Article(id=1200465258373575181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, issueId=1200101437733695669, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19822/j.cnki.1671-6329.20240047, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764142821161, onlineDateStr=2025-11-26, pubDate=1709568000000, pubDateStr=2024-03-05, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764142821161, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764142821161, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764142821161, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200101437733695669, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, year='2024', volume='', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='62', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764056079562, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764225087290, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200810307594613151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, issueId=1200101437733695669, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200810307594613152, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, issueId=1200101437733695669, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1, endPage=8, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200465258637816335, articleId=1200465258373575181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, language=EN, title=Overview on V-Type Engine Products and Technology Developments, columnId=null, journalTitle=Automotive Digest, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To further enhance the performance and technology development of V-type engines in China, technical evolution on combustion formation, intake and exhaust management, efficient turbocharging, fuel injection, cooling and lubrication are analyzed by summarizing the researches of V-type engines of BMW, Mercedes-Benz, Audi, and FAW Hongqi. Meanwhile, the future development directions and strategies for the V-type engine industry and its key technologies are proposed, by fully considering the needs of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality.

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为进一步促进我国V型发动机产品性能提升及核心技术发展,通过对宝马、奔驰、奥迪及一汽红旗等V型发动机产品研发情况的文献资料进行归纳和总结,分析了其在燃烧组织、进排气管理、高效增压、燃油喷射及冷却与润滑等方面的技术发展变化;同时,结合双碳任务需求提出了V型发动机产业及核心技术未来发展与布局方向。

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技术配置 V6TD V8TD V12TD
米勒循环
高压缩比 -
35 MPa缸内直喷
热管理模块 - -
气缸盖集成排气歧管 - -
低摩擦
全工况可变机油泵
双涡轮增压
超高耐温增压器材料
进排气可变配气机构
NVH性能优化
外观精良性提升
), ArticleFig(id=1200465267269694096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1200465258373575181, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

新一代红旗的主要技术配置

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
技术配置 V6TD V8TD V12TD
米勒循环
高压缩比 -
35 MPa缸内直喷
热管理模块 - -
气缸盖集成排气歧管 - -
低摩擦
全工况可变机油泵
双涡轮增压
超高耐温增压器材料
进排气可变配气机构
NVH性能优化
外观精良性提升
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V型发动机产品及技术发展综述
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王德平 1 , 梁贵友 1 , 韩令海 1 , 宫艳峰 1 , 解方喜 2 , 李华 1
汽车文摘 | 2024,(3): 1-8
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汽车文摘 | 2024, (3): 1-8
V型发动机产品及技术发展综述
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王德平1, 梁贵友1, 韩令海1, 宫艳峰1, 解方喜2, 李华1
作者信息
  • 1 中国第一汽车集团有限公司, 长春 130013
  • 2 吉林大学汽车仿真与控制国家重点实验室, 长春 130022
Overview on V-Type Engine Products and Technology Developments
Deping Wang1, Guiyou Liang1, Linghai Han1, Yanfeng Gong1, Fangxi Xie2, Hua Li1
Affiliations
  • 1 China FAW Group Corporation Limited, Changchun, 130013
  • 2 State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and Control, Jilin University, Changchun 130022
出版时间: 2024-03-05 doi: 10.19822/j.cnki.1671-6329.20240047
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为进一步促进我国V型发动机产品性能提升及核心技术发展,通过对宝马、奔驰、奥迪及一汽红旗等V型发动机产品研发情况的文献资料进行归纳和总结,分析了其在燃烧组织、进排气管理、高效增压、燃油喷射及冷却与润滑等方面的技术发展变化;同时,结合双碳任务需求提出了V型发动机产业及核心技术未来发展与布局方向。

V型发动机  /  产品性能  /  技术进展  /  发展展望

To further enhance the performance and technology development of V-type engines in China, technical evolution on combustion formation, intake and exhaust management, efficient turbocharging, fuel injection, cooling and lubrication are analyzed by summarizing the researches of V-type engines of BMW, Mercedes-Benz, Audi, and FAW Hongqi. Meanwhile, the future development directions and strategies for the V-type engine industry and its key technologies are proposed, by fully considering the needs of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality.

V-type engine  /  Product performance  /  Technology development  /  Perspectives
王德平, 梁贵友, 韩令海, 宫艳峰, 解方喜, 李华. V型发动机产品及技术发展综述. 汽车文摘, 2024 , (3) : 1 -8 . DOI: 10.19822/j.cnki.1671-6329.20240047
Deping Wang, Guiyou Liang, Linghai Han, Yanfeng Gong, Fangxi Xie, Hua Li. Overview on V-Type Engine Products and Technology Developments[J]. Automotive Digest, 2024 , (3) : 1 -8 . DOI: 10.19822/j.cnki.1671-6329.20240047
V型发动机是用于豪华品牌车辆的高端发动机,也是车企技术先进性的一项重要标志[1]。V型发动机将气缸分成2组,将相邻气缸以一定夹角布置在一起,从侧面看气缸呈V字形布置的发动机。这样便于通过扩大气缸直径来提高排量和功率并适用于较高的气缸数[2]。现代汽车重视空气动力学性能,要求汽车迎风面积越小越好,也就要求发动机舱越低越好,V型发动机在这方面优势明显。并且,如果将发动机长度缩短,能为乘员舱留出更大的空间,提高乘坐舒适性。此外,V型发动机气缸对向布置,还可抵消一部分振动,使发动机运转更平顺[3]。但V型发动机的缺点是必须使用2个气缸盖,结构较为复杂、成本较高。另外,其宽度加大后,发动机两侧空间较小,不适合再布置其他装置[4]。几十年来,国内外主要豪华品牌汽车公司为了提高V型发动机的性能做了大量研发工作,并推出了多个系列产品[5]
为推动我国V型发动机产品性能及技术的进步,通过对宝马、奔驰、奥迪及一汽红旗V型发动机产品及技术应用情况进行综述,分析了其在燃烧组织、进排气管理、高效增压、燃油喷射及冷却与润滑等方面的技术发展现状,并对低/零碳化、电动化汽车产业需求下的V型发动机未来发展进行展望,旨在为我国V型发动机产业发展及核心技术的布局方向提供指导和参考。
20世纪50年代开始,宝马汽车公司502 Barock-engel和507 Roadster车型就开始使用V8汽油发动机。2018年,通过不断改进全可变气门机构“VALVETRONIC”和涡轮增压系统,新款V8发动机功率能够达到390 kW[6]图1所示为宝马V8发动机发展演变过程。同时,宝马公司的7系M760Li型轿车一直匹配V12发动机,而且宝马旗下劳斯莱斯品牌全系均为V12发动机[7]。此外,宝马经典的V12发动机S70/2还装配在迈凯伦F1赛车上,该发动机排量为6.1 L,最大功率为461 kW(7 400 r/min),峰值扭矩为650 N·m(5 600 r/min),最高转速为7 600 r/min。目前,宝马最新的V12发动机编号为N74TU,其排量为6.6 L,采用双涡轮增压,最大功率为448 kW、峰值扭矩为800 N·m。这款发动机目前已装配在M760Li xDrive 车型上。该款车型的0~100 km/h加速时间仅为3.7 s,最高时速可达305 km/h。
2008年以来,除了不断推进全可变气门机构“VALVETRONIC”应用外,宝马公司对涡轮增压系统也做出了重大改进,通过采用“Hot-V”增压器布置方案,优化了宝马V型发动机性能[8]
废气涡轮增压器经过完全重新设计和优化匹配,实现了发动机的性能目标,低速扭矩性能尤其出色。通过双涡轮增压器和可变凸轮轴正时系统组合应用,改善缸内废气率,同时改善了泵气损失,降低了发动机燃油消耗。废气涡轮增压器的废气旁通阀设计为一体式部件。
为了满足严格的排放法规,宝马V8双涡轮增压发动机匹配中置燃油喷射系统,每个气缸组均配备最新一代高压燃油泵,使燃油喷射压力高达35 MPa(前代车型:20 MPa),2个高压燃油泵通过新设计的排气凸轮轴驱动,如图2所示。
宝马V8汽油发动机采用新型点火系统,点火能量增加40%以上,点火电压范围增加30%以上,改善了燃料-空气混合物的点火性能,这种增强的点火系统使得发动机的输出扭矩也显著增加[8]
为了减少发动机机油和部件温度升高引起的壁面热损失和摩擦,改善燃油消耗,宝马公司在模块化设计技术中使用了分体式冷却技术,如图3所示。除了带有集成排气歧管的气缸盖外,在冷却系统的设计中,为气缸盖和曲轴箱设计了可实现单独冷却的冷却回路。集成在热管理模块中的电动分流冷却阀能够调节从气缸流入曲轴箱的体积流量。根据不同的气缸壁温度,按需设置为零流量、3种中间流量或全流量[9]
2015年,奔驰公司推出了2款4.0 L的V8发动机M177 LS1和M178,分别用于AMG C63和AMG GT车型。2016年,其发动机家族又增加了一个变体,用于AMG G系列的M176。后期,奔驰公司推出用于E级和S级的M177 LS2,扭矩从700 N·m增加到900 N·m,功率从375 kW增加到450 kW,且具有停缸功能[10]。随着动力输出的增加,该系列发动机也在AMG GTR跑车领域得到了进一步应用。2017年,奔驰公司推出了V12发动机,该发动机冲程增加了12.2 mm,最终排量达到7.3 L,发动机最大功率为386 kW,峰值扭矩为750 N·m。这款发动机随后被意大利超级跑车制造商帕加尼购买并使用到Zonda系列跑车上。
为了降低泵气损失,减少发动机的燃油消耗,奔驰公司开发了一种机械气门升程调节系统(Camtronic),是戴姆勒集团CCT模块化系统的一部分,结构如图4所示。该系统可以通过执行器来操作进气和排气凸轮轴上的可移动凸轮实现停缸,通过停用V8发动机系列的气缸组1的气缸2和气缸3以及气缸组2的气缸5和气缸8实现,从而使得发动机在相同扭矩输出下,燃油消耗率降低。8缸和4缸工作模式之间的最大切换速度为3 250 r/min[11]
为了提高输出功率,重新设计了涡轮增压器。针对单涡轮增压器的功率输出不足,提出了双涡轮方案,如图5所示。该方案具有输出功率高,响应良好的特点。为了实现双涡轮增压器的最佳运行,交替向每个涡轮提供排气脉冲,并与指定的点火顺序相结合。同时对排气管进行了优化配对,以实现良好的响应及降低气缸间的交叉影响[11]
为了增加进气道的流速,加快可燃混合物的形成,并在火花塞区域提供浓度适度的均匀混合气,奔驰公司对进气道端口的横截面形状进行了重新设计。设计的重点在于增加进气滚流运动以及在点火区域的滚流破碎,滚流、湍流水平的变化如图6所示。增加的湍流水平还可提高部分负荷时残余废气的容忍度,允许更高的内部废气再循环,有助于减少节流效应,降低油耗[11]
奔驰V8发动机采用了Mercedes-Benz BlueDIRECT燃烧系统,结合多火花点火、压电喷油器(位于燃烧室中央),以满足喷雾引导系统在油耗、排放和燃烧稳定性方面的要求。燃油喷射系统使用了外开式Bosch HDEV4.2压电式喷油器,其特点是喷射稳定性高,混合物形成良好。
为了满足豪华轿车的噪声和振动舒适度要求,对多个部件进行了NVH优化。利用一个专门设计的声学发动机罩来控制向上的噪声辐射。通过使用贴近发动机的复合材料油底壳罩,进一步改善了噪声辐射。还对高压燃油泵、进气系统和涡轮增压器采取了NVH措施,具体结构如图7所示[11]
2016年,奥迪在RS5车型中使用了新款3.0 L排量的V6 TFSI发动机,该发动机具有2个涡轮增压器,可实现更短的气体流道和更快的响应能力,在1 900~5 000 r/min的转速范围内可以输出600 N·m的扭矩[12]。2019年,奥迪推出了搭载电动压气机(Electrically Powered Compressor,EPC)的新款3.0 L V6 TDI Gen.3,该发动机输出功率为257 kW,最大扭矩为700 N·m。其结合了单级废气涡轮增压、电动压气机以及48 V轻度混合动力系统,使整个转速范围内的动力响应更加快速,性能满足新的WLTP和RDE测试循环许可条件以及EU 6d TEMP排放标准[13]
自2007年起,兰博基尼Gallardo和奥迪R8就开始使用奥迪V10汽油发动机,并展示了卓越的驾驶性能。奥迪R8 LMS赛车凭借此动力系统,在知名的耐力赛中赢得了超过20个冠军头衔。2014年,奥迪公司通过优化进气系统和配气机构,在现有直喷系统的基础上引入进气道燃油喷射,并且采用了新一代发动机控制单元,推出了新款V10汽油发动机。该发动机排量为5.2 L、最大输出功率为449 kW(8 250 r/min)、最大转速为8 700 r/min,并且能够满足EU6排放限值[14]
为了获得更好的扭矩性能以及出色的动态响应能力,奥迪3.0 L V6 TFSI EA839发动机采用了HSI(Hot Side Inside)设计和双涡轮增压技术[15],如图8所示。HSI技术的特点是气缸盖具有一体式的排气歧管(Integral Exhaust Manifold,IEM),气缸盖的进气口呈现喇叭形状且进气歧管在气缸盖的外侧,这种设计的主要目的是使进气路径最短。为了实现动态增压压力的快速建立,配备了双涡轮增压技术。涡轮增压器安装在气缸V型布置夹角内,与IEM技术相结合能够实现缩短排气路径、降低流量损失的目的。涡轮增压器上的2个废气旁通阀能够实现增压压力可调和催化转化器的快速预热。
为了提高发动机效率,3.0L V6 TFSI发动机在进气侧使用了奥迪可变气门控制系统实现米勒(Miller)循环,结合中间布置的喷油器能够在小负荷下产生足够的湍流并具有良好的废气耐受性。喷油器在中心位置有利于小气门升程对燃烧室内部流动的影响。喷油器的中心布置还可给进气侧腾出更多的空间,有助于开发出更佳的燃烧室形状来弥补小气门升程的弊端[15]
为在低速行驶工况下改善混合气的形成以及满足EU6排放标准中的颗粒物限制,V10发动机在直喷系统中配备了进气道燃油喷射系统。为了保证两个喷射系统独立运行,即使在气道喷射模式下,高压泵也要保持燃油循环,这样可以冷却高压泵,防止形成燃油蒸汽[16]
为降低油耗并优化暖机过程,V6 TFSI 发动机采用了新型的热管理系统,如图9所示[15]。水泵布置在发动机缸体前端,带有离合器,由V形皮带驱动。冷却液由发动机中部向左右两侧分配到发动机缸体和气缸盖的冷却回路中。涡轮增压器、机油冷却器和乘员舱加热由气缸盖冷却回路作为热源。通过发动机缸体的冷却液流量不超过总冷却液流量的25%,节温器采用低流阻电加热节温器。在部分负荷运行中,采用105 ℃的最佳水温。在冷起动时,通过关闭水泵,使冷却液停止循环,在此阶段,热交换器通过将油与水侧隔离来加速机油预热。在暖机阶段,热量流经IEM,气缸盖中的冷却液工作温度可更快达到要求。当发动机达到设定的工作温度,缸体开关阀就会打开,冷却液再流过缸盖和发动机缸体。
为满足严格的排放要求,实现良好的动力性和经济性,3.0L V6 TDI Gen.3采用了单级废气涡轮增压和电动压气机技术[17],如图10所示。涡轮增压器吸入的新鲜空气通过增压压力输送到发动机左侧至车载增压空气冷却器的管道。冷却的增压空气根据所需的动态响应通过一个节流阀流向EPC或者发动机。如果在起动和加速时请求EPC的支持,则阀门关闭直接流向发动机的气流,并将涡轮增压器压缩的增压空气输送至EPC,EPC将增压空气进行二次压缩。之后,增压空气与高压EGR直接混合,然后通过带有中央涡流控制阀瓣的双流进气歧管流向气缸。通过EPC的使用,最大空气质量流量提高,不仅直接增加了发动机最大扭矩,涡轮增压器的压力建立速度也大大加快,提前达到最大进气压力,发动机扭矩攀升率显著增加。
为增加进气流量并保持较低的进气压力损失,奥迪V10发动机采用了双侧独立的进气系统,并优化了车身结构内的原始空气管道。为进一步提升性能,优化了进、排气门升程曲线,并将进气道长度减少了10 mm。在排气侧,燃烧室设计了导向结构,使排气更流畅,这也有助于减少换气过程中的节流损失,降低残余废气系数[18],如图11所示。
丰田公司曾推出一款排量为5.0 L的V12发动机(1GZ-FE),应用在1997~2017年生产的第二代丰田世纪车型上。2018年通用汽车也推出了一款4.2 L双涡轮直喷双顶置凸轮轴V8发动机,该发动机专为凯迪拉克CT6 V-Sport顶级轿车使用[19]
跑车公司对V型高端发动机的研发也极为关切。自保时捷推出V8涡轮增压Cayenne和Panamera发动机之后,就开始为其公司顶级车辆提供动力。2016年,Panamera中的新型4 L排量的V8双涡轮发动机功率达到404 kW,扭矩达到770 N·m[20]。1999年,阿斯顿.马丁公司首次将V12发动机引入DB7型超级跑车中。2016年,伴随着DB11型超级跑车的推出,新款双涡轮5.2 L V12发动机的功率输出达到了同级领先水平,并且能够满足污染物排放指标要求[21]。鉴于在F1赛事中的成功表现,法拉利公司将赛车项目中的技术应用在民用超级跑车上。1992年,法拉利公司推出了一款排量为6.0 L的V12发动机(F140),其最大功率达485 kW,峰值扭矩达657 N·m。法拉利ENZO是首款搭载F140发动机的车型。在最新推出的812 Competizione系列中,这款F140发动机最新版本排量增至6.5 L,功率和扭矩分别为610 kW和692 N·m。
为填补国内高端V型发动机的产品空白,一汽红旗在国内率先开展了相关产品和技术研发工作。经过多年的努力,目前形成了三代V型6缸、V型8缸、V型12缸3个基础平台产品,排量覆盖3.0~6.0 L,支撑了红旗高级、豪华、礼宾等6款顶级车型产品。图12所示为一汽红旗主要V型发动机产品谱系。
围绕V型发动机动力性、排放性、安全性及舒适性等高端目标定位,一汽红旗突破了多项关键核心技术,全新V型发动机升功率超过120 kW/L,升扭矩超过230 N·m/L,且热效率达到39.02%,达到了国际领先水平。表1所示为红旗三代V型发动机的主要技术配置。图13所示为红旗V型发动机与其他品牌发动机性能对比。
高动力性是高端V型发动机的重要技术指标,红旗发动机创新采用高分离双流道增压器、非对称交叉排气歧管、短进气道与小气门夹角极限设计、低阻力文丘里气门座圈技术及高滚流与高流通能力进气道构型设计,如图14图15所示,实现了V型米勒循环发动机1 800 kg/h超高气流量和120 kW/L超大升功率的目标需求。
同时,针对V型发动机点火间隔不均匀导致的各缸换气差异问题,采用了单缸负荷控制方案,设计了非均匀进排气型线,协同各缸的进气量、空燃比、残余废气系数及燃烧状态等,使各缸之间的负荷差异显著降低。如图16所示,通过一致性设计优化,方案二使各缸负荷差异显著改善,提高了发动机NVH水平。
V型机高功率需求必然会使燃油喷射量增大,易于诱发油-气混合不均匀及喷雾碰壁问题,红旗发动机采用了35 MPa高压喷射,并创新设计了非均匀喷油孔径与锥角的油-气混合技术,如图17所示。喷油器喷孔按布置形状分为了头部、肩部、腰部和尾部4个部分,头部喷孔采用小孔径设计,肩部喷孔采用大孔径设计,腰部喷孔为小孔径,尾部喷孔为大孔径,调节整体喷油器流量。
高动力V型发动机结构强度设计极为困难和复杂,一方面高动力需求对发动机缸体、缸盖等的强度提出了更高的要求,另一方面为了整车搭载的便利,其空间尺寸又极为受限,一汽红旗提出了分区定位高强度高刚度设计方案,依据缸体砂型铸造生产的顺序凝固特点,采用冷铁进行分区性能强化。并且,针对缸体铸造砂芯产气量大易导致气孔类缺陷问题,创新研发出无温差整体制芯技术,降低了砂芯的含气量,显著改善了铸件质量。图18所示为新旧V型发动机缸体表面质量对比。
同时,针对V型机普遍存在的缸体、缸盖等关键部件热负荷偏高的行业难题,采用了基于阶梯换热理论的环绕式缸体水套和宽域缸间冷却结构,实现了高动力发动机缸体分区精准冷却。并且,采用了多流道量化可调一体式全横流气缸盖冷却水套技术,通过结构设计实现冷却液流量和流速的“按需分配”,实现了气缸盖水套的小体积、高流速、全横流强化冷却。
长期以来,电控系统开发是我国发动机开发领域的薄弱环节,为提高V型发动机及搭载整车的工作安全性及需求特殊性,一汽红旗采用了基于CANFD的双电子控制器单元(Electronic Control Unit, ECU)联控架构,如图19所示,针对缸间做功不均衡难题设计了缸点火修正与喷油修正策略;同时,构建了以1/2缸断缸效率为单元的多级扭矩速降技术,进一步提升了扭矩控制精度。
作为豪华汽车品牌的主要标志,宝马、奔驰、奥迪、一汽红旗等国内外重要汽车厂商均长期将V型发动机视为核心关键产品,并基于发动机燃烧、增压、换气、混合气形成及冷却与润滑等方面的持续优化改进,实现发动机性能水平的不断提升和进步。为推动我国自主V型发动机产品性能的进一步提升,相关发动机本体优化技术仍需进一步精细化发展。
面向碳达峰、碳中和全球性任务,V型发动机若想延续其技术引领和领导地位,需要加快在低/零碳化道路上的进步与发展,积极推进其关键部件电动化、动力系统混动化及低/零碳燃料替代应用化的发展,实现V型发动机更加高效与低/零碳化运转工作。
本文主要综述了V型发动机本体性能提升相关的燃烧系统优化、缸内气流运动组织、燃油喷射及高效冷区与润滑等方面的技术发展情况。针对整机排放控制技术、关键部件电动化技术及动力系统整体混动化技术等方面的论述不足,今后将进一步进行相关方面的归纳总结与补充。
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doi: 10.19822/j.cnki.1671-6329.20240047
  • 首发时间:2025-11-26
  • 出版时间:2024-03-05
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    1 中国第一汽车集团有限公司, 长春 130013
    2 吉林大学汽车仿真与控制国家重点实验室, 长春 130022
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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