量 25~30
L5 靠背压入座椅靠背有效距离 460~490
L6 坐垫头枕与人体有效高度 0~10
L7 坐垫头枕与人体头部距离 20~45
), ArticleFig(id=1214589552455499983, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214559325868183692, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

传统座椅布置设计参数 mm

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数代号 名称 传统座椅参数值
L1 大腿压入坐垫有效距离 300~350
L2 大腿离去点与H点距离 285~295
L3 坐垫压陷量 30~45
L4 靠背压陷量 25~30
L5 靠背压入座椅靠背有效距离 460~490
L6 坐垫头枕与人体有效高度 0~10
L7 坐垫头枕与人体头部距离 20~45
), ArticleFig(id=1214589552681992402, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214559325868183692, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数代号 名称 推荐值 零重力座椅设计值
a1 靠背角 40~70 55±2
a2 臀部角 128~145 125±2
a3 膝部角 130~150 138±8
a4 踝部角 90~130 110±6
a5 坐垫角 16~30 24±1
a6 小腿角 25~45 34±3
), ArticleFig(id=1214589552761684184, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214559325868183692, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

零重力座椅人机布置参数 (°)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数代号 名称 推荐值 零重力座椅设计值
a1 靠背角 40~70 55±2
a2 臀部角 128~145 125±2
a3 膝部角 130~150 138±8
a4 踝部角 90~130 110±6
a5 坐垫角 16~30 24±1
a6 小腿角 25~45 34±3
), ArticleFig(id=1214589552841375966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214559325868183692, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数代号 名称 零重力座椅设计值
L8 大腿压入坐垫有效距离 390~420
L9 坐垫压陷量 20~35
L10 靠背压入座椅靠背有效距离 490~510
L11 靠背压陷量 25~30
L12 头压入头枕有效长度 50~90
L13 头压入头枕有效压陷量 2~10
L14 大腿压入腿托有效长度 90~150
L15 大腿压入腿托有效压陷量 2~16
), ArticleFig(id=1214589552916873442, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1214559325868183692, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

零重力座椅布置设计参数 mm

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数代号 名称 零重力座椅设计值
L8 大腿压入坐垫有效距离 390~420
L9 坐垫压陷量 20~35
L10 靠背压入座椅靠背有效距离 490~510
L11 靠背压陷量 25~30
L12 头压入头枕有效长度 50~90
L13 头压入头枕有效压陷量 2~10
L14 大腿压入腿托有效长度 90~150
L15 大腿压入腿托有效压陷量 2~16
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乘用车零重力座椅布置及优化设计
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张程
汽车文摘 | 中国一汽2022年度优秀科技论文专题 2023,(4): 35-39
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汽车文摘 | 中国一汽2022年度优秀科技论文专题 2023, (4): 35-39
乘用车零重力座椅布置及优化设计
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张程
作者信息
  • 北汽瑞翔汽车有限公司汽车研究院, 重庆 401520
  • 张程(1984-),男,就职于北汽瑞翔汽车有限公司,研究方向为汽车座椅与被动安全技术。E-mail:

Car Zero Gravity Seat Layout and Optimization Design
Cheng Zhang
Affiliations
  • Research Institute of BEIJING AUTO RUIXIANG AUTOMOBILE CO., LTD., Chongqing 401520
出版时间: 2023-04-05 doi: 10.19822/j.cnki.1671-6329.20220235
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随着消费者购买第2辆汽车的需求增加,消费者对汽车驾乘舒适性要求也逐渐提高,特别对座椅的乘坐舒适性提出了更高要求。传统汽车座椅系统设计没有全面考虑用户的休息情景,造成后期乘坐体验舒适性差。通过前期传统座椅布置设计分析,制定零重力座椅人机布置要求,校核零重力座椅布置优化设计参数,总结了座椅设计开发优化方法。通过改善零重力座椅的人机参数,增添更多座椅使用模式,确保驾乘人员乘坐舒适并成功应用于整车产品市场。

零重力  /  座椅  /  舒适性  /  人机工程学

With the demand of consumers for buying the second cars, the requirements for the functionality and comfort of cars have increased, especially for the riding comfort of the seat. The traditional car seat system design does not fully consider the user’s rest situation, resulting in poor riding experience in the later stage. Through the analysis of traditional seat layout design in the early stage, the human-machine layout requirements of zero gravity seats are formulated, and the optimization design parameters of zero gravity seat layout are checked, design and development methodologies are effectively summarized. By optimizing the human-machine parameters of zero gravity seats, more use scenarios of seats are added to protect the health of drivers and passengers, zero gravity seats are successfully applied in the market.

Zero gravity  /  Seat  /  Comfort  /  Ergonomics
张程. 乘用车零重力座椅布置及优化设计. 汽车文摘, 2023 , (4) : 35 -39 . DOI: 10.19822/j.cnki.1671-6329.20220235
Cheng Zhang. Car Zero Gravity Seat Layout and Optimization Design[J]. Automotive Digest, 2023 , (4) : 35 -39 . DOI: 10.19822/j.cnki.1671-6329.20220235
缩略语
ZGPS Zero Gravity Position Seat
HPM H-Point Machine
NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration
座椅舒适性一直以来都是消费者购车过程中最关注的要素之一。对于舒适性的追求,也让越来越多的消费者把选车关注点集中在座椅调节功能和娱乐功能上。座椅舒适功能主要包括:独立肩部调节、多挡位通风、柔性气袋按摩、无缝一体式腿托全面支撑、随动头枕、一键调节零压坐姿、自动匹配乘员身高体型及自动进行4个方向的电动调节头枕。提升座椅舒适性包括优化坐垫的尺寸和坐姿深度,满足不同人群的舒适要求。在休息模式或身心放松时,零重力座椅(Zero Gravity Position Seat, ZGPS)能够实现人体零压和悬浮放松感。
零重力座椅指零重力健康姿势座椅,该座椅是各大汽车企业不断改进的新技术。零重力座椅可以最大限度为乘员提供最优舒适性,零重力可狭义理解为坐姿失重。在这种情况下,座椅表面对身体支撑的压力等于自身重力,人会有一种漂浮的感觉,相当于处于失重的环境中。该姿态下人体的重心在臀部,其它各部位压力均衡。该模式下人体会感受到放松、身心愉悦,坐在座椅上有一种遨游太空的感觉。零重力技术核心在于人机工程学在座椅优化设计上的应用,包括人体背面与座椅发泡完美贴合、柔软的座椅面套合理布置。
零重力座椅由座椅四向舒适头枕、座椅舒适靠背总成、舒适坐垫总成和腿托总成组成,如图1所示。零重力座椅四向舒适头枕提供上下和前后调节,满足乘员对头部有效支撑的需求,其尺寸大于普通头枕,在人体躺下后,头部可完全放松。舒适靠背含有柔软的软发泡层,减轻背部硬物感。舒适坐垫可以调整坐垫倾角,使大腿完全贴合于坐垫面。舒适腿托可以有效支撑腿部减少负重感,提高座椅舒适性。
传统座椅设计以H点为基准布置,H点即胯点(HipPoint)。汽车设计时将HPM装置(H-Point Machine, HPM)人体模型按照规范步骤放入汽车座椅中,调整坐姿,座椅坐垫上人体模型大腿与躯干相连的旋转点就是驾乘人员胯关节在车身中的位置,即整车布置车辆设计的参考点[1]H点是汽车车身总布置设计中的基础点,也是座椅系统设计所有尺寸的基准点。
人体处于最佳驾驶坐姿时,体重会得到均衡分配。驾乘人员大腿呈自然前翘的自然放松状态,双脚踵点着地,手臂不承受身体压迫的自然状态下,此布置为驾乘人员人机布置最佳位置。人处于正常坐姿时,身体约75%的重力由座椅坐垫承受,因此座椅的设计必须使得驾乘人员的臀部承受压力均匀分布。人体最佳驾乘坐姿姿态如图2所示。
上海交通大学王正华教授[2]提出提高人体在腰部区域的支撑力度,使人体腰部压力增大,减轻了腰椎所承受的负荷,避免脊柱变形,保持腰部肌肉处于松弛休息状态,从而明显提高驾乘人员的乘坐舒适度。在传统车型布置中,腰部支撑与靠背角密切相关,座椅靠背角成了人机布置第一要素。
从人体生物学角度来看,驾乘人员的最佳坐姿是臀部离开座椅靠背并稍向前移,驾乘人员的上半身和大腿之间的夹角保持95°~115°,大腿和小腿的角度为100°~145°,详细见表1
H30定义为脚踵点至H点的垂直高度,直接影响驾乘人员坐姿感受,影响驾驶员开车时坐姿。坐垫倾角恒定的状况下:H30过大,则5%分位女性驾驶员会产生“悬空”的感觉,坐垫对大腿的挤迫感也会非常明显。H30值过大还会限制使用者脚部活动,导致无法踩加速踏板,会误认为座椅高度设计不合理。H30值过小,驾乘人员大腿部位得不到有效支撑,会产生仪表板过高的错觉,使驾乘人员认为座椅高度不够。
坐垫倾角设计值为坐垫与水平线的角度,直接影响座椅坐垫与地面的倾斜程度。在座椅高度固定的情况下:坐垫倾角a5过大,则坐垫前端大腿离去点过大,对大腿膝窝干涉感明显,大腿不舒适;坐垫倾角a5过小,则坐垫前端大腿离去点过小,大腿有悬空感、支撑不足。
传统座椅设计角度与驾乘舒适度密切相关,结合人机工程学理论,对座椅布置参数和驾乘人员产生疲劳的原因进行总结,降低驾驶疲劳,提高健康舒适性。座椅布置参数如图3所示,该参数是座椅设计关键参数。
通过市场竞品车对标分析,快捷并可靠地提取座椅关键设计参数,应用到产品开发实际布置方案,能够缩短产品开发周期。通过逆向工程技术不仅规范了对标分析基准,而且为后期车型开发丰富了座椅知识数据库[2]
当驾乘人员坐到汽车座椅上时,座椅的舒适感体现在座椅贴合身体的尺寸,包括靠背、臀部和腿部尺寸。传统座椅布置设计参数包括靠背和坐垫压陷量、大腿离去点与H点距离、坐垫头枕与人体有效高度和距离等,详细设计参数见表2
座椅靠背对驾乘人员的腰部和背部进行有效支撑,缓解长时间坐姿不变引起的疲劳。第1支撑在5~6胸椎之间,保证驾乘人员的肩部有所依靠,颈部不会变形。第2支撑在脊柱部位,让驾乘人员在驾驶姿势下也能保证正常的腰曲弧度。
零重力姿势被称为最舒适的乘坐姿势,身体所有部位处于不受外力状态。零重力座椅根据人机工程学设计原理,具有调整座椅的断面和改进座椅骨架调节功能,采用弹性更柔软的泡沫,使身体最大限度地抵抗重力,减轻肌肉骨骼压力,减少横膈膜和脊柱的压力,让身体完全放松并处于自然状态,为驾乘人员提供更加舒适的驾乘体验,人体零重力坐姿如图4所示。
零重力座椅功能实现需要调整座椅参数值,当驾乘人员需要使用零重力坐姿位置时,通过在车辆娱乐按钮或者门板上的物理按钮输入具体角度调整命令,座椅总成控制模块输出信号给座椅电机,座椅电机运动使座椅调整到零重力姿态。
坐垫倾角调节依靠座椅半盆骨架绕靠背旋转中心旋转,采用电机驱动座盆前抬机构,通过前抬功能实现座盆旋转。头枕方案采用四向电动头枕,可以上下前后调节,有利于不同人体头部与头枕的有效接触,并合理支撑头部。为实现座椅腿托功能,腿托总成安装于座椅半盆骨架前端,采用电机驱动腿托内四连杆机构,实现腿托展开与关闭状态,该功能设计主要是方便驾乘人员躺在座椅上休息时候放松身体,同时腿托可前后调节,同时腿托的伸缩距离也可以调节[3]
西华大学李娟[4]采用身体压力分布分析与舒适度量化评分相结合的评价思路,分析了恒定坐姿条件下,座椅靠背和坐垫形面特征与人体关键部位的舒适度关系,并据此提出了座椅初版造型面(Concept A Surface, CAS)人机优化设计建议。体压分布试验结果表明:座椅压力分布值反映压力分布均匀程度,能有效表征驾乘人员身体舒适度。
零重力座椅是基于NASA研究,即当重心足够低,人体脊椎受到的压力越小,舒适感越强。零重力座椅角度定义如表3所示。
吉林大学任金东[5]通过选取一系列人机工程设计有关的人体尺寸统计数据,获得人体尺寸分布边界和人机工程设计的关键人体数据,建立了适合乘用车人机布置参数。
零重力座椅的舒适性评价工具有客观评价工具(图5)和主观评价工具。其中,客观评价工具有H点测量、压力分布、头枕与头部间距的测量、座椅轮廓扫描测量。
主观评价工具主要包括驾乘测试和问卷调查。通过驾乘测试,可以直接感受座椅的动态舒适性,体验在座椅支撑定位下的操作舒适性[3]。实车评价时,通过科学的座椅参数对座椅进行客观评价,保证座椅产品达到最佳舒适状态。
座椅理论轮廓能明显影响驾乘人员身体压分布,座椅中心断面是影响人-车-椅界面舒适性的重要因素[6],零重力座椅布置优化设计以中心断面为基准。验证座椅舒适状态过程如下:将座椅压力测试垫铺设并固定在座椅上方[7],将座椅高度调节器、座椅滑轨、座椅靠背位置调整至零重力座椅状态,被试者在零重力座椅上开始模拟休息姿态,手臂可以自由放置,头部与头枕接触,小腿放置于腿托,进行测试分析。一汽大众杜晓明[7]在以H点为原点的坐标系中,选取人腰部特征点分布上下、前后方向的4个极限点来确定座椅腰部支撑面的位置和调节量,结合人-椅压力分布仿真结果,反求椅背泡沫的初始形面。该正向设计方法能保证人体背部与座椅之间合理的压力分布,使人体背部特征点与变形后靠背特征部位有效贴合,增加座椅的贴合感和支撑性,从而有效提高驾乘人员的舒适性。重庆理工大学肖燕[8]应用人机工程学理论和方法选取了汽车座椅的结构参数,建立了汽车座椅数学模型,导入、设置并定位男性数字人,对给定驾驶员开车姿势下的身体不同部位或整体姿势下的舒适度进行分析,给出符合舒适身体姿态设计参考范围。通过对一定汽车座椅条件下数字人的姿势预测和舒适度分析,使人-车达到最佳匹配状态,为驾乘人员达到最佳舒适度提供参考。
为实现零重力座椅布置,按照文献[9-17]拟定设计参数,可实现人体舒适休息模式,人体舒适休息模式如图6所示。该舒适休息模式解决了座椅给驾乘人员有限固有模式,增添了座椅更多使用场景。
经大量数据测试归纳总结,零重力座椅经过静态舒适性分析和动态舒适性评价,人机工程参数在表4设计范围内,人体最舒适。
传统座椅设计注重安全并且必须满足国家法规要求,座椅设计不仅涉及安全也越来越注重驾乘人员乘坐舒适性。传统座椅由于功能的局限性,当驾乘人员需要休息时,座椅背靠无法对驾乘人员的腰部和背部进行有效支撑,而且更不能提供座椅睡眠姿态。主机厂在零重力座椅设计和布置时,结合传统车成熟的座椅布置参数分析,应用零重力座椅设计理论和实践,优化座椅布置设计参数,然后进行实物模拟验证,通过规范的设计参数实现零重力座椅布置和设计开发,使座椅产品更加舒适。通过主观和客观评价,持续迭代并优化座椅设计,零重力座椅能最大限度保持驾乘人员乘坐时舒适性,因此可以提升整车产品市场竞争力。
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2023年第卷第4期
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doi: 10.19822/j.cnki.1671-6329.20220235
  • 首发时间:2026-01-04
  • 出版时间:2023-04-05
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    北汽瑞翔汽车有限公司汽车研究院, 重庆 401520
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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