Article(id=1200389248433115427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, issueId=1200389247694926385, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19822/j.cnki.1671-6329.20240015, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764124698979, onlineDateStr=2025-11-26, pubDate=1730736000000, pubDateStr=2024-11-05, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764124698979, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764124698979, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764124698979, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200389247694926385, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, year='2024', volume='', issue='11', pageStart='1', pageEnd='62', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764124698804, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764224941530, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200809696245436912, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, issueId=1200389247694926385, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200809696245436913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, issueId=1200389247694926385, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=53, endPage=57, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200389249162924326, articleId=1200389248433115427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, language=EN, title=Analysis of Radiation Emission Test Problems of Parking Auxiliary System Controller, columnId=1200389248483455538, journalTitle=Automotive Digest, columnName=Selected Papers of SAECCE 2024, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

A single frequency point of 2.625 GHz exceeded the limit when the controller of parking auxiliary system carried out radiatied emission test of components, which did not meet the requirements of Electromagnetic Compatibility(EMC) Specs. By checking and analyzing the near and far field of the whole test link and Printed Circuit Board(PCB), it is found that the source of the noise is the Ethernet clock signal on PCB, and the clock and corresponding chip are not applied in this parking auxiliary system. The clock signal is radiated through the unintentional antenna formed by the broken line on the PCB board, resulting in the radiatied emission exceeding the limit. The reason why the radiation emission exceeded limits, and the process of discovering is described in detail, combined with theory and practice. By updating relevant software, turn off the clock driver, the problem of exceeding the limit of radiation emissied is solved at a low cost.

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零部件辐射发射测试时泊车辅助系统控制器在2.625 GHz单频点出现频点超标问题,不符合零部件电磁兼容性(EMC)设计规范要求。为了详细分析问题产生原因,通过对整个测试链路及印刷电路板(PCB)进行远、近场排查分析,最终定位噪声源头为泊车辅助系统控制器内部冗余未应用的千兆以太网时钟信号,该时钟信号通过PCB上断折线形成的无意天线对外辐射,从而导致辐射发射测试超标。通过采用更新软件,关闭该时钟驱动,低成本解决了泊车辅助系统控制器辐射发射超标问题。

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排查过程 测试结果 备注
试验设备及场地确认 - 排除场地影响
断开4路摄像头 不通过 排除摄像头影响
断开4路摄像头及8路雷达 不通过 排除雷达影响
仅保留控制器电源,断开其他所有线束 不通过 排除信号线影响
在序号4的基础上取消外壳
接地
不通过 排除接地影响
在序号5的基础上进行控制器外壳屏蔽处理 通过 确认失效真因
在序号6的基础上增加外壳
接地
通过 确认接地不影响测试结果
), ArticleFig(id=1200389255102058925, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1200389248433115427, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

排查结果汇总

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
排查过程 测试结果 备注
试验设备及场地确认 - 排除场地影响
断开4路摄像头 不通过 排除摄像头影响
断开4路摄像头及8路雷达 不通过 排除雷达影响
仅保留控制器电源,断开其他所有线束 不通过 排除信号线影响
在序号4的基础上取消外壳
接地
不通过 排除接地影响
在序号5的基础上进行控制器外壳屏蔽处理 通过 确认失效真因
在序号6的基础上增加外壳
接地
通过 确认接地不影响测试结果
), ArticleFig(id=1200389255219499438, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1200389248433115427, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
对策方案 验证结果 成本分析
千兆以太网芯片上件 通过 增加成本
通过软件关闭时钟驱动 通过 不增加成本
控制器外壳缝隙屏蔽优化 通过 增加成本
时钟总线末端接电阻 通过 需改版
), ArticleFig(id=1200389255378882992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1200389248433115427, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

失效对策方案汇总

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
对策方案 验证结果 成本分析
千兆以太网芯片上件 通过 增加成本
通过软件关闭时钟驱动 通过 不增加成本
控制器外壳缝隙屏蔽优化 通过 增加成本
时钟总线末端接电阻 通过 需改版
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泊车辅助系统控制器辐射发射测试失效分析
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孙志颖 , 武晓宇 , 付国良
汽车文摘 | 2024中国汽车工程学会年会优秀论文专题 2024,(11): 53-57
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汽车文摘 | 2024中国汽车工程学会年会优秀论文专题 2024, (11): 53-57
泊车辅助系统控制器辐射发射测试失效分析
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孙志颖, 武晓宇, 付国良
作者信息
  • 广州汽车集团股份有限公司汽车工程研究院, 广州 511434
Analysis of Radiation Emission Test Problems of Parking Auxiliary System Controller
Zhiying Sun, Xiaoyu Wu, Guoliang Fu
Affiliations
  • GAC Group Automotive Engineering Research Institute, Guangzhou 511434
出版时间: 2024-11-05 doi: 10.19822/j.cnki.1671-6329.20240015
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零部件辐射发射测试时泊车辅助系统控制器在2.625 GHz单频点出现频点超标问题,不符合零部件电磁兼容性(EMC)设计规范要求。为了详细分析问题产生原因,通过对整个测试链路及印刷电路板(PCB)进行远、近场排查分析,最终定位噪声源头为泊车辅助系统控制器内部冗余未应用的千兆以太网时钟信号,该时钟信号通过PCB上断折线形成的无意天线对外辐射,从而导致辐射发射测试超标。通过采用更新软件,关闭该时钟驱动,低成本解决了泊车辅助系统控制器辐射发射超标问题。

电磁兼容  /  辐射发射  /  时钟  /  谐波

A single frequency point of 2.625 GHz exceeded the limit when the controller of parking auxiliary system carried out radiatied emission test of components, which did not meet the requirements of Electromagnetic Compatibility(EMC) Specs. By checking and analyzing the near and far field of the whole test link and Printed Circuit Board(PCB), it is found that the source of the noise is the Ethernet clock signal on PCB, and the clock and corresponding chip are not applied in this parking auxiliary system. The clock signal is radiated through the unintentional antenna formed by the broken line on the PCB board, resulting in the radiatied emission exceeding the limit. The reason why the radiation emission exceeded limits, and the process of discovering is described in detail, combined with theory and practice. By updating relevant software, turn off the clock driver, the problem of exceeding the limit of radiation emissied is solved at a low cost.

Electromagnetic Compatibility(EMC)  /  Radiatied emission  /  Clock  /  Harmonic waves
孙志颖, 武晓宇, 付国良. 泊车辅助系统控制器辐射发射测试失效分析. 汽车文摘, 2024 , (11) : 53 -57 . DOI: 10.19822/j.cnki.1671-6329.20240015
Zhiying Sun, Xiaoyu Wu, Guoliang Fu. Analysis of Radiation Emission Test Problems of Parking Auxiliary System Controller[J]. Automotive Digest, 2024 , (11) : 53 -57 . DOI: 10.19822/j.cnki.1671-6329.20240015
随着国家对新能源智能网联汽车的持续投入,汽车智能化程度越来越高,其中智能泊车辅助系统是广大消费者购车考量的指标之一。泊车辅助系统提升了用户的使用便利性和驾驶体验,但也给整车电磁兼容(Electromagnetic Compatibility, EMC)性能开发带来了考验。为了保障整车各功能的可靠性,整车企业对零部件开发设计进行严格管控,及时定位并解决各种电磁兼容故障问题,力求满足电磁兼容设计规范。目前,对智能泊车辅助系统电磁兼容故障排查和整改的研究多集中于硬件电路调整,本文分析零部件辐射发射失效的问题,旨在为行业内智能泊车辅助系统的电磁兼容故障排除提供了一种快速低成本的解决思路。
自动泊车辅助系统主要由控制器、高清摄像头、超声波雷达、动力执行模块以及人机交互模块等组成。摄像头、雷达等传感器对车辆周边环境信息实现360°扫描,获取车辆周围的各种信息,并通过感知融合算法对多传感器数据进行特征提取和数据融合,传输至控制器模块[1-2]。本文的泊车辅助系统由泊车控制器和分布在车身周围的4颗摄像头及车辆前后的8颗雷达组成,通过CAN总线、以太网与车载电子控制器单元(Electronic Control Unit, ECU)进行通信及图像传输,实现半自动泊车辅助和智能泊车等功能。其系统原理框图见图1
图1中,双倍速率同步动态随机存储器(Double Data Rate Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory, DDR SDRAM)为具有双倍数据传输率的SDRAM,其数据传输速度为系统时钟频率的2倍,由于速度增加,其传输性能优于传统的SDRAM。嵌入式多媒体卡存储器(embeded Multi-Media Card, eMMC),是由MMC协会所订立的内嵌式存储器标准规格;媒体独立接口(Medium Independent Interface, MII),支持10 Mbps和100 Mbps操作,数据位宽为4位;精简MII(Reduced MII, RMII)是MII的简化版,数据位宽为2位;千兆MII(Gigabit MII, GMII)支持10 Mbps、100 Mbps、1 000 Mbps的操作,数据位宽为8位;精简GMII(Reduced GMII, RGMII)即GMII的简化版,数据位宽为4位,1 000 Base T1为千兆车载以太网。
随着汽车自动驾驶技术的快速发展,汽车上的摄像头、雷达等传感器数量不断增加,终端应用场景逐渐增多,需要传输的数据量呈爆发式增长,同时安全性要求也极为苛刻,传统的汽车数据传输网络已难以满足汽车数据的传输需求[3]
车载以太网具有传输速率高、抗电磁干扰能力强等优势,与其他总线技术相比,以太网可以使用非屏蔽双绞线进行数据传输,显著地降低了整车质量和线束成本。以太网结构框架如图2所示,虚框表示中央处理器(Central Processing Unit, CPU),媒体访问控制层协议(Media Access Control, MAC)集成在CPU中,物理层(Physical Layer,PHY)芯片通过MII接口与CPU上的MAC连接。
MAC由硬件控制器及MAC通信协议构成;PHY是IEEE 802.3中定义的一个标准模块,MAC或CPU通过MII管理接口(MII Manage Interface,MIIM)对PHY的行为、状态进行管理和控制,而具体管理和控制动作通过读写端口物理层(Port Physical Layer, PHY)内部的寄存器实现。GMII采用8位接口数据,工作时钟频率为125 MHz,因此传输速率可达1 000 Mbps。与GMII相比,RGMII信号线减半,但发送时钟(Transmit Clock, TXC)和接收时钟(Receive Clock, RXC)的工作频率仍为125 MHz。
目前零部件辐射发射测试方法参考GB/T 18655—2018《车辆、船和内燃机无线电骚扰特性用于保护车载接收机的限值和测量方法》[4]进行台架布置,同时各频段发射量要满足整车企业标准的要求。GB/T 18655对不同无线电业务频段进行了划分和定义,同时整车企业根据车型架构配置及目标市场需求给出了各频段对应的限值要求,确保上市的整车电磁兼容性能符合法规要求。汽车零部件辐射发射布置示意如图3所示。
泊车辅助系统在进行零部件辐射发射测试时,泊车辅助控制器应放在高于接地参考平面(50±5)mm的绝缘支架板上。同时外壳与接地平面搭接,接地线长度≤150 mm。
测试线束总长度应为(1 700+300/-0)mm,与接地参考平面前端平行的线束长度应为(1 500±75)mm,线束弯曲半径应该为90°~135°,线缆应放在高于参考平面50 mm的绝缘支架上。
摄像头及雷达传感器应放在高于接地参考平面(50±5)mm的绝缘支架板上,外壳与接地平板保持绝缘,CAN通信及以太网(仅百兆以太网通信,千兆以太网未使用)光电转换模块同样放置在绝缘支撑上,另一端的光电转换模块以及连接的笔记本电脑放置在暗室外。
泊车辅助系统供电方式为:泊车控制器电源线通过人工网络(Artificial Networks, AN)后再与蓄电池连接,系统中的摄像头和雷达传感器由泊车控制器进行供电。
在进行零部件辐射发射测试时,1 GHz以下天线对准线束中间,1 GHz以上天线对准被测样品,同时不同频段需使用不同的天线,频段与天线的对应方式如下:单极天线频段为150 kHz~30 MHz;双锥天线频段为30 ~200 MHz;对数周期天线频段为200~1 000 MHz;喇叭天线频段为1 000 ~6 000 MHz。
在进行泊车辅助系统零部件辐射发射测试时,在1~6 GHz频段,测试数据存在多个频点超出整车企业限值要求的情况,本文仅以2.625 GHz频点进行分析,因为此频点超标原因容易被忽视。
(1)失效现象:2.625 GHz平均值超出限值约6 dB,不满足整车企业限值要求且频谱是单根超标,属于典型的窄带辐射发射问题。
(2)问题排查:对于外壳为屏蔽体的产品来说,辐射发射超标可能由以下2种原因导致:一种是产品外壳的屏蔽性能不完善;另一种是射频干扰经由电源线和信号线逸出[5]。排查辐射发射超标的方法:逐步拔掉被测器件(Device Under Test, DUT)工作时不必要的线束,或者将线束长度减小至最短,只留下DUT的供电电源线,重新进行测试,如果试验结果没有任何改善,则可以考虑是产品外壳屏蔽性能不完善导致的超标;如果试验结果有改善,则有可能是经由线束发射出的干扰导致的超标;如果针对以上2种原因均采取了必要措施后,试验结果仍没有改善,则超标的数据有可能是产品上其他连接接线缆的问题所导致。
根据零部件辐射发射测试失效的问题排查流程,按照背景噪声、外围设备、接地、外壳屏蔽等影响因素的顺序,依次进行验证:
(1)首先对试验设备及试验场地背景噪声进行排查,环境噪声电平低于限值6 dB以上,可以排除场地对试验结果的影响。
(2)断开摄像头、雷达传感器等外围设备的线束,只保留泊车辅助系统控制器的电源,并重新进行辐射发射测试,试验结果不通过,可以排除外围设备和线束导致辐射发射试验超标的原因。
(3)在第2步的基础上,对泊车控制器的外壳取消接地线后,重新进行测试,试验结果依旧不通过,可以排除接地影响。
(4)在第3步的基础上,对泊车控制器的外壳用铜箔加强屏蔽后,重新进行测试,试验结果通过,可以确认在2.625 GHz频点超出限值是由泊车控制器本体导致。
远场排查过程及结果总结如表1所示。通过以上步骤排查,可以定位2.625 GHz的噪声源头来源于泊车辅助系统控制器内部,发射路径是通过壳体缝隙对外辐射,可以排除泊车辅助系统中摄像头、雷达传感器及测试线束等这些外围设备的影响。
为了进一步定位噪声源头,进行近场排查。打开产品结构件,使用频谱分析仪和近场探头在印刷电路板(Printed Circuit Board, PCB)上对2.625 GHz频点的噪声源头进行查找,当近场探头移动到图4位置时,频点为2.625 GHz处噪声幅值最高。
同时对照PCB与原理图发现,此位置是千兆以太网RGMII TX-CLK时钟走线匹配电阻的位置,时钟信号频率为125 MHz,超标频点为时钟信号频率的21次谐波,为2 625 MHz。
近场排查时发现导致辐射发射测试超标的原因是千兆以太网时钟信号,但在最初试验布置时千兆以太网并未使用,而且PCB板上物理层(Physical Layer, PHY)芯片也未上件,以太网功能未实现,理论上不会导致产品的辐射发射测试失效,这也是本文选择2.625 GHz频点进行说明的原因。噪声源和天线是噪声对外辐射的必要条件,二者缺一不可,在产品原理图和PCB设计时,开发人员一般会特别关注噪声比较强的信号线或芯片,但无意天线模型才是EMC中最难识别和确认的,如PCB本体、线缆、铜皮、母子板、走线和散热片等,这些都可能是无意天线。
本文中2.625 GHz频点超标即存在无意单极天线模型,即PCB板上的断折线,一端与芯片连接,一端悬空,该情况经常出现在平台化设计的产品上。因为要对应不同客户的需求,所以要先设计出功能最全的产品,后期再根据客户不同的需求对配置进行删减。2.625 GHz噪声的驱动源是RGMII TX-CLK时钟,PCB板等效天线模型如图5所示。
当无意天线长度和电磁波信号波长1/4相比拟时,天线发射效率最高、对外辐射最强,在本文中2 625 MHz频点对应波长是114 mm,1/4波长长度约29 mm;而RGMII TX-CLK时钟信号线在PCB上走线长度是28.25 mm,走线长度与噪声信号的1/4波长相比拟,因此对外辐射强度最强。
在电子产品设计中,除了实现产品功能所需的电路原理图所表述的功能以外,还有很多未知的、容易被忽略的参数,如信号线与信号线之间的寄生电容、寄生互感,信号线与参考地之间的寄生电容,信号线的引线电感等。这些参数的值虽然很小,但都与频率相关,它们在直流或低频情况下,数值很小,通常会被开发人员忽略,但是当频率上升到汽车电子辐射发射测试所考核的高频范围内,这些参数也会随之增大,可能会对测试结果产生重要影响。
以上这些因素导致产品中存在的一些等效天线(电缆或长尺寸导体)中寄生着一种不被期望的共模电流,虽然它的电流强度很小(通常在mA级以下或μA级),但是随着多层PCB技术应用,信号的环路面积被控制得越来越小,正常工作信号环路所产生的辐射越来越有限,产品中这种等效的无意发射单极天线会导致辐射发射测试超标的问题也凸显出来,逐渐成为导致超标的主要原因[6]
在确定了噪声源头和天线模型后,可以根据EMC干扰源、耦合路径、敏感源来考虑整改对策。根据本次辐射发射测试超标的原因,整改对策可以分别从干扰源头和耦合路径上进行分析。在源头上,可以在时钟源端增加RC滤波降低时钟信号的上升沿从而降低高次谐波的分量;也可以降低时钟信号的驱动强度来降低辐射发射量,在本项目中千兆以太网并未使用,故也可以采用通过软件关闭千兆以太网时钟驱动的方式来消除噪声源;在路径上,前期问题排查时已经确定在外壳缝隙处增加屏蔽可以解决2.625 GHz频点超标问题,但该对策需要在结构上进行优化,需要重新开模导致增加研发成本;另一个整改方法是从天线模型上采取措施,可以改变无意天线的长度,即改变天线发射效率,或减小共模噪声电流来降低发射量。2.625 GHz频点超标失效对策方案汇总如表2所示。
综合项目周期及成本等方面考虑最终选择方案2进行失效对策,零部件设计验证(Design Verification, DV)测试满足整车企业要求,且裕量在8 dB以上。
本文针对泊车辅助系统辐射发射超标的问题,系统研究了研发过程中可能导致EMC测试失效的原因及对策,综合考虑时间、成本等因素,采用更新软件、关闭时钟驱动的解决方法使辐射发射测试通过,经对比分析该方法用时最短、成本最小。未来泊车辅助系统将更加智能化、精细化,研究其系统级EMC设计可以降低由系统发射超标导致整车试验失效的概率,确保试验的有效性和准确性、减少测试成本、提高测试效率,有效保障汽车行驶安全。
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doi: 10.19822/j.cnki.1671-6329.20240015
  • 首发时间:2025-11-26
  • 出版时间:2024-11-05
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    广州汽车集团股份有限公司汽车工程研究院, 广州 511434
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
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