Article(id=1200101318657405465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, issueId=1200101314932863455, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19822/j.cnki.1671-6329.20220175, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764056051172, onlineDateStr=2025-11-25, pubDate=1704384000000, pubDateStr=2024-01-05, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1764056051172, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-25, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764056051172, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764056051172, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1200101314932863455, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, year='2024', volume='', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='62', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1764056050284, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1764225121473, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1200810450981081697, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, issueId=1200101314932863455, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1200810450981081698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, issueId=1200101314932863455, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=14, endPage=20, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200101318942618147, articleId=1200101318657405465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, language=EN, title=Review on Research and Application of Automobile Camera Monitor System, columnId=null, journalTitle=Automotive Digest, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to improve driving safety and driving comfort, the technologies of replacing traditional rear-view mirrors with electronic rear-view mirrors or camera monitor systems are sorted out, and the requirements of relevant domestic and foreign laws and standards on camera and monitor parameter design are analyzed. The research status of the monitor in terms of size, angle and position design is summarized. Moreover, the results of the actual car-following test and the simulated driving test are analyzed, and the evaluation indicators in the test are compared, including the physiological performance of the driver in the process of completing the driving task. Considering the subjective scores of drivers, the evaluation system under different test conditions is analyzed. This thesis provides feasible evaluation methods for camera monitor system application.

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为了提高行车安全与驾驶舒适性,通过对电子后视镜或摄像机监视器系统替代传统后视镜技术进行梳理,分析了相关国内外法规和标准对摄像机和监视器参数设计要求,总结出监视器在尺寸、角度、位置设计方面研究现状。通过分析实际跟车试验和模拟驾驶验证结果,对比试验中的评价指标,包括驾驶任务执行过程中驾驶员的各项生理表现。考虑驾驶员的主观评分,分析了不同试验条件下的评价体系,为摄像机监视器系统的整体应用提供了可行的评价方式。

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郭华金,1997年生,男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为汽车人机工程学。E-mail:

钟良辉,1997年生,男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为汽车结构设计与成型。E-mail:

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汽车摄像机监视器系统研究与应用综述
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郭华金 , 钟良辉
汽车文摘 | 2024,(1): 14-20
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汽车文摘 | 2024, (1): 14-20
汽车摄像机监视器系统研究与应用综述
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郭华金 , 钟良辉
作者信息
  • 重庆交通大学机电与车辆工程学院, 重庆 400041
  • 郭华金,1997年生,男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为汽车人机工程学。E-mail:

    钟良辉,1997年生,男,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为汽车结构设计与成型。E-mail:

Review on Research and Application of Automobile Camera Monitor System
Huajin Guo , ZhongLianghui
Affiliations
  • School of Mechatronics and Vehicle Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400041
出版时间: 2024-01-05 doi: 10.19822/j.cnki.1671-6329.20220175
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为了提高行车安全与驾驶舒适性,通过对电子后视镜或摄像机监视器系统替代传统后视镜技术进行梳理,分析了相关国内外法规和标准对摄像机和监视器参数设计要求,总结出监视器在尺寸、角度、位置设计方面研究现状。通过分析实际跟车试验和模拟驾驶验证结果,对比试验中的评价指标,包括驾驶任务执行过程中驾驶员的各项生理表现。考虑驾驶员的主观评分,分析了不同试验条件下的评价体系,为摄像机监视器系统的整体应用提供了可行的评价方式。

摄像机监视器系统  /  跟车试验  /  模拟测试  /  评价体系  /  眼椭圆

In order to improve driving safety and driving comfort, the technologies of replacing traditional rear-view mirrors with electronic rear-view mirrors or camera monitor systems are sorted out, and the requirements of relevant domestic and foreign laws and standards on camera and monitor parameter design are analyzed. The research status of the monitor in terms of size, angle and position design is summarized. Moreover, the results of the actual car-following test and the simulated driving test are analyzed, and the evaluation indicators in the test are compared, including the physiological performance of the driver in the process of completing the driving task. Considering the subjective scores of drivers, the evaluation system under different test conditions is analyzed. This thesis provides feasible evaluation methods for camera monitor system application.

Camera monitor system  /  Vehicle following test  /  Simulation test  /  Evaluation system  /  Eye ellipse
郭华金, 钟良辉. 汽车摄像机监视器系统研究与应用综述. 汽车文摘, 2024 , (1) : 14 -20 . DOI: 10.19822/j.cnki.1671-6329.20220175
Huajin Guo, ZhongLianghui. Review on Research and Application of Automobile Camera Monitor System[J]. Automotive Digest, 2024 , (1) : 14 -20 . DOI: 10.19822/j.cnki.1671-6329.20220175
缩略语
CMS Camera Monitor System
ADAS Advanced Driving Assist Systems
SD Small Display
LD Large Display
IMD Internal Mirror Display
HUD Head Up Display
汽车在行驶过程中,驾驶员80%的视野都是来源于驾驶员的直接或者间接观察[1]。汽车驾驶视野是安全行驶的重要组成部分,合理且宜人的驾驶视野能够直接提高汽车驾驶安全性并有效降低交通事故发生的概率。
人体左右眼的单眼视区角度均为150°,双眼的重合视区角度为120°[2]。在排除汽车左右A柱、中央B柱的情况下,能保证直接获取前方大部分视野。但是,当驾驶员有变道、超车和减速驾驶意图时,则必须依靠后视镜对汽车侧方和后方的目标车辆或者行人进行观察。但由于传统后视镜的尺寸、曲率的设计因素加上可能会存在的图像失真、变形等原因,驾驶员通过传统光学后视镜对目标物的距离估计会存在一定误差。更为重要的是,当人眼与后视镜的视野满足一定条件时,两者在汽车侧方形成的视野盲区空间能完全容纳一辆轿车,至于行人或者其它更小的目标则会有更大的概率使驾驶员对盲区视野误判,从而造成行车安全隐患和交通事故。
为减少汽车外置后视镜存在的盲区,欧美汽车厂商对驾驶视野进行了研究,研究重点侧重于车身结构的设计以及驾驶员信息获取和反馈。日本的汽车企业则将涉及的医学、生理学、心理学领域学科应用到汽车视野研究中,例如日本汽车企业与医学机构合作,从生理学角度测试驾驶员驾驶活动相关的反应来研究驾驶员的视野认知。
随着2018年奥迪e-tron在汽车上搭载了电子后视镜并量产上市,国内外企业相继在电子后视镜方面进行相关布局并开展产品应用设计开发工作。电子后视镜也可称为摄像机监视器系统(Camera Monitor System,CMS),由摄像机与监视器组成。要求CMS在规定视野内需要看清车辆后方、侧方视野,CMS属于间接视野装置。与传统光学后视镜相比,CMS体积更小,车辆在行驶过程中风阻更低,传统后视镜片被摄像头取代,视角更加灵活,视野更加宽阔。
CMS可以视为汽车先进驾驶辅助系统(Advanced Driving Assist Systems, ADAS)的一部分。在驾驶员驾驶过程中,CMS提供较为宽阔和清晰的视野,保证行车安全。但由于它作为一种电子产品,在行车过程中有可能会因为电路、天气、环境、驾驶员适应度和反应原因,无法保证与驾驶员有足够的匹配度,其图像的清晰度以及整个系统的稳定和可靠性也需提高,在未来的应用上还有待深入研究。欧盟和日本先后在2016年和2017年通过了CMS立法,明确表示CMS可以取代传统后视镜,在一定程度上认可了电子后视镜对驾驶员视野方面的作用和研发潜力。2023年,工信部发布了《机动车辆间接视野装置性能和安装要求》[3],初步确立了CMS的可行性,并给出了4类和5类监视器的尺寸设定要求。
国内外对于电子后视镜的研究主要分为3个部分:
(1)在固定后视镜监视器尺寸和布局位置的前提下,驾驶员进行模拟驾驶换道、超车、倒车等行车指定任务,并与传统后视镜进行对照试验。
(2)依据汽车人机工程学设计方法,研究汽车显示器布置的可能性,包括对比不同CMS布置方案,驾驶员在驾驶过程中所展现出的行为、表征和生理现象,研究显示器布置对驾驶员驾驶过程中行为和操控的影响。
(3)研究显示器和摄像机主要性能参数,包括放大率、视角、与驾驶员的距离和分辨率,建立非线性参数方程,在保证驾驶员看清显示器的基础上,进行CMS布置设计。
联合国在2016年7月实行的第46号文件ECE-R46《关于间接视野装置和机动车安装认证的统一规定》[4],在CMS取代后视镜相关的文件中对视野范围进行最低限度的要求和规定。
不论是从驾驶员侧还是乘客侧方向看,主要后视装置视野应使驾驶员能够看到至少4 m宽、平坦、水平的道路部分,其以平行于纵向中间垂直面并穿过车辆驾驶员侧车辆最外点的平面为边界,并从驾驶员眼点后20 m延伸至地平线。此外,驾驶员应能看到宽度超过1 m的道路,该道路以一个平行于纵向中间垂直面并穿过车辆最外点的平面为边界,该平面从穿过驾驶员眼点的垂直面后面4 m的点开始,如图1所示。
除此之外,由国际标准化组织(ISO)在2019年7月发布的ISO 16505:2019《道路车辆摄像机—监视器系统的人类工效学和性能方面的要求和试验程序》[5]侧重于对监视器和摄像机的性能要求,包括视野范围、放大率以及分辨率,还对分辨率的测试进行规定并给出了测试方法。
有关CMS可实施性最先是由国外的汽车制造商以及汽车零部件供应商开始规划并研究的,尤其是以Honda、BMW等汽车公司以及Valeo汽车零部件公司为主。且目前大多数的研究对象多倾向于传统轿车以及货车,其它研究对象已经扩展到重型载货车甚至是牵引车。
由于货车底盘高、离地间隙大,前方视野存在很大的视野盲区,货车侧后方的视野即使在安装了广角后视镜、外侧主后视镜、前视镜以及下视镜后,依然存在着很大的视野盲区。Valeo公司的Miguel Hurtado[6]针对商用货车在行车过程中自然存在的盲区(车辆自身结构和体型原因)进行分析,从摄像机的布置方式以及视野范围进行优化设计,提高视野覆盖率的同时,控制成本并保证监视器图像的清晰,有效地减少了视野盲区并增加驾驶员的视野可见范围。但是文中并没有提及监视器的布置方式以及摄像机布置的方法与原理,只是从减少视野盲区的角度进行分析,缺乏试验以及模拟仿真的过程,无法验证理论的适用性与可靠性。基于此,来自弗吉尼亚理工大学交通学院的Grerory Fitch[7]等则进行了2组试验。一组是在货车驾驶室设置3个显示器取代后视镜,另一组则是以传统后视镜作为对照。统计驾驶员在变道任务过程中车速、加速度变化、制动踏板、转向信号的使用情况,以目标车辆与当前车辆的距离、位置和行驶速度作为分析指标,进行实际跟车试验。分析结果表明:(1)驾驶员在看向摄像机监控系统时能同时注意到前方道路情况。(2)当不需要变道时,与相邻车辆的间隙没有改变。(3)驾驶员更有可能在夜间和右转时使用电子后视镜。(4)驾驶员表示电子后视镜能帮助他们意识到周围物体并融入交通环境。
由于监视器布置在离驾驶员较近的高度,能有效保证驾驶员在看向后视镜时,有足够的视线去留意汽车前方道路情况,且避免对驾驶员安全驾驶产生不利的影响,这就要求监视器布置在一个比较合理的位置上。而且摄像机监视器系统是基于光学原理而设计的电子产品,在夜晚或者光亮度不足的情况下,通过曝光或者光亮度补偿的方式,可以让监视器中的视频图像更为清晰,相比于传统光学后视镜,能保证后方视野清晰可见。但由于汽车内部存在镜子、玻璃、显示器反射物,极有可能在一定条件下,对驾驶员造成眩目影响。
针对摄像机监视系统在货车上实际应用过程中可能出现的问题。Fitch[8]团队邀请了12名货车驾驶员对有电子后视镜的货车试驾,进行为期4个月的试验并采用问卷调查的方式收集驾驶员对电子后视镜的看法和意见。调查结果指出,大部分驾驶员对电子后视镜增强视野是比较认可的,而且3个摄像机的有效布置能减少盲点,帮助驾驶员确定和判断目标车辆与试验车辆的接近程度。部分驾驶员认为,监视器在夜晚产生的眩光对于驾驶员来说太亮,降低了他们在夜晚看清道路细节的能力。所以研究者认为要想让摄像机监视器系统取代后视镜,必须在覆盖右侧盲点的前提下,不产生新的盲点,安装位置最好不要在风窗玻璃和侧窗的关键区域以避免产生新盲点和交叉反射,让驾驶员能够有效利用视野并判断整个交通状况。除此之外,监视器亮度应能够根据环境和人眼特性进行变化,方便驾驶员直接进行视野获取。
由于货车本身车型较大、车身较长,在转弯以及变道过程中,如果不能做到对侧后方视野的快速获取,极有可能发生交通安全事故。尤其是美国的货车,至少配备了8个后视镜对汽车周围的视野进行获取。但驾驶员在实际行车过程中要做到对汽车后方视野全面兼顾的同时,还要保证双眼视线对前方视野的获取,这对货车驾驶员也是一种挑战和考验。如果汽车电子后视镜想要在保证视野的前提下,完全有效取代后视镜,用极少数的监视器(3个)提供视野是一个可行的方法。在控制成本基础上,减少监视器的数量可以减少视野盲点并避免分散驾驶员注意力。甚至可以考虑在一个监视器中融合多个摄像头视野,形成全景画面,但全景画面呈现视野的同时,也需要驾驶员去区分视野方位,这无疑会增加驾驶员反应、决策以及后续驾驶操作时间,在一定程度上又会增加安全隐患。所以用传统光学后视镜加上摄像机监视器系统配合使用是最佳的选择,一方面能够减少视野盲区,提高视野范围。另一方面,较少的监视器能够让驾驶员直接进行视野获取,而不需要去甄别监视器所指定的画面。但这一系统需要驾驶员在行驶前进行熟悉和把控,并且监视器的布置位置可能会因人而异,由于驾驶员的视力、年龄直接影响到反应时间,所以在布置CMS时,监视器的尺寸、清晰度与驾驶员的距离需要进行统筹考虑。
当前,CMS在乘用车上的应用研究更为深入。由于轿车后视镜只有2个,且分别布置在左右A柱附近。用CMS替代后视镜的研究中,摄像机的放置依旧是在原光学后视镜的位置上,而监视器则多放置在汽车左右A柱位置。但仍有不同的放置方式,如雷克萨斯ES 200的监视器则是放置在前左右车门内,宝马无镜汽车版则在后视镜旁放置了一块76.2 mm(3英寸)的车内液晶显示屏(Liquid Crystal Display,LCD)作为监视器。
来自本田研发公司的Oshida等[9]针对摄像机在替代后视镜方面的有效性进行研究,通过模拟驾驶的方式,在高速公路中的4车道模型环境中对20名参与者进行试验。试验采用了3种后视镜布置方案:
(1)乘客侧的试验后视镜使用半径为1 400 mm的球面镜,视野角度为18°。
(2)乘客侧试验用的后视镜为提供80°视角的电子摄像机,在中控台布置一块203 mm(8英寸)的显示屏作为监控器。
(3)乘客侧使用80°视角的电子摄像头,在中控台布置一块102 mm(4英寸)显示屏作为监控器。而在驾驶员侧都是布置一块提供20°视野的非球面镜。
试验结果表明,单独使用传统后视镜进行变道操作时,事故发生率为6.2%。将传统后视镜与电子后视镜一起使用时,事故发生率降低至2.6%。可以认为电子后视镜对减少事故发生率是有效的。Oshida等[9]还分别研究了电子后视镜监视器尺寸为203 mm(8英寸)和102 mm(4英寸)的试验数据,分析认为使用2种不同尺寸的监视器在减少事故发生率上没有显著差异。尺寸因素在试验中并没有对结果产生影响的原因是中控台仪表离驾驶员比较近,不论是8英寸还是4英寸监视器都能保证驾驶员能够直接获取视野。
在CMS监视器布置方案设计中,大多数的研究侧重于监视器布置在汽车A柱以及驾驶舱中控台仪表中央。其依据多来源于传统后视镜的布置方式,但没有相关的理论或者试验能够解释这种传统后视镜布置的合理性或者整体设计方案的正确性。
来自德国乌尔姆应用科学大学电气工程与信息技术系的Terzis[10]针对CMS整体系统设计及相关要求,在2015年11月发布了《摄像机监视器系统手册》(Handbook of Camera Monitor Systems: The Automotive Mirror-Replacement Technology based on ISO 16505),旨在全面概述摄像机监视器系统科学与技术,并结合ISO 16505将其从理论推进到实际开发中。其主要包括5个方面:(1)CMS系统设计与标准化和规范;(2)CMS汽车技术基础;(3)人类视觉感知与人体工程学设计;(4)乘用车与商用车CMS测试和概念;(5)高级应用和安全。
在此手册中,对监视器的总体布置提到了2种布置方式,对后续研究人员的布置研究提供了参考和验证分析依据。其布置方法如图3所示。
在监视器布置设计中,Kim等[11]则设计了4种电子后视镜监视器布置位置(图4):
(1)中控台小屏幕监视器(Small Display,SD);
(2)中控台大屏监视器(Large Display, LD);
(3)镜内监视器(Internal Mirror Display, IMD);
(4)无监视器(No Display)。
以4种常见的倒车任务下(平行泊车、两辆车之间的倒车、车道倒车和车库倒车),避免与障碍物相碰撞的有效性为评价指标,并且记录了眼部眼球运动轨迹以及车辆动力学特征参数(速度、加速度和制动踏板行程)。并最终以监视器的高频使用率为指标得出在该试验条件下的最佳监视器放置位置。试验结果表明驾驶员通过IMD进行汽车侧后方视野的获取频次和倾向性大于其他两种方式,能有效减少碰撞事故发生率。相比之下,SD或者LD布置方式涉及到其他更为复杂的情况,这也是后续需要验证和关注的关键点。
慕尼黑路德维希马克西米利安大学人类科学中心和德国本田研发中心的Wittmann等[12]则以驾驶员座椅和中控台仪表盘为中心设计了7种不同的监视器布置方式(图5),位置分别是:
(1)前窗速度表上方(A);
(2)在速度表上(B);
(3)中控台上方(C);
(4)中控台中间位置(D);
(5)在中控台底部(E);
(6)类似于模拟抬头显示(HUD)位置(F);
(7)车内后视镜位置(G)。
在试验方面给出了2种驾驶条件:
(1)自由视野条件下,驾驶员可以在屏幕和监视器中自由切换;(2)聚焦视野条件下,驾驶员将视野聚焦于监视器。
这2种条件表示驾驶员在驾驶舱需要完成的视觉和运动任务的不同方式。主要驾驶任务为:屏幕显示一个主要的道路场景,当显示屏随机出现10次红灯时,驾驶员需要踩下制动踏板。次要任务则是将信息通过监视器进行显示。将两次不同任务下驾驶员保持车道时间、反应时间与可见视野范围进行比较,试验结果表明:车载监视器的位置对于驾驶操控和驾驶员的心理有着直接联系。监视器离风窗玻璃越近(中控台上方或者仪表上方),对于驾驶员完成指定任务的不利影响就越小。并建议汽车制造商在考虑监视器布置位置时,考虑中控台位置,以便呈现最佳的视觉信息。
日本冈山大学自然科学与技术研究院智能机械系统系的Murata等[13]为了研究监视器布置和尺寸对驾驶员的直接影响,分析车载监视器代替汽车侧后视镜的有效性,通过驾驶员在环模拟的方法来验证电子后视镜的有效性。在此之前驾驶员需要对车辆所有情况进行熟悉,并调整至最佳的座椅状态。首先执行一项主要的模拟驾驶试验,其次对侧后视镜或者车内监视器中目标车辆的二次识别任务进行试验。主要计算两次试验模拟驾驶任务中的跟踪误差、目标车辆的忽视或者识别率以及识别效率。通过自身车辆与目标车辆的距离以及预定目标车辆出现在侧后视镜或者监视器中的时间进行整体判断和评价分析。试验对照因素分别为:
(1)监视器尺寸为152 mm(6英寸)和203 mm(8英寸);
(2)放置位置(侧后视镜、驾驶员中心周围、转向盘周围和后侧视镜周围)以及驾驶员侧面(左侧和右侧)(图6)。
通过比较后侧视镜与监视器之间的效率评价指标,对每组试验结果进行评分和主观评级。
试验结果表明:在6种不同组合条件下,驾驶员对目标车辆的跟踪误差、目标车辆忽略比例和错误反应在6种试验条件下没有大的差异,位于驾驶员座椅中心和转向盘周围的监视器布置是最为理想的,比侧视镜的反应更快。与侧视镜相比,在驾驶员中心周围安装203 mm(8英寸)液晶显示器作为监视器对目标车辆的反应时间减少了23.6%。
Murata等[13]认为,从驾驶员对目标车辆的反应时间和能见度数据来看,只考虑尺寸和安装位置之间的相互作用,用监视器来替代侧后视镜是可行的。一方面研究人员认为电子后视镜取代侧后视镜,需要多方面考虑。仅从本次试验评价指标和客观数据来看,只有一部分试验数据显示电子后视镜的优势与潜在价值。要全面考量电子后视镜在实际应用过程中能否得到认可,就需要全面系统地比较与传统后视镜的优劣性。模拟驾驶或者实际跟车试验都是比较可靠的,首先需要考虑到后视镜对驾驶员的作用,主要是在起步阶段以及倒车、变道、加速超车、减速和停车过程中会使用到后视镜。比如在城市道路行驶时,由于交通情况复杂,车速的变化幅度比较大,驾驶员会大概率更换车道和路径,这更需要驾驶员通过后视镜进行多频次的视野获取和观察。在高速行驶时,如果能尽早获取侧后方车辆信息并对距离做出合理的判断,就能极大地减少变道事故率,提高行车安全性。而随着摄像头视野角度和景深距离增大,在保持与驾驶员一定距离的前提下,监视器尺寸也会相应增大,以确保驾驶员能够看清目标车辆或者行人,也是性能匹配研究的重点。
由于CMS是由监视器、摄像头和图像处理单元组成的电子系统,因此监视器和摄像头的性能参数匹配尤为重要,直接影响到成本与清晰度。研究人员认为当监视器与驾驶员相对位置一旦确定后,监视器的放大率也就确认了,而有些性能参数则可以选择与摄像头参数做匹配设计。来自法雷奥公司的Hurtado等[14]针对监视器的性能参数(纵横比、尺寸、分辨率)与摄像头的参数(视野角度、放大因子、像素密度),结合驾驶员的人眼分辨率建立非线性参数方程。ISO 16505:2019[5]中也对此进行了说明和规定,比如系统在乘客侧和驾驶员侧的平均放大率和最小放大率都要大于被替代的镜像放大率。3类CMS的监视器水平放大率和纵向放大率之比为0.75~1.34,人眼视觉分辨率按照0.7进行计算。
根据学术界和产业界CMS应用研究成果,CMS完全替代传统侧后视镜是可行的,具有很大潜力和应用价值。相关实车试验和模拟驾驶验证CMS在车辆变道、泊车和高速行驶过程中减少交通事故发生率的有效性。目前研究的侧重点应该在于监视器布置方式的合理性,基于此,可以考虑从眼椭圆的角度出发,进行视野设计,并减少监视器造成新的前视野盲区概率。但由于国内对CMS还没有进行比较系统的研究,因此将后视镜和中控台仪表板相关设计理论应用到监视器的布置之中是可行的。且摄像头的高度和角度布置可以参考汽车后视镜曲率和放大率进行设计,并结合人眼视觉测距原理进行布置研究。
随着车联网技术、自动驾驶技术高速发展,基于激光雷达的距离检测以及基于摄像头的行人、车辆、道路、建筑物特征识别系统的建立与完善,电子摄像头的应用会跟随着智能网联汽车的发展得到广泛应用。CMS结合目标识别和自动测距功能进行开发和研究,一方面能够提供驾驶员较宽广的侧后方视野,另一方面又能根据距离进行预警提示,将人眼视觉和机器视觉相结合保证行车安全。
目前只有我国、欧盟和日本颁布了CMS相关法律,推动CMS替代后视镜,相关法律法规对CMS整体性能提出了很高要求和严格规定。CMS要在全世界范围内应用有难度,除了监视器的布置和整体性能之外,驾驶员在驾驶车辆时,需要时间来适应并习惯用CMS来替代传统光学后视镜。此外,成本依旧是大多数汽车企业和用户需要考虑的因素。
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doi: 10.19822/j.cnki.1671-6329.20220175
  • 首发时间:2025-11-25
  • 出版时间:2024-01-05
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    重庆交通大学机电与车辆工程学院, 重庆 400041
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Percentage of
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Genus
种数
Number of
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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