Article(id=1195432343323324751, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, issueId=1195432339221299758, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19822/j.cnki.1671-6329.20230300, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1762942880706, onlineDateStr=2025-11-12, pubDate=1736006400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-05, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762942880706, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-12, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762942880706, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762942880706, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1195432339221299758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, year='2025', volume='', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='62', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1762942879729, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762945387722, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1195442858556699315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, issueId=1195432339221299758, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1195442858556699316, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, issueId=1195432339221299758, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=29, endPage=35, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1195432343663063376, articleId=1195432343323324751, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, language=EN, title=Effect of Over-Expansion Cycle Engine Valve Phase Deviation on Air Charge Model Accuracy, columnId=null, journalTitle=Automotive Digest, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to improve the accuracy of the over-expansion cycle engine air charge model, improve engine performance and improve the dynamic condition mixture control of the vehicle, it is necessary to accurately control the phase of the engine’s intake valve. In this paper, the influence of the Intake Valve Open(IVO) timing and Intake Valve Close(IVC) timing on air charge model is analyzed, the influence of valve phase deviation on the accuracy of the air charge model is analyzed theoretically, and the influence of different valve phase deviations on the accuracy of the air charge model is verified by experiments, in order to meet the accuracy requirements of the air charge model deviation of no more than ±5%, the intake valve phase deviation needs to be controlled within the range of ±1.5 °CA. The influence of the intake phase deviation on the air charge model is corrected by controlling the phase accuracy of the assembly machinery and adding the Electronic Control Unit(ECU) phase deviation adaptive model, and the effect of phase deviation control is verified by experiments.

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为提高过膨胀循环发动机充气模型精度,改善发动机性能及提高整车动态工况混合气控制,需精确控制发动机进气凸轮轴的相位。本文分析了进气凸轮轴的开启时刻与关闭时刻对充气模型的影响原理,从理论上分析了相位偏差对充气模型精度的影响,并通过试验验证不同相位偏差对充气模型精度的影响情况,为满足充气模型的偏差不超过±5%的精度需求,进气相位偏差需要控制在±1.5 °CA范围内。提出了通过控制装配机械相位精度及增加ECU相位偏差自学习模型的方式,修正进气相位偏差对充气模型的影响,经过试验验证了相位偏差控制的效果。

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项目 参数
排量/L 1.999
最大净功率/kW 120.0(4 500 r·min-1
最大扭矩/N·m 260(1 750~4 500 r·min-1
压缩比 13.5
燃油标号 95#
点火次序 1-3-4-2
技术特点 直喷增压、深度米勒、液冷EGR
电控系统 开发ECU
), ArticleFig(id=1195653409056539643, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1195432343323324751, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

发动机参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 参数
排量/L 1.999
最大净功率/kW 120.0(4 500 r·min-1
最大扭矩/N·m 260(1 750~4 500 r·min-1
压缩比 13.5
燃油标号 95#
点火次序 1-3-4-2
技术特点 直喷增压、深度米勒、液冷EGR
电控系统 开发ECU
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过膨胀循环发动机配气相位偏差对充气模型精度的影响
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张文韬 , 冯朋朋 , 郝伟 , 徐宁宁 , 周天鹏 , 闫涛
汽车文摘 | 2025,(1): 29-35
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汽车文摘 | 2025, (1): 29-35
过膨胀循环发动机配气相位偏差对充气模型精度的影响
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张文韬, 冯朋朋, 郝伟, 徐宁宁, 周天鹏, 闫涛
作者信息
  • 中国第一汽车股份有限公司研发总院, 长春 130013
Effect of Over-Expansion Cycle Engine Valve Phase Deviation on Air Charge Model Accuracy
Wentao Zhang, Pengpeng Feng, Wei Hao, Ningning Xu, Tianpeng Zhou, Tao Yan
Affiliations
  • General Research and Development Institute, China FAW Corporation Limited, Changchun 130013
出版时间: 2025-01-05 doi: 10.19822/j.cnki.1671-6329.20230300
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为提高过膨胀循环发动机充气模型精度,改善发动机性能及提高整车动态工况混合气控制,需精确控制发动机进气凸轮轴的相位。本文分析了进气凸轮轴的开启时刻与关闭时刻对充气模型的影响原理,从理论上分析了相位偏差对充气模型精度的影响,并通过试验验证不同相位偏差对充气模型精度的影响情况,为满足充气模型的偏差不超过±5%的精度需求,进气相位偏差需要控制在±1.5 °CA范围内。提出了通过控制装配机械相位精度及增加ECU相位偏差自学习模型的方式,修正进气相位偏差对充气模型的影响,经过试验验证了相位偏差控制的效果。

过膨胀循环  /  相位偏差  /  模型精度  /  相位修正

In order to improve the accuracy of the over-expansion cycle engine air charge model, improve engine performance and improve the dynamic condition mixture control of the vehicle, it is necessary to accurately control the phase of the engine’s intake valve. In this paper, the influence of the Intake Valve Open(IVO) timing and Intake Valve Close(IVC) timing on air charge model is analyzed, the influence of valve phase deviation on the accuracy of the air charge model is analyzed theoretically, and the influence of different valve phase deviations on the accuracy of the air charge model is verified by experiments, in order to meet the accuracy requirements of the air charge model deviation of no more than ±5%, the intake valve phase deviation needs to be controlled within the range of ±1.5 °CA. The influence of the intake phase deviation on the air charge model is corrected by controlling the phase accuracy of the assembly machinery and adding the Electronic Control Unit(ECU) phase deviation adaptive model, and the effect of phase deviation control is verified by experiments.

Over-Expansion cycle  /  Phase deviation  /  Model accuracy  /  Phase correction
张文韬, 冯朋朋, 郝伟, 徐宁宁, 周天鹏, 闫涛. 过膨胀循环发动机配气相位偏差对充气模型精度的影响. 汽车文摘, 2025 , (1) : 29 -35 . DOI: 10.19822/j.cnki.1671-6329.20230300
Wentao Zhang, Pengpeng Feng, Wei Hao, Ningning Xu, Tianpeng Zhou, Tao Yan. Effect of Over-Expansion Cycle Engine Valve Phase Deviation on Air Charge Model Accuracy[J]. Automotive Digest, 2025 , (1) : 29 -35 . DOI: 10.19822/j.cnki.1671-6329.20230300
随着全球能源短缺和环境污染问题的日益严重,节能减排已成为汽车产业发展的重要趋势。混合动力汽车作为一种节能环保的新型汽车,具有广泛的应用前景。混合动力车型更加追求经济性,其专用发动机通常采用米勒循环(小包角进气凸轮轴凸轮)或者阿特金森循环(大包角进气凸轮轴凸轮),结合高压缩比和液冷废气再循环(Exhaust Gas Recirculation,EGR)提高发动机的理论热效率[1-4]。传统发动机采用奥托循环,即等膨胀循环,其膨胀行程与压缩行程相同。在奥托循环基础上进行气门正时调整,进气门早关(Early Intake Valve Closing,EIVC)为米勒循环,进气门晚关(Late Intake Valve Closing,LIVC)为阿特金森循环。此2种循环均属于过膨胀循环技术[5-6],其膨胀行程大于压缩行程。米勒循环由于进气门早关,导致缸内滚流减弱,无法充分利用惯性进气。而阿特金森循环由于进气门晚关,使得缸内较高温混合气可以回流至进气道[7]
过膨胀循环工作过程中,进气门开启、关闭时刻的偏差对缸内进气流量具有较大影响,微小偏差也可能导致气缸内进气充量出现较大差异,严重偏差可能影响发动机性能一致性[8-9]。在实际生产中,发动机进、排气凸轮轴的安装存在偏差,且偏差方向及大小均不稳定,导致发动机进气量出现偏差,降低了充气模型精度,影响混动工况的充电策略,对整车动态性能产生负面影响。
本文通过分析充气模型原理,研究了相位偏差对充气模型精度的影响并通过试验进行验证,提出通过控制装配机械相位精度及增加电子控制器单元(Engine Control Unit, ECU)相位偏差自学习模型的方式,修正进气相位偏差对充气模型的影响。
通过进气门流入气缸的瞬时空气流量很难直接测量,多数现有方法利用进气歧管上的传感器收集的信息建立发动机充气模型,充气模型来源于对从进气门开启到进气门关闭过程中进气状态的物理分析[10]。根据理想气体方程,相对进气量可表示为:
$rl=\frac{{m}_{i}}{{m}_{0}}$×100 %
式中:rl为相对进气量,mi为进气门关闭时缸内进气量,m0为标准状态下缸内进气量。缸内气体成分主要包括新鲜空气和残余废气,其中残余废气包括滞留废气与回流废气,则缸内新鲜气体相对量[11]可以表示为:
$r{l}_{fresh}=r{l}_{inner}-r{l}_{resi}-r{l}_{recy}$
式中:rlfresh为缸内新鲜气体相对量,rlinner为缸内总气体相对量,rlresi为缸内滞留废气相对量,rlrecy为缸内回流废气相对量。
缸内总气体相对量可表示为:
$r{l}_{inner}=A·\frac{{P}_{im}}{{P}_{0}}·\frac{{V}_{a}}{{V}_{0}}·\frac{{T}_{0}}{{T}_{a}}={P}_{im}·{f}_{p2ch}$
${f}_{p2ch}=A·\frac{1}{{P}_{0}}·\frac{{V}_{a}}{{V}_{0}}·\frac{{T}_{0}}{{T}_{a}}$
式中:Pim为进气歧管压力,fp2ch为进气歧管压力到相对进气量的转化的系数,A为歧管压力到缸内气体压力的修正,P0为标准状态气体压力,T0为标准状态气体温度,V0为标准状态缸内气体容积,Va为缸内气体容积,Ta为缸内气体温度。
缸内进气量主要受进气门关闭角影响[12]。根据膨胀循环的原理可知,进气门关闭角度的提前或延迟将主要影响缸内气体容积Va,进而作用于进气歧管压力与相对进气量的转化系数fp2ch,影响整体进气效率。缸内滞留废气量可表示为:
$r{l}_{ressi}=B·\frac{{V}_{r}}{{V}_{0}}·\frac{{P}_{r}}{{P}_{0}}·\frac{{T}_{0}}{{T}_{r}}$
式中:B为对滞留废气体积的修正,Pr为缸内滞留废气压力,Tr为缸内滞留废气温度,Vr为表示排气门关闭时缸内气体体积。
缸内的滞留废气主要受排气门关闭时缸内气体体积Vr影响,Vr主要受排气门关闭角影响。回流废气可表示为:
$r{l}_{resi}=C·\frac{{V}_{e}}{{V}_{0}}·\frac{{P}_{e}}{{P}_{0}}·\frac{{T}_{0}}{{T}_{e}}$
式中:C为对回流废气体积的修正,Pe为缸内回流废气压力,Te为缸内回流废气温度,Ve为回流气体体积。回流气体体积Ve除受进排气压比影响外,主要受进气门开启角与排气门关闭角之间的重叠角影响[13]
与等膨胀循环(奥托循环)发动机相比,过膨胀循环(米勒循环和阿特金森循环)发动机在进气门提前关闭或延迟关闭时,活塞运动速度非常快。即便进气门关闭角存在较小偏差,也可能导致缸内相对充气量出现较大的差异。进气歧管压力和相对进气量的转化系数与进气门关闭角之间的关系如图1所示,当进气门关闭角AIVC存在偏差,ECU中进气门关闭角AIVCSW可表示为:
AIVCSW=AIVCact+ΔAIVC
式中:AIVCact为实际进气门关闭角,ΔAIVC为进气门关闭角相位偏差进气门关闭角偏差ΔAIVC引起的歧管压力和相对进气量的转化系数偏差可表示为:
Δfp2ch=fp2chSW-fp2chact
式中:fp2chSW为ECU中歧管压力和相对进气量的转化系数,fp2chact为实际歧管压力和相对进气量的转化系数,Δfp2ch歧管压力和相对进气量的转化系数偏差。由歧管压力和相对进气量的转化系数偏差导致的缸内相对充气量的偏差可表示为:
Δrl=Δfp2ch·Pim
式中:Δrl为相对充气量的偏差。
进气相位偏差对回流废气量的影响与传统发动机相同,本文不做具体分析。
为充分验证不同进气相位偏差对发动机充气模型的影响程度,在保持排气门关闭时刻不变的情况下,机械调整不同进气门相位偏差方案(相对原机进气相位分别提前6 °CA、3 °CA、1.5 °CA和滞后1.5 °CA、3 °CA、6 °CA),进行发动机充气模型精度对比试验。
试验设备主要包括Horiba电力测功机、AVL主控系统、AVL 740瞬态油耗仪、Horiba MEXA-7500DEGR排放分析仪、ETAS-ES630空燃比测量仪、ETAS 592、深度米勒增压直喷发动机及开发ECU。试验中使用的设备及系统构成如图2所示。
本次试验采用某款2.0 L深度米勒增压直喷发动机,发动机具体参数如表1所示。
不同进气门相位偏差方案对发动机充气模型精度的影响如图3~图9所示。相对进气量偏差定义为ECU计算相对进气量与实际相对进气量的比值。图3为标准相位(进气相位偏差为0 °CA)时充气模型精度,模型精度在±2%以内。图4图5为进气相位提前与延迟1.5 °CA的充气模型精度,模型精度较标准相位时变差,模型精度在±5%以内。图6图7为进气相位提前与延迟3 °CA充气模型精度,模型精度较标准相位时变差,模型精度在±10%以内。图8图9为进气相位提前与延迟6 °CA充气模型精度,模型精度较标准相位时变差,模型精度在±20%以内。试验结果表明,进气相位偏差越大,模型精度越差。
发动机进气相位设计值是指进气门开启时刻对应的曲轴转角,通过控制单元中读取到的凸轮轴相位传感器测量值和曲轴位置传感器测量值的相对关系计算可以获得相位计算值,相位计算值和设计值的偏差称作相位偏差。相位偏差的主要来源包括3个方面:(1)零部件尺寸偏差,包括曲轴、凸轮轴、信号齿以及缸盖安装孔等。(2)装配过程导致的偏差,如链条状态和拧紧力矩不一致产生的偏差、工装辅具精度不同导致的偏差。(3)传感器测量偏差,主要包括凸轮轴位置传感器和曲轴位置传感器测量偏差[14-16]
为了降低进气相位偏差对米勒循环发动机实际进气的影响,一方面可以提高零部件的加工精度,但相位偏差的尺寸链影响因素众多,并且过高的尺寸要求必然带来零部件成本的上升。另一方面可以改善装配工艺过程及工装辅具,通过模拟发动机实际运转的链条状态等手段,配合精度更高的工装辅具,将相位偏差控制在±3 °CA范围内,但是无法达到米勒循环发动机的相位控制要求[17-18]
在实际装机条件下,由于进气相位偏差控制无法进一步优化,部分汽车制造商和控制系统供应商提出了相应补偿方案。例如大众采用一机一数据的方式,将测量得到的机械相位偏差写入控制单元[19]。大陆汽车电子通过开发软件算法,对各气门正时及其进气歧管压力所产生的影响之间的物理关系进行精确建模,并将其用于气门关闭正时的计算过程,补偿特定参考发动机和量产发动机之间的气门正时偏差[20]。本文通过对多台样机的相位偏差和凸轮轴位置传感器测量值进行分析,发现凸轮轴位置传感器测量到的偏差和实测相位偏差的方向一致。如图10所示,对其中3台样机进行机械相位调整,并记录机械相位调整后的凸轮轴位置传感器测量值。如图11所示,调整机械相位时,凸轮轴位置传感器的实测值和机械相位偏差在±1 °CA内,且具有较好一致性。
综上所述,本研究探索了采用凸轮轴位置传感器的测量值对相位进行修正的方法。在发动机运行过程中,凸轮轴相位传感器负责读取凸轮轴位置信号,得到凸轮轴位置实测值。通过将凸轮轴位置实测值和目标值进行对比得到凸轮轴位置实测值与标准值的偏差,并根据凸轮轴位置偏差值修正表得到偏差修正值。该修正值可以直接对控制单元中充气计算表坐标进行修正,也可以直接修正实际相位。修正逻辑如图12所示。
在不增加系统成本的情况下,通过相位偏差修正算法将±5 °CA以内的机械与电信号综合偏差控制在±1 °CA以内,提高充气模型计算精度。
通过分析进气门关闭角对充气模型的影响原理,从理论上分析了相位偏差对充气模型精度的影响,并通过试验验证不同相位偏差对充气模型精度的影响情况。
(1)与等膨胀循环发动机相比,过膨胀循环发动机充气模型精度对相位偏差更加敏感。
(2)发动机相位偏差来源于零件的制造偏差、发动机装配过程产生的偏差和传感器读取偏差,为满足模型偏差在±5%以内的需求,相位偏差需要控制在±1.5 °CA范围内。
(3)通过机械相位控制与ECU相位偏差自适应算法,修正相位偏差对充气模型的影响,通过试验验证了相位偏差控制的效果。
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doi: 10.19822/j.cnki.1671-6329.20230300
  • 首发时间:2025-11-12
  • 出版时间:2025-01-05
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    中国第一汽车股份有限公司研发总院, 长春 130013
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