Article(id=1200101616754983844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, issueId=1200101614263567250, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19822/j.cnki.1671-6329.20230260, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764056122244, onlineDateStr=2025-11-25, pubDate=1717516800000, pubDateStr=2024-06-05, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764056122244, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764056122244, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764056122244, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200101614263567250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, year='2024', volume='', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='62', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764056121650, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764225035080, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200810088593215990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, issueId=1200101614263567250, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200810088593215991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, issueId=1200101614263567250, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=39, endPage=44, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200101617002447786, articleId=1200101616754983844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, language=EN, title=Fault Classification Methods for Fuel Cell Vehicles under Poor Data Conditions, columnId=null, journalTitle=Automotive Digest, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Fuel cell vehicle (FCV) is an important direction for the sustainable development of the automotive industry in the future. However, existing test and evaluation standards for FCVs have not thoroughly examined the types of faults and their classification. There is a lack of a unified fault grading classification scheme. To solve this issue, a comprehensive set of grading classification evaluation indicators for FCV faults is proposed to standardize the levels of related faults. The focus is on researching methods for classifying FCV faults in the case of lack of data. Based on factor analysis and fuzzy set theory, a fault mode classification evaluation method for FCVs under data scarcity conditions is proposed, offering guidance for the classification of FCV fault levels.

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燃料电池汽车是未来汽车工业可持续发展的重要方向,但现存燃料电池整车相关的测试评价标准尚未对燃料电池汽车存在的故障类型及其分类进行深入研究,缺乏统一故障分级分类方案。为改善该问题,提出一套完善的燃料电池汽车故障模式的分级分类评价指标以统一相关故障等级,重点研究在缺乏数据条件下的燃料电池汽车故障分类方法。基于因子分析法和模糊集理论,提出一种针对燃料电池汽车在贫数据条件下的故障模式分类评价方法,为燃料电池汽车故障等级的分类提供指导意见。

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(2020-10-11)[2024-05-01]. https://openstd.samr.gov.cn/bzgk/gb/newGbInfo?hcno=667FED7F07C1C55433F17674C1F7120C., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1200501511940854736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1200101616754983844, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=44, issue=1, pageStart=407, pageEnd=427, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[5], rfOrder=4, authorNames=马睿, 党翰斌, 张钰奇, journalName=中国电机工程学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=马睿, 党翰斌, 张钰奇, 等. 质子交换膜燃料电池系统故障机理分析及诊断方法研究综述[J]. 中国电机工程学报, 2024, 44(1): 407-427., articleTitle=质子交换膜燃料电池系统故障机理分析及诊断方法研究综述, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1200501512045712338, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1200101616754983844, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=47, issue=2, pageStart=255, pageEnd=260, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[6], rfOrder=5, authorNames=周苏, 胡哲, 文泽军, journalName=同济大学学报(自然科学版), refType=null, unstructuredReference=周苏, 胡哲, 文泽军. 基于K均值和支持向量机的燃料电池在线自适应故障诊断[J]. 同济大学学报(自然科学版), 2019, 47(2): 255-260., articleTitle=基于K均值和支持向量机的燃料电池在线自适应故障诊断, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1200501512154764245, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1200101616754983844, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2001, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[7], rfOrder=6, authorNames=SAATY T L, VARGASL G, Models, Methods, journalName=Concepts and Applications of the Analytic Hierarchy Process, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SAATY T L, VARGASL G. 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Fuzzy risk assessment of oil and gas offshore wells[J]. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 2011, 89(5): 277-294., articleTitle=Fuzzy risk assessment of oil and gas offshore wells, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1200501512603554782, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1200101616754983844, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=25, issue=1, pageStart=8, pageEnd=19, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[11], rfOrder=10, authorNames=FERDOUS R, KHAN FAISAL, SADIQ REHAN, journalName=Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, refType=null, unstructuredReference=FERDOUS R, KHAN FAISAL, SADIQ REHAN, et al. Handling and Updating Uncertain Information in Bow-Tie Analysis[J]. 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氢气泄漏程度 等级评估/级 故障引起的氢气泄露浓度/×10-6
严重泄露 4 ≥12 000
中度泄露 3 ≥6 000~12 000
轻度泄露 2 ≥1 000~6 000
微小泄露 1 0~1 000
), ArticleFig(id=1200501508124038037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1200101616754983844, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

氢气泄露等级评估

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
氢气泄漏程度 等级评估/级 故障引起的氢气泄露浓度/×10-6
严重泄露 4 ≥12 000
中度泄露 3 ≥6 000~12 000
轻度泄露 2 ≥1 000~6 000
微小泄露 1 0~1 000
), ArticleFig(id=1200501508228895638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1200101616754983844, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
燃料电池系统常见故障模式 符号
燃料电池系统 氢气
泄露
氢气浓度传感器故障 L1
接口松动 L2
氢气瓶阀门破裂 L3
氢气阀开关故障 L4
减压阀开关故障 L5
密封性圈脱落 L6
尾气阀故障 L7
管路破裂 L8
温度类故障 温度传感器故障 T1
电堆出口冷却液
温度异常
T2
电堆进出口冷却液
温度差异常
T3
电堆进出口空气温度异常 T4
电流
故障
总电流传感器故障 C1
燃料电池堆电流异常 C2
电压
故障
燃料电池电堆电压异常 V1
单电池电压异常 V2
压力数据异常 电堆进口氢气压力异常 P1
电堆进口空气压力异常 P2
电堆进出口冷却液
压力异常
P3
零部件
故障
空压机故障 X1
循环水泵故障 X2
冷却风扇故障 X3
氢气循环泵故障 X4
电机故障 X5
低压电源故障 X6
电路绝缘损坏发生短路 X7
电路线束断开发生开路 X8
), ArticleFig(id=1200501508300198808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1200101616754983844, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

燃料电池系统常见故障模式及对应符号

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
燃料电池系统常见故障模式 符号
燃料电池系统 氢气
泄露
氢气浓度传感器故障 L1
接口松动 L2
氢气瓶阀门破裂 L3
氢气阀开关故障 L4
减压阀开关故障 L5
密封性圈脱落 L6
尾气阀故障 L7
管路破裂 L8
温度类故障 温度传感器故障 T1
电堆出口冷却液
温度异常
T2
电堆进出口冷却液
温度差异常
T3
电堆进出口空气温度异常 T4
电流
故障
总电流传感器故障 C1
燃料电池堆电流异常 C2
电压
故障
燃料电池电堆电压异常 V1
单电池电压异常 V2
压力数据异常 电堆进口氢气压力异常 P1
电堆进口空气压力异常 P2
电堆进出口冷却液
压力异常
P3
零部件
故障
空压机故障 X1
循环水泵故障 X2
冷却风扇故障 X3
氢气循环泵故障 X4
电机故障 X5
低压电源故障 X6
电路绝缘损坏发生短路 X7
电路线束断开发生开路 X8
), ArticleFig(id=1200501508438610845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1200101616754983844, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
语言变量 梯形模糊数
VL (0.00,0.00,0.10,0.20)
L (0.10,0.25,0.25,0.40)
M (0.30,0.50,0.50,0.70)
H (0.60,0.75,0.75,0.90)
HV (0.80,0.90,1.00,1.00)
), ArticleFig(id=1200501508518302623, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1200101616754983844, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

语言变量与梯形模糊数对应关系

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
语言变量 梯形模糊数
VL (0.00,0.00,0.10,0.20)
L (0.10,0.25,0.25,0.40)
M (0.30,0.50,0.50,0.70)
H (0.60,0.75,0.75,0.90)
HV (0.80,0.90,1.00,1.00)
), ArticleFig(id=1200501508652520353, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1200101616754983844, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
故障模式符号 专家判断 聚合后模糊数
L1 (M, H, M) (0.40, 0.58, 0.58, 0.77)
L2 (M, L, L) (0.17, 0.33, 0.33, 0.50)
L3 (VL, L, L) (0.07, 0.17, 0.20, 0.33)
L4 (L, VL, L) (0.07, 0.17, 0.20, 0.33)
L5 (L, VL, L) (0.07,0.17, 0.20, 0.33)
L6 (H, L, L) (0.33, 0.50, 0.50, 0.67)
L7 (L, VL, L) (0.07, 0.17, 0.20, 0.33)
L8 (VL, L, L) (0.07, 0.17, 0.20, 0.33)
T1 (M, H, M) (0.40, 0.58, 0.58, 0.77)
T2 (M, M, H) (0.40, 0.58, 0.58, 0.77)
T3 (H, H, H) (0.60, 0.75, 0.75, 0.90)
T4 (VL, L, VL) (0.03, 0.08, 0.15, 0.27)
C1 (L, L, L) (0.10, 0.25, 0.25, 0.40)
C2 (H, H, VH) (0.67, 0.80, 0.83, 0.93)
V1 (L, VL, VL) (0.03, 0.08, 0.15, 0.27)
V2 (H, VH, H) (0.67, 0.80, 0.83, 0.93)
P1 (L, L, M) (0.17, 0.33, 0.33, 0.50)
P2 (L, L, M) (0.17, 0.33, 0.33, 0.50)
P3 (M, L, M) (0.23, 0.42, 0.42, 0.60)
X1 (M, M, H) (0.40, 0.58, 0.58, 0.77)
X2 (M, M, M) (0.30, 0.50, 0.50, 0.70)
X3 (M, M, M) (0.30, 0.50, 0.50, 0.70)
X4 (M, H, M) (0.40, 0.58, 0.58, 0.77)
X5 (M, M, H) (0.40, 0.58, 0.58, 0.77)
X6 (M, H, H) (0.50, 0.67, 0.67, 0.83)
X7 (L, VL, VL) (0.03, 0.08, 0.15, 0.27)
X8 (L, VL, VL) (0.03, 0.08, 0.15, 0.27)
), ArticleFig(id=1200501508803515300, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1200101616754983844, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

燃料电池系统常见故障可能性综合评估

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
故障模式符号 专家判断 聚合后模糊数
L1 (M, H, M) (0.40, 0.58, 0.58, 0.77)
L2 (M, L, L) (0.17, 0.33, 0.33, 0.50)
L3 (VL, L, L) (0.07, 0.17, 0.20, 0.33)
L4 (L, VL, L) (0.07, 0.17, 0.20, 0.33)
L5 (L, VL, L) (0.07,0.17, 0.20, 0.33)
L6 (H, L, L) (0.33, 0.50, 0.50, 0.67)
L7 (L, VL, L) (0.07, 0.17, 0.20, 0.33)
L8 (VL, L, L) (0.07, 0.17, 0.20, 0.33)
T1 (M, H, M) (0.40, 0.58, 0.58, 0.77)
T2 (M, M, H) (0.40, 0.58, 0.58, 0.77)
T3 (H, H, H) (0.60, 0.75, 0.75, 0.90)
T4 (VL, L, VL) (0.03, 0.08, 0.15, 0.27)
C1 (L, L, L) (0.10, 0.25, 0.25, 0.40)
C2 (H, H, VH) (0.67, 0.80, 0.83, 0.93)
V1 (L, VL, VL) (0.03, 0.08, 0.15, 0.27)
V2 (H, VH, H) (0.67, 0.80, 0.83, 0.93)
P1 (L, L, M) (0.17, 0.33, 0.33, 0.50)
P2 (L, L, M) (0.17, 0.33, 0.33, 0.50)
P3 (M, L, M) (0.23, 0.42, 0.42, 0.60)
X1 (M, M, H) (0.40, 0.58, 0.58, 0.77)
X2 (M, M, M) (0.30, 0.50, 0.50, 0.70)
X3 (M, M, M) (0.30, 0.50, 0.50, 0.70)
X4 (M, H, M) (0.40, 0.58, 0.58, 0.77)
X5 (M, M, H) (0.40, 0.58, 0.58, 0.77)
X6 (M, H, H) (0.50, 0.67, 0.67, 0.83)
X7 (L, VL, VL) (0.03, 0.08, 0.15, 0.27)
X8 (L, VL, VL) (0.03, 0.08, 0.15, 0.27)
), ArticleFig(id=1200501509898228647, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1200101616754983844, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
故障模式符号 专家判断 聚合后模糊数
L1 (L, VL, L) (0.07, 0.17, 0.20, 0.33)
L2 (H, M, H) (0.50, 0.67, 0.67, 0.83)
L3 (H, VH, VH) (0.73, 0.85, 0.92, 0.97)
L4 (H, H, H) (0.60, 0.75, 0.75, 0.90)
L5 (H, H, H) (0.60, 0.75, 0.75, 0.90)
L6 (L, L, M) (0.17, 0.33, 0.33, 0.50)
L7 (M, L, M) (0.23, 0.42, 0.42, 0.60)
L8 (VH, VH, H) (0.73, 0.85, 0.92, 0.97)
T1 (L, VL, L) (0.07, 0.17, 0.20, 0.33)
T2 (L, L, M) (0.17, 0.33, 0.33, 0.50)
T3 (L, L, M) (0.17, 0.33, 0.33, 0.50)
T4 (L, VL, VL) (0.03, 0.08, 0.15, 0.27)
C1 (M, M, H) (0.40, 0.58, 0.58, 0.77)
C2 (VL, L, VL) (0.03, 0.08, 0.15, 0.27)
V1 (M, L, M) (0.40, 0.58, 0.58, 0.77)
V2 (L, L, M) (0.17, 0.33, 0.33, 0.50)
P1 (M, M, M) (0.30, 0.50, 0.50, 0.70)
P2 (M, M, M) (0.30, 0.50, 0.50, 0.70)
P3 (L, L, M) (0.17, 0.33, 0.33, 0.50)
X1 (M, H, M) (0.40, 0.58, 0.58, 0.77)
X2 (L, L, L) (0.10, 0.25, 0.25, 0.40)
X3 (L, L, L) (0.10, 0.25, 0.25, 0.40)
X4 (M, L, L) (0.17, 0.33, 0.33, 0.50)
X5 (H, H, VH) (0.67, 0.80, 0.83, 0.93)
X6 (L, L, M) (0.17, 0.33, 0.33, 0.50)
X7 (H, H, VH) (0.67, 0.80, 0.83, 0.93)
X8 (H, VH, H) (0.67, 0.80, 0.83, 0.93)
), ArticleFig(id=1200501510028252075, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1200101616754983844, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

燃料电池系统常见故障后果评估

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
故障模式符号 专家判断 聚合后模糊数
L1 (L, VL, L) (0.07, 0.17, 0.20, 0.33)
L2 (H, M, H) (0.50, 0.67, 0.67, 0.83)
L3 (H, VH, VH) (0.73, 0.85, 0.92, 0.97)
L4 (H, H, H) (0.60, 0.75, 0.75, 0.90)
L5 (H, H, H) (0.60, 0.75, 0.75, 0.90)
L6 (L, L, M) (0.17, 0.33, 0.33, 0.50)
L7 (M, L, M) (0.23, 0.42, 0.42, 0.60)
L8 (VH, VH, H) (0.73, 0.85, 0.92, 0.97)
T1 (L, VL, L) (0.07, 0.17, 0.20, 0.33)
T2 (L, L, M) (0.17, 0.33, 0.33, 0.50)
T3 (L, L, M) (0.17, 0.33, 0.33, 0.50)
T4 (L, VL, VL) (0.03, 0.08, 0.15, 0.27)
C1 (M, M, H) (0.40, 0.58, 0.58, 0.77)
C2 (VL, L, VL) (0.03, 0.08, 0.15, 0.27)
V1 (M, L, M) (0.40, 0.58, 0.58, 0.77)
V2 (L, L, M) (0.17, 0.33, 0.33, 0.50)
P1 (M, M, M) (0.30, 0.50, 0.50, 0.70)
P2 (M, M, M) (0.30, 0.50, 0.50, 0.70)
P3 (L, L, M) (0.17, 0.33, 0.33, 0.50)
X1 (M, H, M) (0.40, 0.58, 0.58, 0.77)
X2 (L, L, L) (0.10, 0.25, 0.25, 0.40)
X3 (L, L, L) (0.10, 0.25, 0.25, 0.40)
X4 (M, L, L) (0.17, 0.33, 0.33, 0.50)
X5 (H, H, VH) (0.67, 0.80, 0.83, 0.93)
X6 (L, L, M) (0.17, 0.33, 0.33, 0.50)
X7 (H, H, VH) (0.67, 0.80, 0.83, 0.93)
X8 (H, VH, H) (0.67, 0.80, 0.83, 0.93)
), ArticleFig(id=1200501510200218541, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1200101616754983844, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
故障模式符号 故障级别/级 故障可能性 后果评估 环境影响/级
L1 1 0.583 0.195 1
L2 2 0.333 0.667 3
L3 3 0.195 0.857 4
L4 3 0.195 0.750 4
L5 3 0.195 0.750 3
L6 3 0.500 0.333 2
L7 3 0.195 0.417 3
L8 3 0.195 0.857 4
T1 1 0.583 0.195 1
T2 2 0.583 0.333 1
T3 2 0.750 0.333 1
T4 2 0.143 0.143 1
C1 1 0.250 0.583 1
C2 2 0.805 0.143 1
V1 2 0.143 0.417 1
V2 2 0.805 0.333 1
P1 2 0.333 0.500 1
P2 2 0.333 0.500 1
P3 2 0.417 0.333 1
X1 3 0.583 0.583 1
X2 3 0.500 0.250 1
X3 3 0.500 0.250 1
X4 3 0.583 0.333 1
X5 3 0.583 0.805 1
X6 3 0.667 0.333 1
X7 3 0.143 0.805 1
X8 3 0.143 0.805 1
), ArticleFig(id=1200501510317659055, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1200101616754983844, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

各项指标原始数据

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故障模式符号 故障级别/级 故障可能性 后果评估 环境影响/级
L1 1 0.583 0.195 1
L2 2 0.333 0.667 3
L3 3 0.195 0.857 4
L4 3 0.195 0.750 4
L5 3 0.195 0.750 3
L6 3 0.500 0.333 2
L7 3 0.195 0.417 3
L8 3 0.195 0.857 4
T1 1 0.583 0.195 1
T2 2 0.583 0.333 1
T3 2 0.750 0.333 1
T4 2 0.143 0.143 1
C1 1 0.250 0.583 1
C2 2 0.805 0.143 1
V1 2 0.143 0.417 1
V2 2 0.805 0.333 1
P1 2 0.333 0.500 1
P2 2 0.333 0.500 1
P3 2 0.417 0.333 1
X1 3 0.583 0.583 1
X2 3 0.500 0.250 1
X3 3 0.500 0.250 1
X4 3 0.583 0.333 1
X5 3 0.583 0.805 1
X6 3 0.667 0.333 1
X7 3 0.143 0.805 1
X8 3 0.143 0.805 1
), ArticleFig(id=1200501510510597043, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1200101616754983844, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
KMO值 0.718
Bartlett球形度检验 近似卡方 26.594
自由度 6
显著性 0.000***
), ArticleFig(id=1200501510598677429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1200101616754983844, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

KMO检验和Bartlett的检验

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KMO值 0.718
Bartlett球形度检验 近似卡方 26.594
自由度 6
显著性 0.000***
), ArticleFig(id=1200501510762255288, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1200101616754983844, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
成分 旋转前方差解释率 旋转后方差解释率
特征根 方差解释率/% 累积方差解释率/% 特征根 方差解释率/% 累积方差解释率/%
1 2.355 58.876 58.876 1.92 47.956 47.956
2 0.802 20.046 78.922 1.24 30.966 78.922
3 0.486 12.159 91.081
4 0.357 8.919 100
), ArticleFig(id=1200501510862918585, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1200101616754983844, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

总方差解释

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成分 旋转前方差解释率 旋转后方差解释率
特征根 方差解释率/% 累积方差解释率/% 特征根 方差解释率/% 累积方差解释率/%
1 2.355 58.876 58.876 1.92 47.956 47.956
2 0.802 20.046 78.922 1.24 30.966 78.922
3 0.486 12.159 91.081
4 0.357 8.919 100
), ArticleFig(id=1200501510984553403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1200101616754983844, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称 旋转后因子载荷系数 共同度(公因子方差) 成分
成分1 成分2 成分1 成分2
故障性质A1 0.148 0.954 0.932 0.063 1.190
故障可能性A2 -0.905 0.040 0.820 -0.384 0.049
后果评估A3 0.757 0.423 0.752 0.321 0.528
环境影响A4 0.711 0.384 0.653 0.302 0.479
), ArticleFig(id=1200501511152325566, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1200101616754983844, language=CN, label=表9, caption=

旋转后因子载荷系数及其成分矩阵表

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名称 旋转后因子载荷系数 共同度(公因子方差) 成分
成分1 成分2 成分1 成分2
故障性质A1 0.148 0.954 0.932 0.063 1.190
故障可能性A2 -0.905 0.040 0.820 -0.384 0.049
后果评估A3 0.757 0.423 0.752 0.321 0.528
环境影响A4 0.711 0.384 0.653 0.302 0.479
), ArticleFig(id=1200501511261377471, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1200101616754983844, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
故障模式符号 故障
级别/级
故障
可能性
后果
评估
环境
影响/级
综合
得分
L8 3 0.20 0.86 4 2.12
L3 3 0.20 0.86 4 2.12
L4 3 0.20 0.75 4 1.94
L5 3 0.20 0.75 3 1.60
X8 3 0.14 0.81 1 1.06
X7 3 0.14 0.81 1 1.06
L7 3 0.20 0.42 3 1.03
X5 3 0.58 0.81 1 0.63
L2 2 0.33 0.67 3 0.59
X1 3 0.58 0.58 1 0.25
L6 3 0.50 0.33 2 0.25
X4 3 0.58 0.33 1 -0.17
X2 3 0.50 0.25 1 -0.23
X3 3 0.50 0.25 1 -0.23
X6 3 0.67 0.33 1 -0.26
V1 2 0.14 0.42 1 -0.33
P1 2 0.33 0.50 1 -0.37
P2 2 0.33 0.50 1 -0.37
P3 2 0.42 0.33 1 -0.74
T4 2 0.14 0.14 1 -0.80
C1 1 0.25 0.58 1 -0.88
T2 2 0.58 0.33 1 -0.90
T3 2 0.75 0.33 1 -1.06
V2 2 0.81 0.33 1 -1.12
C2 2 0.81 0.14 1 -1.44
T1 1 0.58 0.20 1 -1.86
L1 1 0.58 0.20 1 -1.86
), ArticleFig(id=1200501511349457857, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1200101616754983844, language=CN, label=表10, caption=

样本综合得分

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
故障模式符号 故障
级别/级
故障
可能性
后果
评估
环境
影响/级
综合
得分
L8 3 0.20 0.86 4 2.12
L3 3 0.20 0.86 4 2.12
L4 3 0.20 0.75 4 1.94
L5 3 0.20 0.75 3 1.60
X8 3 0.14 0.81 1 1.06
X7 3 0.14 0.81 1 1.06
L7 3 0.20 0.42 3 1.03
X5 3 0.58 0.81 1 0.63
L2 2 0.33 0.67 3 0.59
X1 3 0.58 0.58 1 0.25
L6 3 0.50 0.33 2 0.25
X4 3 0.58 0.33 1 -0.17
X2 3 0.50 0.25 1 -0.23
X3 3 0.50 0.25 1 -0.23
X6 3 0.67 0.33 1 -0.26
V1 2 0.14 0.42 1 -0.33
P1 2 0.33 0.50 1 -0.37
P2 2 0.33 0.50 1 -0.37
P3 2 0.42 0.33 1 -0.74
T4 2 0.14 0.14 1 -0.80
C1 1 0.25 0.58 1 -0.88
T2 2 0.58 0.33 1 -0.90
T3 2 0.75 0.33 1 -1.06
V2 2 0.81 0.33 1 -1.12
C2 2 0.81 0.14 1 -1.44
T1 1 0.58 0.20 1 -1.86
L1 1 0.58 0.20 1 -1.86
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贫数据条件下燃料电池汽车故障分类方法
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聂振宇 1, 2 , 李良雨 1, 2 , 张广秀 1 , 陈帅 1, 2 , 张晓辉 1, 2
汽车文摘 | 2024,(6): 39-44
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汽车文摘 | 2024, (6): 39-44
贫数据条件下燃料电池汽车故障分类方法
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聂振宇1, 2, 李良雨1, 2, 张广秀1, 陈帅1, 2, 张晓辉1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 中国汽车技术研究中心有限公司, 天津 300300
  • 2 中汽研汽车检验中心(天津)有限公司, 天津 300300
Fault Classification Methods for Fuel Cell Vehicles under Poor Data Conditions
Zhenyu Nie1, 2, Liangyu Li1, 2, Guangxiu Zhang1, Shuai Chen1, 2, Xiaohui Zhang1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1 China Automotive Technology & Research Center Co., Ltd., Tianjin, 300300
  • 2 CATARC Automotive Test Center (Tianjin) Co., Ltd., Tianjin, 300300
出版时间: 2024-06-05 doi: 10.19822/j.cnki.1671-6329.20230260
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燃料电池汽车是未来汽车工业可持续发展的重要方向,但现存燃料电池整车相关的测试评价标准尚未对燃料电池汽车存在的故障类型及其分类进行深入研究,缺乏统一故障分级分类方案。为改善该问题,提出一套完善的燃料电池汽车故障模式的分级分类评价指标以统一相关故障等级,重点研究在缺乏数据条件下的燃料电池汽车故障分类方法。基于因子分析法和模糊集理论,提出一种针对燃料电池汽车在贫数据条件下的故障模式分类评价方法,为燃料电池汽车故障等级的分类提供指导意见。

燃料电池汽车  /  贫数据  /  故障分类  /  模糊集理论  /  因子分析法

Fuel cell vehicle (FCV) is an important direction for the sustainable development of the automotive industry in the future. However, existing test and evaluation standards for FCVs have not thoroughly examined the types of faults and their classification. There is a lack of a unified fault grading classification scheme. To solve this issue, a comprehensive set of grading classification evaluation indicators for FCV faults is proposed to standardize the levels of related faults. The focus is on researching methods for classifying FCV faults in the case of lack of data. Based on factor analysis and fuzzy set theory, a fault mode classification evaluation method for FCVs under data scarcity conditions is proposed, offering guidance for the classification of FCV fault levels.

Fuel cell vehicle(FCV)  /  Data deficiency  /  Fault classification  /  Fuzzy set theory  /  Factor analysis method
聂振宇, 李良雨, 张广秀, 陈帅, 张晓辉. 贫数据条件下燃料电池汽车故障分类方法. 汽车文摘, 2024 , (6) : 39 -44 . DOI: 10.19822/j.cnki.1671-6329.20230260
Zhenyu Nie, Liangyu Li, Guangxiu Zhang, Shuai Chen, Xiaohui Zhang. Fault Classification Methods for Fuel Cell Vehicles under Poor Data Conditions[J]. Automotive Digest, 2024 , (6) : 39 -44 . DOI: 10.19822/j.cnki.1671-6329.20230260
相比于传统汽车,燃料电池汽车具有零排放、高效率、低噪声的优势,受到日本、欧洲、美国等国家和地区的广泛关注[1-2]。随着燃料电池汽车关键技术不断突破并在部分车型上应用,氢燃料电池汽车产业化不断加速[3]。我国燃料电池汽车多采用电-电混合技术路线,在续驶里程及整车成本方面具有明显优势,但耐久性、可靠性等性能指标与国外部分发达国家差距较大。虽然燃料电池系统的关键零部件已实现国产化,但到目前尚未有量产车型投放市场。对燃料电池汽车的故障类型及其所属类别不明确,成为限制其发展的主要因素之一。
我国已对燃料电池汽车发展进行了布局规划,制、修订了多项燃料电池整车相关的测试评价标准,在GB/T 39132—2020《燃料电池电动汽车定型试验规程》[4]提出可靠性行驶试验过程中不应出现1、2类故障。然而,目前尚未对燃料电池汽车存在的故障类型及其分类进行研究,各整车制造商对于故障分级分类混乱,需提出一套完善的燃料电池汽车故障模式的分级分类评价指标以统一相关故障等级。
本文提出了一套针对燃料电池汽车故障分类的评价指标体系,该体系从故障性质、故障概率、故障后果和环境影响等维度进行构建。在数据相对贫乏的条件下,采用模糊集理论和专家评判的方法实现了对故障可能性和后果的定量分析。为确定各评价指标的权重,采用因子分析法旨在减弱主观性评价。根据多维评价指标的计算结果,实现了对燃料电池汽车故障的分类和分级。本文为燃料电池汽车的安全性研究提供了新的视角,为燃料电池汽车故障分类体系的建立提供了一种新的思路和方法,实现了在数据贫乏条件下进行故障定量分析,对推进燃料电池汽车的安全性研究具有一定的指导意义。
燃料电池汽车具有清洁、能效高的优点,在汽车市场的渗透率逐步提高。燃料电池汽车主要使用氢气或甲醇为主要燃料,通过电堆将化学能转化为电能,以驱动车辆。尽管其结构简单,但燃料电池汽车需要大功率、高动态响应的燃料电池系统,且长时间频繁的变载工况会使燃料电池寿命衰减。为了克服以上问题,燃料电池和动力电池的电-电混合技术方案成为目前国内燃料电池研究重点。该技术方案的典型结构见图1[5]
从安全性和故障的严重程度出发,可以将燃料电池汽车故障分为4级。1级故障:对燃料电池汽车造成安全性的损伤,如影响氢、电安全和启动运行,一旦发生必须紧急切断开关进行安全保护。2级故障:这类故障会影响车辆的正常工作及性能。若不及时处理,该故障会存在恶化风险。3级故障:这类故障仅会轻微影响系统,但不会造成致命性的危害。4级故障:这类故障不影响整体功能,可以忽略不计。
对本文研究的燃料电池故障进行分类,建立对应指标评价体系。对各项指标的相对重要性进行量化,从多个评价指标对其进行评价,以减少主观性判断,尽可能提高准确性。对每一项指标单独进行评分,并根据指标对应权重,对所得指标评分进行修正,将各个修正后的指标评分进行求和。最终,得到某一燃料电池汽车故障的综合评价水平,确定其所属分类。
$Y_{i}=\sum_{i=1}^{p} A_{i j} \times W_{i j}$
式中:Yi为燃料电池汽车故障综合评价水平;p为故障的评价指标个数;m为评价水平所分析的故障数;i为故障个数, $i=\mathrm{1,2},\cdots,m;$Aij为第i个故障的第j个指标的标准化值;Wij为第i个故障的第j个指标在所有指标中所占的权重。
本文采用因子分析法计算指标的权重。因子分析是一种统计学方法,用于分析复杂数据集中的变量之间的相互关系和结构。其通过对数据进行降维,提取变量之间的关系,进而得到一些解释性更强、与原始数据相关性更好的因子用于理解数据。因子分析通常需要输入1个包含2个或者2个以上变量的数据集,然后通过选定主成分个数和因子旋转方式等参数获得预期结果。
因子分析的基本思想是通过对变量进行压缩,提取可以解释变量之间关系的构建成分(即因子),并将这些因子用于数据的降维和解释。通过因子分析,可以将众多的观测变量归纳为更少的一些潜在因子,这些因子之间存在一定程度的相关性,并且可以反映出原始数据集中的一些重要信息和结构性关系。因子分析有助于理解数据、简化数据处理流程、提高预测准确率等。
考虑构建燃料电池汽车故障评价指标体系的合理性和正确性,主要遵循以下原则:
(1)科学性:在构建过程中要从官方渠道获得数据,更真实的量化分析。
(2)全面性:由多个指标构成,需大量阅读参考文献,全面准备构建评价指标体系所需要的辅助资料。
(3)可量化原则:选择指标要考虑能否可量化,以便进行计算和分析,以确保定量分析结果具有可比性。
构建燃料电池汽车故障的评价指标,可以从故障性质、故障概率、故障后果(对人员生命或财产造成损害或后果的严重性)、环境影响等方面进行。由于数字对比相对更直观清晰,因此需要对各个指标进行量化分析。
根据故障表现特征对故障性质进行等级划分,故障表现特征包括:检测性故障(1)、警示性故障(2)、功能性故障(3)[6],3种表现特征的严重程度依次递进为了便于后续分析计算,将语言转化为数值,分别用数值1、2、3表述。考虑到目前燃料电池汽车数量较少,缺少对应的故障数据样本,因此采用模糊集理论(Fuzzy Set Theory,FST)计算燃料电池汽车故障概率与后果[7-8]。通过专家对事件的主观语言判断,将定性分析转换成定量的数值分析[9]。并对专家给出的数值进行权重平均,得到综合多位专家意见的模糊概率评分。
通过测量氢气泄露浓度评估其对环境影响,将故障导致的泄露或尾气排出的氢气浓度划分为4个等级[10],见表1
考虑到燃料电池汽车涉及多个系统,潜在故障数量庞大,本文仅选取燃料电池系统作为研究对象,并总结了常见的故障模式,见表2。在上述理论研究和评价指标体系构建的基础上,运用专业统计服务科学平台(Scientific Platform Serving for Statistics Professional,SPSSPRO)软件对数据进行处理。
将各燃料电池故障发生的可能性分为非常低、低、中等、高和非常高5个等级。利用梯形模糊数,将模糊语言转换成数值语言[11]。语言变量对应梯形模糊数见表3
通过增加专家人数可以缩小专家意见偏差,使结果更接近真实值。考虑到研究可操作性,邀请了3位业内专家进行评价[12],采用FST分别对燃料电池汽车各发生故障的可能性和严重度进行分析,将模糊语言转化为能够代表多个专家的综合评估分数。以发生故障的可能性为例,得到发生故障可能性的聚合后模糊数,见表4
故障发生将对人员、财产和环境造成不同程度的影响。专家综合考虑各方面因素,对故障造成的后果进行评估,并采用模糊集理论,构建了故障严重度的聚合模糊数,见表5
收集到的原始数据进行二次整理计算,对于梯形模糊数M={um1m2l}可利用模糊重心法去模糊化,具体原理为:
$X^{*}=\frac{\int u(x) x \mathrm{~d} x}{\int u(x) \mathrm{d} x} \text {, 其中 } \int u(x) x \mathrm{~d} x \neq 0$
式中:X*为输出值,u(x)为隶属度函数,x输出变量。
对式(2)进行推导,可得其重心公式:
$C(N)=\frac{\left(u^{2}+m_{2}^{2}+u m_{2}-l^{2}-m_{1}^{2}-l m_{1}\right)}{3\left(m_{2}+u-m_{1}-l\right)}$
式中:C(N)即为去模糊化后的结果。
最终,得到各项故障的发生可能性以及对应故障后果的综合评分,见表6
首先对燃料电池故障分类的原始数据进行抽样适合性检验(Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin,KMO)和巴特利特(Bartlett)球形度检验,判断是否可以进行因子分析,见表7
表7可得,KMO的检验值为0.718,适合做因子分析。对于Bartlett的检验,显著性远小于0.01,说明各变量间具有相关性,因子分析有效。
对主成分和累计方差贡献率进行计算,通常情况下进行主成分分析,主成分1和主成分2的累计方差贡献率在80%左右,选取的主成分需能反映大部分原有指标。表8为样本数据的总方差解释情况。
根据各主成分对数据变异的解释程度绘制成碎石图(图2),利用特征值下降的坡度确认所需选择的因子主成分个数,选取前2个公因子。
计算因子载荷矩阵和成分得分系数矩阵。因子载荷矩阵中的某列数值除以对应主成分特征值得到各指标的成分得分系数。燃料电池汽车故障分类旋转后的因子载荷系数和成分矩阵见表9
将原始数据与成分得分系数矩阵相乘,得到各主成分的得分结果,主成分得分F的计算表达式为:
$F_{1}=0.063 \boldsymbol{A}_{1}-0.384 \boldsymbol{A}_{2}+0.321 \boldsymbol{A}_{3}+0.302 \boldsymbol{A}_{4}$
$F_{2}=1.19 A_{1}-0.049 A_{2}+0.528 A_{3}+0.479 A_{4}$
$F=(0.48 / 0.789) F_{1}+(0.31 / 0.789) F_{2}$
式中:F为主成分得分,F1为成分1的得分,F2为成分2的得分,A1为故障性质,A2为故障可能性,A3为后果评估,A4为环境影响。
根据主成分得分计算综合得分,对其进行降序排序,得到各燃料电池故障类型的综合得分与排名情况,见表10
将故障划分为4个等级,综合得分>1分为1级故障,综合得分0~1分为2级故障,综合得分-1~0分为3级故障,综合得分<-1分为4级故障[13]。最终,对燃料电池汽车系统的故障等级进行分类及综合评分结果见图3
本文分析了燃料电池汽车在贫数据条件下的故障分类,构建了燃料电池汽车故障评价指标内容及其计算方法,为整车企业提供一种燃料电池汽车故障等级的分类方法。对各项指标进行数据收集,采用因子分析法对数据进行处理,根据得分区间,将各个故障分为4个故障等级,对燃料电池汽车系统的故障等级进行故障等级分类。
通过综合因子分析和模糊集理论,本研究提出了一种针对贫数据条件下燃料电池汽车故障分类的新方法,实现了故障等级的有效评价。此方法结合数据和专家判断,弥补了传统计算方法可能忽略重大故障概率的不足,为燃料电池汽车系统故障的精准分类提供了一种可行途径。
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2024年第卷第6期
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doi: 10.19822/j.cnki.1671-6329.20230260
  • 首发时间:2025-11-25
  • 出版时间:2024-06-05
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    1 中国汽车技术研究中心有限公司, 天津 300300
    2 中汽研汽车检验中心(天津)有限公司, 天津 300300
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Percentage of
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Genus
种数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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