Article(id=1200389176635027619, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, issueId=1200389173116006545, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19822/j.cnki.1671-6329.20230096, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764124681862, onlineDateStr=2025-11-26, pubDate=1728057600000, pubDateStr=2024-10-05, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764124681862, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764124681862, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764124681862, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200389173116006545, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, year='2024', volume='', issue='10', pageStart='1', pageEnd='62', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764124681023, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764224958971, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200809769377329486, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, issueId=1200389173116006545, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200809769377329487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, issueId=1200389173116006545, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=9, endPage=13, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200389176957989034, articleId=1200389176635027619, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, language=EN, title=Review on Cooling Technologies of New Energy Vehicles Power Batteries, columnId=null, journalTitle=Automotive Digest, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

By reviewing the cooling technologies of power batteries for new energy vehicles, including air cooling technology, liquid cooling technology, disguised material cooling, heat pipe cooling technology and refrigerant direct cooling cooling, the advantages, disadvantages and applications of various technologies are analyzed, and the research status of power battery cooling technology is summarized and its development trend is prospected. In the future, the cooling technology of power batteries for new energy vehicles needs to be developed to replace the existing liquid cooling system, and it is also necessary to combine two or more cooling methods and study more efficient, sensitive and intelligent early warning devices to obtain better cooling effects.

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通过综述新能源汽车动力电池冷却技术包括空气冷却技术、液体冷却技术、变相材料冷却、热管冷却技术以及冷媒直冷冷却,分析各种技术的优势、劣势及应用情况,总结动力电池冷却技术的研究现状并对其发展趋势进行展望。未来,新能源汽车动力电池冷却技术需要对冷却介质进行研发,以取代现有的液冷系统,同时还需要将两种及以上的冷却方式相结合并研究更高效灵敏且智能化的预警装置,以得到更好的冷却效果。

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新能源汽车动力电池冷却技术研究综述
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何宇
汽车文摘 | 2024,(10): 9-13
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汽车文摘 | 2024, (10): 9-13
新能源汽车动力电池冷却技术研究综述
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何宇
作者信息
  • 中国人民解放军 32653 部队, 沈阳 110020
Review on Cooling Technologies of New Energy Vehicles Power Batteries
Yu He
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  • 32653 , PLA Unit, Shenyang 110020
出版时间: 2024-10-05 doi: 10.19822/j.cnki.1671-6329.20230096
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通过综述新能源汽车动力电池冷却技术包括空气冷却技术、液体冷却技术、变相材料冷却、热管冷却技术以及冷媒直冷冷却,分析各种技术的优势、劣势及应用情况,总结动力电池冷却技术的研究现状并对其发展趋势进行展望。未来,新能源汽车动力电池冷却技术需要对冷却介质进行研发,以取代现有的液冷系统,同时还需要将两种及以上的冷却方式相结合并研究更高效灵敏且智能化的预警装置,以得到更好的冷却效果。

新能源汽车  /  动力电池  /  冷却技术

By reviewing the cooling technologies of power batteries for new energy vehicles, including air cooling technology, liquid cooling technology, disguised material cooling, heat pipe cooling technology and refrigerant direct cooling cooling, the advantages, disadvantages and applications of various technologies are analyzed, and the research status of power battery cooling technology is summarized and its development trend is prospected. In the future, the cooling technology of power batteries for new energy vehicles needs to be developed to replace the existing liquid cooling system, and it is also necessary to combine two or more cooling methods and study more efficient, sensitive and intelligent early warning devices to obtain better cooling effects.

New energy vehicles  /  Power battery  /  Cooling technology
何宇. 新能源汽车动力电池冷却技术研究综述. 汽车文摘, 2024 , (10) : 9 -13 . DOI: 10.19822/j.cnki.1671-6329.20230096
Yu He. Review on Cooling Technologies of New Energy Vehicles Power Batteries[J]. Automotive Digest, 2024 , (10) : 9 -13 . DOI: 10.19822/j.cnki.1671-6329.20230096
新能源汽车因其环保节能及可持续性的优点成为汽车行业的核心发展趋势[1-3]。目前,大多数新能源汽车电池组采用锂离子电池,锂离子电池在充、放电过程中涉及较高的终端电压,且正常工作温度范围为-30~60 ℃[4-6]。若运行环境温度过高,则会导致充电和放电效率下降,电池循环寿命缩短,甚至可能引发电池组自燃[7-8]。除此之外,锂离子电池其主要成分是磷酸铁锂材料[9],如果电池在高温环境下运行,可能导致内部液体腐蚀电池外壳并发生泄漏,这不仅会对环境造成污染,还可能引发其他驾驶安全问题[10-12]。新能源电池冷却系统能对动力电池进行冷却,确保电池保持在理想的运行温度范围内。因此,新能源电池冷却系统具有重要的研究意义。
为了有效降低新能源汽车电池组的热排放,除了利用基本的系统通风和空气循环进行冷却外,还需采用液体循环、热管散热和相变材料散热等多种方式来促进热量的传导和转换,从而有效地控制电池组的温升[13-14]。常见的新能源汽车电池组冷却系统主要通过能量热交换来实现热量的转移,不同介质材料在吸热和散热时的表现有所差异,需结合电池组在不同运行状态下的发热量变化趋势进行合理规划,确保电池组在充放电状态下均能维持相对稳定和安全的工作环境,从而提高新能源汽车电池组的整体性能和续航能力[15-17]。在设计新能源汽车电池组冷却系统时,可以运用计算机技术进行模拟试验,通过设定不同的车辆运行工况和电池输出功率进行多次数据验证,细致分析冷却系统运行时的电池电流及表面温度,平衡电池充放电循环寿命与散热需求,持续优化新能源汽车电池组冷却系统设计。
目前针对新能源汽车动力电池冷却技术的研究主要在系统工作原理、电池发热原理、应用重要性以及系统设计等方面,对于相关技术的深入剖析以及应用实践研究较少。因此,本文重点对各类动力电池冷却技术进行研究,了解各技术的优势以及适用范围,最后提出动力电池冷却技术的发展方向。
目前动力电池空气冷却技术的发展已达到较高水平,耗用成本最低,电池冷却过程中在不影响其性能及电池反应的前提下能达到良好的冷却效果。鉴于其优势,物流车等大型电动车辆均采用空气冷却技术作为首选。
空气冷却技术包括自然风冷和强制风冷。自然风冷在成本方面具备更大优势,但现阶段用户对电动汽车是否具备强劲动力性能极为关注,这也迫使厂商为电动汽车配备了更大容量的动力电池,且由于空间限制,电池之间排列非常紧密,因此使用自然风冷技术已无法快速实现电池散热[18]。强制风冷技术可使电池最高温度不超出最大阈值,但需要科学设置电池箱及气体流道结构,以免单个电池出现温差过大的情况。对此,还需要科研人员尽可能对空气流场相关技术予以优化。
空气流道结构是空气冷却系统的重要组成部分,目前,冷却空气流道分为串行与并行,结构如图1图2所示。
受串行通风结构限制,冷却空气仅可从进风口流入,从出风口流出,之间会流经所有电池表面[19]。但前排电池由于与冷却空气温差较大,能够获得较好的冷却效果,吸收前排电池的热量后,冷却空气温度逐步升高,后排电池冷却效果较差,从而导致整个电池组温差过大,且随着流道长度的增加,温差也将更加明显。并行散热结构对这一劣势进行了优化,与串行通风结构不同,并行通风结构冷却空气是从电池箱底部流入,再沿着导流板对电池进行降温,由于流经每一排电池的冷却空气具有相同温度,冷却后的电池组温度分布也更加均匀[20]。相对于串行空冷系统,周期为120 s的并行空气冷却系统,可以使电池组的最大温差下降4 ℃,最高温度下降1.5 ℃[21]
目前,大部分电动车企业采用的是并行冷却方案,但是由于气固对流换热系数较低的原因,这种方案存在着冷却效率不高的问题。不过,日产公司的Leaf电池系统采用的风冷技术,将空气直接吹入电池组进行冷却。这种方案的功率密度低于200 W/L,但是由于直接吹入空气,换热效率因此得到了提升。丰田公司的普锐斯采用了并行风冷方案,将空调冷气抽进电池包增强换热功率。这种方案不仅可以提高电池组的冷却效率,还可以节约能源。
除此之外,还有一些企业采用了一些特殊设计来增强电池组的冷却效果。例如,在方形锂离子电池之间安置泡沫状铝板、金属导热槽、金属针板及金属褶皱板,组成三明治结构,可以增加电池与空气的换热面积。THINK GLOBAL的Think City车型在每两片并联电池头部间均有中空铝制导热槽来增强冷却效果。目前风冷技术是锂离子电池组冷却的主要方式之一[22],不同的电动车企业采用不同的冷却方案,都是为了提高电池组的冷却效率并保障其性能和寿命。
液体冷却技术以其比热容及换热系数高的优势得到了广泛应用,该技术需要应用液体介质来对电池组进行降温,其中乙二醇、制冷剂等都是冷却效果较佳的液体介质。液体介质与电池组的接触方式有直接接触及间接接触两种,也是液体冷却技术的主要区分方式。
直接冷却是使绝缘冷却液充分浸没电池组,通过二者之间的直接接触,使电池组实现快速降温。间接冷却技术主要是利用电池包中的液冷板对流传热实现电池降温。当前,新型电子冷却介质NOVEC 7000的应用较为普遍,该介质不仅能够通过热传导降低电池组温度,其本身还具有相变吸热性能,可使电池组温度始终保持在35 ℃左右。而此前所使用的乙二醇一旦循环次数过多,其对电池组的降温效果也会逐步降低,但新型电子冷却介质NOVEC 7000却无这一弊端,由此可见,NOVEC 7000有着广阔发展空间。
特斯拉Model S采用了一种先进的水冷设计,以确保电池包的安全和稳定性。冷却系统采用了蛇形铝管,被贴合在两列圆柱电池之间,并且包覆了绝缘导热材料,以确保电池的温度在可控范围内,从而避免电池过热和过冷。为了进一步增强安全性,电池包被分割成多个区域,并设置了多个隔热墙,以隔离各区域间热失控传播的风险。这种设计不仅可以避免电池过热或过冷,还可以确保在发生任何故障时,只有局部区域受到影响,而不会影响整个电池包。虽然这种设计牺牲了一些电池模块和电池包的体积成组效率,但电池包实现了更高的安全性和稳定性。
液冷系统与空气冷却有着本质区别,液冷系统的优势在于换热系数高、速率快、均温性好,同时由于该冷却方式必须使用密封设计,也提高了电动汽车涉水安全性。但液冷系统需要安装换热器等零部件,提高了其结构的复杂性,无论是生产还是后续维修、保养,都需要付出比空气冷却方式更高的成本。
在特殊温度范围内,相变材料(Phase Change Material, PCM)可改变自身物理形态,并在这一过程中出现吸热或放热的现象,利用相变材料这一特性,使其浸没电动车电池,对电池组降温或加热,这种冷却方式也称为相变材料冷却[24]。当前,石蜡复合材料应用较广,这得益于石蜡成本低,且相变温度接近锂电池工作温度等特性。但由于石蜡导热性能差,还需要向其中添加热导率较高的材料(如金属泡沫等),制作出石蜡复合材料。向石蜡中添加碳纤维也可提高导热性能,当碳纤维的长度为2 mm、质量分数为0.46%时,电池组的最高温升下降了45%。在电动车电池冷却系统中,相变材料的应用可提高冷却效率,并使电池包整体结构更为简洁,同时,相变材料冷却在不需要消耗其他能量或者添加额外零部件的前提下,即可实现良好的电池降温效果,且具有比风冷、液冷等方式更为突出的散热性能。虽然目前受相变材料的制约,该技术并未得到广泛应用,但其仍具有良好的发展前景[25]
当热管中的工质出现相变反应时,就可将电池中的热量快速传导出去,且导热能力高于所有已知金属,这种技术称为热管冷却技术。如图3所示,热管的组成包括壳体、吸液芯与液态工质等,且热管分为中间的绝热段及两端的蒸发段与冷凝段3部分。当电池工作时,会使热管一端受热,而吸液芯内因存在大量毛细材料故而吸满了液体,受热后液体吸收热量并蒸发。由于热管的压差作用,蒸汽会在冷凝端释放热量并冷凝,这些冷凝液受毛细材料吸引力的吸引,会重新流入蒸发端,进而通过液体的蒸发与冷凝循环为电池降温[26]
受限于形状,热管不适合直接与电池接触换热,常焊接在电池间的金属板上。受工质特性的影响,不同的脉动热管适用于不同场合,其中,以水和正戊烷的混合物为工质、填充量为60%的脉动热管,适用于低负荷的热管理。当空气侧温度高于40 ℃时,以水或甲醇为工质的冷却效果较好。热管形式多样,有助于开发冷却、加热电池热管理系统,保证电池组在高温和0 ℃以下的环境中,工作在最佳温度范围,确保正常运行。热管冷却技术具有高导热性、热流方向可逆等优势,同时还可与其他冷却方式综合使用。
冷媒直冷技术是指将制冷剂直接通过蒸发器和冷凝器进行制冷,而无需借助中间的冷媒循环。这种技术具有制冷效果好、节能环保等优点,因此被越来越多的汽车厂商采用。具体来说,冷媒直冷技术是通过将制冷剂气体压缩成高温高压气体,再在前端冷凝器中冷凝成高温中压液体,通过膨胀阀碰撞进入蒸发器,变成低温低压两相流。制冷剂在车舱空调蒸发器或电池包内冷板中吸收热蒸发,蒸发后变成气体回到压缩机,完成整个循环。冷媒直冷技术的优势在于,不需要使用中间的冷媒循环,因此制冷效率更高、能耗更低[27]。同时,冷媒直冷技术采用的是环保制冷剂,可以减少对环境的污染。另外,由于冷媒直冷技术采用的是直接制冷方式,因此制冷系统的体积也可以减小,从而提高汽车的空间利用率。
宝马i3采用了韩国LG电池三元材料94Ah方形铝壳电芯作为电池材料。这样的电池材料具有高能量密度、高安全性和长寿命等优点,可为宝马i3提供稳定的动力输出和优良的续航里程。为了更好地保障电池的性能和安全,宝马i3电池包由8个模组组成,每个模组包含12个电芯。此外,宝马i3还采用了一种独特的电池模块间隔设计,将电池模块间的间距设置在大于10 mm的安全间距,以防止电池模块间发生热失控连锁反应[28]。为了进一步提高电池的散热效果,宝马i3在电池包的箱体底部布置了8根冷板,这些冷板内通制冷剂,直接冷却电池模块底部。相比于液体冷却系统,制冷剂直冷的优势在于可以省去外循环水冷系统,从而降低了汽车的结构复杂度和维护成本。
随着电动汽车的普及,动力电池的冷却系统成为了一个重要的研究方向。动力电池的高温会对电池寿命和性能造成影响,因此需要对电池进行冷却。目前,主要的冷却方式是利用液冷系统和空气冷却系统。但是,液冷系统成本高,维护难度大,而空气冷却系统的冷却效果不佳。因此,需要对冷却介质进行研发,以取代现有的液冷系统。这种冷却介质需要具有更低成本和更高传热效率。除了冷却介质的研发,还需要将两种及以上的冷却方式相结合,以得到更好的冷却效果。空气冷却系统将以辅助冷却的方式存在于动力电池热管理系统中。这种结合方式可以大大提高冷却效率,减少电池温度的变化[29]。最后,研究更高效灵敏且智能化的预警装置,将极大地降低事故的发生率。预警装置可以通过对电池温度、电流等参数的检测,及时发出预警信号,帮助驾驶员及时采取措施,避免事故的发生。动力电池冷却是电动汽车发展中不可忽视的重要环节。通过对冷却介质与冷却方式的研究,可以提高电池的性能和寿命,保障电动汽车的安全性和可靠性[30]
综上所述,通过对新能源汽车动力电池冷却技术的研究,发现不同技术有着不同的特点与优势。目前,空气冷却技术以及液体冷却技术的应用较为广泛,空气冷却技术虽然在散热方面表现差强人意,但是其具有结构简单、安全、维护方便等特点。液体冷却技术的换热系数高、速率快、均温性好,但是其结构更为复杂,后续的维修以及保养成本也更高。此外,冷媒直冷技术也具有节能环保以及制冷效果好等优势。虽然相变材料冷却与热管冷却技术由于部分原因还没有得到广泛应用,但是随着科技的发展,依然具备良好的发展前景
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doi: 10.19822/j.cnki.1671-6329.20230096
  • 首发时间:2025-11-26
  • 出版时间:2024-10-05
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    中国人民解放军 32653 部队, 沈阳 110020
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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