Article(id=1194645352105091566, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, issueId=1194655769917367247, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19822/j.cnki.1671-6329.20230127, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1762755247379, onlineDateStr=2025-11-10, pubDate=1746374400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-05, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762755247379, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762755247379, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762755247379, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1194655769917367247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, year='2025', volume='', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='62', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1762757731179, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762757731179, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=55, endPage=62, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1194645352298029552, articleId=1194645352105091566, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, language=EN, title=Research and Prospect of Light Tactical Vehicles, columnId=null, journalTitle=Automotive Digest, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Light tactical vehicles are the backbone of rapid combat and rapid transfer on the modern battlefield. At present, there is a certain gap between the development of light tactical vehicles in China and that in foreign countries. In order to clarify this gap and promote the development of light tactical vehicles in China, the research progress of foreign mainstream light tactical vehicles is analyzed. It is found that the development of foreign light tactical vehicles has the characteristics of vehicle family, high mobility, high protection, electrification and intelligence. Based on this, the strategic suggestions for the development of light tactical vehicles in China are put forward in order to provide reference for reducing the disparity with the international advanced level.

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轻型战术车辆是现代战场快速作战和快速转移的中坚力量。目前,我国轻型战术车辆发展状况与国外存在一定差距。为了明确这一差距并促进我国轻型战术车辆发展,对国外主流轻型战术车辆研究进展进行了分析,发现国外轻型战术车辆的发展具有车族化、高机动、高防护性、电动化以及智能化的特点。基于此,提出了针对我国轻型战术车辆发展的策略建议,以期为缩小与国际先进水平的差距提供参考。

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Oshkosh Defense Announces First Hybrid Electric JLTV[EB/OL].(2022-01-25)[2023-05-25]. https://breakingdefense.com/2022/01/oshkosh-defense-announces-firsthybrid-electric-jltv., articleTitle=Oshkosh Defense Announces First Hybrid Electric JLTV, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1194656275070951943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1194645352105091566, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=https://www.gao.gov/assets/720/715752.pdf, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=20, authorNames=United States Government Accountability Office, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=United States Government Accountability Office. 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国家 车型变化
美国
HMMWV
1984年开始生产
JLTV
2010年开始生产
西班牙
VAMTAC ST5
2013年开始生产
VAMTAC LTV
2018年开始生产
意大利
LMV
2006年开始生产
LMV2
2016年开始生产
以色列
SandCat第4代
2018年开始生产
SandCat第5代
2021年开始生产
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国外车型演进图谱

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国家 车型变化
美国
HMMWV
1984年开始生产
JLTV
2010年开始生产
西班牙
VAMTAC ST5
2013年开始生产
VAMTAC LTV
2018年开始生产
意大利
LMV
2006年开始生产
LMV2
2016年开始生产
以色列
SandCat第4代
2018年开始生产
SandCat第5代
2021年开始生产
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车型 发动机 变速器 功率质量比(kW/t)
JLTV-CCWC 292 kW、6.6 L,V8涡轮增压发动机 6速自动变速器 28.6
基型ISV 202 kW、2.8 L,涡轮增压柴油发动机 6速自动变速器 54.3
LMV2 162 kW,电控涡轮增压发动机 8速自动变速器 20.9
SandCat StormRider 243 kW、6.7 L,V8涡轮增压发动机 10速自动变速器 21.1
Hawkei 197 kW、3.2 L,斯太尔双涡轮增压发动机 8速自动变速器 19.7
Ajban Mk 2 218 kW,柴油发动机 6速自动变速器 15.4
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动力系统构成

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车型 发动机 变速器 功率质量比(kW/t)
JLTV-CCWC 292 kW、6.6 L,V8涡轮增压发动机 6速自动变速器 28.6
基型ISV 202 kW、2.8 L,涡轮增压柴油发动机 6速自动变速器 54.3
LMV2 162 kW,电控涡轮增压发动机 8速自动变速器 20.9
SandCat StormRider 243 kW、6.7 L,V8涡轮增压发动机 10速自动变速器 21.1
Hawkei 197 kW、3.2 L,斯太尔双涡轮增压发动机 8速自动变速器 19.7
Ajban Mk 2 218 kW,柴油发动机 6速自动变速器 15.4
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技术方向 功能描述
驾驶员辅助安全系统 包括电子稳定控制、自适应巡航、防撞和防抱死制动系统
车辆状态监测系统 车辆故障监测、远程信息处理
车辆电气化 电动或混合动力传动系统、启停技术、输出电力系统
车辆自主性 辅助驾驶和无人驾驶
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适用于战术车辆的商业技术

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技术方向 功能描述
驾驶员辅助安全系统 包括电子稳定控制、自适应巡航、防撞和防抱死制动系统
车辆状态监测系统 车辆故障监测、远程信息处理
车辆电气化 电动或混合动力传动系统、启停技术、输出电力系统
车辆自主性 辅助驾驶和无人驾驶
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轻型战术车辆发展研究与展望
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冯策 , 张明
汽车文摘 | 2025,(5): 55-62
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汽车文摘 | 2025, (5): 55-62
轻型战术车辆发展研究与展望
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冯策, 张明
作者信息
  • 陕西重型汽车有限公司, 西安 710200
Research and Prospect of Light Tactical Vehicles
Ce Feng, Ming Zhang
Affiliations
  • Shanxi Heavy Duty Automobile Co. Ltd., Xi’an 710200
出版时间: 2025-05-05 doi: 10.19822/j.cnki.1671-6329.20230127
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轻型战术车辆是现代战场快速作战和快速转移的中坚力量。目前,我国轻型战术车辆发展状况与国外存在一定差距。为了明确这一差距并促进我国轻型战术车辆发展,对国外主流轻型战术车辆研究进展进行了分析,发现国外轻型战术车辆的发展具有车族化、高机动、高防护性、电动化以及智能化的特点。基于此,提出了针对我国轻型战术车辆发展的策略建议,以期为缩小与国际先进水平的差距提供参考。

轻型战术车辆  /  机动性  /  多功能性

Light tactical vehicles are the backbone of rapid combat and rapid transfer on the modern battlefield. At present, there is a certain gap between the development of light tactical vehicles in China and that in foreign countries. In order to clarify this gap and promote the development of light tactical vehicles in China, the research progress of foreign mainstream light tactical vehicles is analyzed. It is found that the development of foreign light tactical vehicles has the characteristics of vehicle family, high mobility, high protection, electrification and intelligence. Based on this, the strategic suggestions for the development of light tactical vehicles in China are put forward in order to provide reference for reducing the disparity with the international advanced level.

Light tactical vehicles  /  Mobility  /  Multifunctionality
冯策, 张明. 轻型战术车辆发展研究与展望. 汽车文摘, 2025 , (5) : 55 -62 . DOI: 10.19822/j.cnki.1671-6329.20230127
Ce Feng, Ming Zhang. Research and Prospect of Light Tactical Vehicles[J]. Automotive Digest, 2025 , (5) : 55 -62 . DOI: 10.19822/j.cnki.1671-6329.20230127
轻型作战部队的优势是高度的战略机动性和作战机动性,可以通过空中运输部署到作战区域。轻型战术车辆作为轻型作战部队的主力装备,大多数可以由中型或重型直升机进行内部装载和外部吊运,或者由运输机进行降落伞部署,并能针对复杂地形进行重新优化部署。例如在丛林、山区或建筑密集的城市环境中,复杂的地形阻碍了大型装甲和机械化平台部署,而轻型战术车辆作为实现防护、有效载重、机动性的平衡体,可以快速协助部队部署,从而快速且有效辅助地面部队的作战[1]
众多国外公司将4×4轻型战术车辆设计为多功能车,通过调整车辆配置实现多种用途。如作为侦察或联络车辆部署执行轻型打击任务、搭载各种武器的作战车以及作为战场补给的后勤车。部分轻型战术车辆仅依靠速度和机动性来提高生存能力,有些则可以配备可拆卸的模块化装甲提高防护水平。
近年来,美国、西班牙、意大利、以色列、澳大利亚等国家在新一代轻型战术车辆研发中取得了显著进展,在世界轻型战术车辆发展中占据了引领地位。本文通过梳理国外主流轻型战术车辆的研究进展,归纳国外轻型战术车辆的发展特点及趋势,并提出我国轻型战术车辆发展建议以期对我国轻型战术车辆的发展提供参考。
截至目前,世界上最大的轻型战术车辆采购项目是美军的联合轻型战术车辆(Joint Light Tactical Vehicle,JLTV)项目。JLTV项目由美国陆军和海军陆战队联合采办,用以取代高机动性多用途轮式车辆(High Mobility Multipurpose Wheeled Vehicle,HMMWV)[2]。在完成美国各地军事设施的可靠性鉴定、性能测试和后勤保障性评估后,JLTV于2019年6月投入生产。初始采购合同为16 901辆,已交付超过15 000辆,主要交付至美国陆军和海军陆战队。第一个装备齐全的美国陆军部队是第3步兵师第1旅,该部队于2019年4月获得了300多辆JLTV补给。美国海军陆战队于2019年8月宣布JLTV具备初始作战能力[3]
JLTV系列改装车型可以搭载多种武器装备,其具有2种基本改装车型:装载质量1 600 kg的四座作战战术车(Combat Tactical Vehicle,CTV)和装载质量2 300 kg的双座作战支援车(Combat Support Vehicle,CSV)。上述改装车型均可以牵引1辆专门为JLTV搭配的货运拖车。CTV可以配置3种任务类型:通用型运输车(包括运输一个4人火力小组)、重型火炮运输车和近距离战斗武器运输车。选装武器包括最大30毫米炮塔炮、反坦克导弹、近程防空导弹和120毫米迫击炮。CSV的开放式货舱可以直接装载设备和补给,也可以配备专门的上装。后者允许将车辆部署在各种专业的应用场景中,包括野战救护车、维修保养车和通信指挥车[4]。根据目前的计划,美国武装部队将采购至少64 000辆JLTV。到本世纪30年代中期,美国陆军将采购49 099辆。目前,美国军方优先将资金用于更高优先级的采购项目,导致JLTV的采购数量预计下降,采购速度暂时放缓。
JLTV以其优异的性能获得许多国家的青睐,越来越多的美国盟国获得JLTV的出口许可,JLTV的国际销售将持续增加。截至2024年12月,奥什科什公司获得了来英国、斯洛文尼亚、比利时、罗马尼亚、立陶宛、北马其顿、巴西、波兰、黑山、斯洛伐克和以色列等国的JLTV订单。截止目前,与英国签订了最大的JLTV海外销售合同,销售量达2 747辆。2018年底,斯洛文尼亚与美国签署了38辆JLTV的采购订单。2019年10月,黑山发布了67辆JLTV的采购订单,启动了欧洲盟国的关联采购。2019年11月,立陶宛国防部和美国国防部签署了200辆JLTV采购合同,这些车辆属于JLTV的作战战术车辆改型,如图1所示,将配备武器炮塔和12.7 mm M2 QCB机枪,并将分配给立陶宛快速反应部队的2个战斗旅,交付计划于2021年开始。目前,美国国务院已批准向立陶宛交付500辆JLTV,后续采购订单可能陆续出现[5]
美国陆军原计划在2022财年第四季度向单个供应商授予后续全速率生产的JLTV合同。与此同时,由于美国陆军拥有JLTV的技术数据,美国陆军希望通过竞争确定其它供应商是否能够以低于奥什科什公司的价格供应JLTV。据报道,在2023年2月,美国陆军将价值超过80亿美元的JLTV后续生产合同授予了美国通用防务公司,该合同包括5个基础订购期和5个1年的可选订购期,适用于美国和外国军售。根据后续合同,生产的JLTV将被指定为JLTV A2改型,美陆军在JLTV此次招标中又增加了一些新功能,如车辆具有自动制导车辆系统、射频识别、全球定位系统可追溯性、更新的架构、增强的防腐蚀性和更高的燃油效率,并计划使JLTV A2改型成为采用锂离子电池架构的轮式战术车辆。根据合同规定,通用防务公司将生产多达20 682辆JLTV和多达9 883辆拖车[6]
现代战场的武器射程、精度和杀伤力不断提高,通过步兵班组车辆(Infantry Squad Vehicle,ISV)可以使部队快速移动,脱离与敌人接触或快速转移部队,提高作战速度[7]。美国陆军目前正在进行第2项轻型战术车辆采购计划。根据美国陆军项目执行办公室、战斗支援和战斗服务支援中心的声明,ISV旨在为步兵旅战斗队提供更强的战术机动性,以便在战场上快速移动。ISV作为轻型战术车辆,可以运输9人步兵班组,包括重型乘员携带武器(反坦克导弹和重机枪)和72 h的补给(有效载荷能力1 450 kg),如图2所示。其适用于轻型步兵部队,特别是空降和空中机动部队,并将允许部队在距离目标更远的地方空投,从而降低了被发现的风险,并允许隐蔽地接近防空系统保护的目标。
2020年,美国陆军选择通用汽车公司在商用雪佛兰COLORADO ZR2皮卡基础上开发的ISV。车辆军事化设计采用了全新的车体,但在其他方面保留了与民用皮卡70%的通用性。相比JLTV,ISV质量更轻、体积更小,可在CH-47直升机内运输,也可吊装在UH-60“黑鹰”直升机下方。2020年,美国陆军要求采购649辆,而美国陆军长期采购目标是2 593辆。
2022年2月,五角大楼作战测试与评估主任发布了报告,指出ISV具有敏捷性、越野能力和低声学特征,可以加快步兵部队长距离部署,有效减少士兵疲劳[8]。同时,通用汽车公司通过在商用汽车领域多年的电动技术积累,已经完成五人座的电动步兵班组车辆(Electric-Infantry Squad Vehicle,E-ISV)概念车。2023年4月,美国陆军宣布ISV已进入全速生产阶段[9],已陆续向美国陆军交付300多辆,许多已部署在美国陆军第2和第101空降师。
西班牙制造商UROVESA从1998年开始生产瓦曼塔(Vehículos de Alta Movilidad Táctica,VAMTAC)轻型战术车,已在全球销售了超过5 500辆。VAMTAC可提供多种专用模块化配置,包括战术运输、武器运输车、导弹和迫击炮运输车、野战救护车、监视和控制以及指挥和通信用途。VAMTAC在西班牙陆军服役,出口国家包括比利时、多米尼加共和国、爱尔兰、马来西亚、摩洛哥、葡萄牙、罗马尼亚和委内瑞拉。2021年推出的瓦曼塔轻型战术车辆(Vehículos de Alta Movilidad Táctica Light Tactical Vehicle,VAMTAC LTV)是VAMTAC高机动性战术车的最新版本,基础型号的铝制底盘将车辆总质量控制在3 500 kg以内,VAMTAC LTV轻型战术车辆针对高越野机动性和便捷的航空运输性要求进行了优化。驾驶室可容纳5人,开放式载货平台可自由放置货物,或可搭载放物平台,总有效装载能力为1 t。
图3所示,多用途VAMTAC LTV轻型战术车辆可以搭载武器和模块化装甲,以满足特定任务要求。多用途VAMTAC LTV轻型战术车辆的前身是2013年推出的VAMTAC ST5,2018年,葡萄牙陆军订购了139辆VAMTAC ST5,均配备弹道防护和防地雷装置[10]
2006年,意大利依维柯公司推出第一代依维柯轻型多用途车(Light Multirole Vehicle,LMV),2016年推出了第二代轻型多用途车(LMV2),LMV2的特点是增加了有效承载能力(达到1.5 t),优化了越野操作性能,整车性能更好,可靠性更高,并增加了乘员舒适度。如图4所示,LMV2的提升细节包括:采用升级的162 kW发动机,升级后的动力系统能够提供更大的动力,全新的空气过滤系统,采用加强悬架,全新8速自动变速器和全新电子稳定控制系统。依维柯公司对乘员舱进行了重新设计,增加了内部空间,增强了乘客的舒适度和安全性。乘员舱可容纳5名士兵并携带相关装备。车辆防爆防护性能通过使用新材料和在每个门上增加第三个铰链而得到增强。LMV2具有增强的数字化电子架构和电源,从而可容纳更大的车载电子设备和用作电子对抗措施的套件。
LMV2有多种型号可供选择,具有短或长驾驶室和短或长轴距的不同组合。配置包括标准运兵车、带有开放式货舱改型车、野战救护车和短驾驶室牵引车。标准的LMV目前在19个国家使用,LMV2目前正在交付给意大利武装部队。2019年8月,荷兰与意大利签署最新的大订单合同,并要求在2022—2027年间为荷兰皇家陆军和海军陆战队交付1 275辆LMV2,订单包括LMV2的5种改型[11]
以色列Plasan公司于2018年推出了第4代SandCat轻型装甲车。全地形4×4 SandCat轻型装甲车有多种配置,可供军事(包括特种作战)、边境安全和执法部队使用。陶瓷和金属复合单体壳体安装在改装的F系列底盘上,可在不影响性能的情况下使装甲防护水平达到STANAG 3级。SandCat轻型装甲车的最高时速为120 km/h,加速至96 km/h仅需23 s,转弯半径为12.3 m。SandCat轻型装甲车包括运兵车、多功能车和单乘员舱车辆3种型号。
2021年11月,Plasan公司公布了SandCat轻型装甲车家族的第5代成员StormRider,如图5所示。StormRider总质量为11 500 kg,是SandCat轻型装甲车中最大、最重的成员。新设计的Monococque车体具有所有SandCat轻型装甲车中最强的防护套件,最高可达STANAG 4569 3级,可外加防地雷组件使防地雷达到STANAG 4569 2a/2b级。尽管StormRider质量增大,但车辆仍具有早期型号的高机动性和多功能性。
SandCat轻型装甲车可以配备6种不同的集成系统模块以增强应对特定任务的能力,包括驾驶员辅助模块(包括热像仪和仪表盘显示器,可在能见度有限的条件下实现驾驶和导航)、态势感知模块(包括6个外部摄像头和分析软件,可提供车辆附近360度的态势图像)、任务管理模块(对车载传感器、导航系统、武器和电子战系统进行集中指挥和控制)、车辆分析模块(收集和分析来自车辆部件和系统的数据,以监测车辆健康状况)、车对车模块(车辆之间的宽带数据交换)以及自主车辆操作模块(允许无人驾驶车辆操作,如远程操作)[12]
自2004年推出SandCat轻型装甲车系列以来,Plasan公司已生产约700辆。SandCat轻型装甲车已在全球16个国家投入使用,其中包括4个北约国家和乌克兰。
在2010年,澳大利亚决定研发一种新式的4×4轻型多用途装甲车辆(Hawkei),该车辆是由法国泰利斯澳洲分公司(Thales Australia)研发,如图6所示。Hawkei装甲车的基本布局与HMMWV军车一样,发动机舱内安装一台斯太尔3.2 L双涡轮增压发动机,采用采埃孚8HP自动变速器、双叉臂独立悬架,车辆越野性能等指标和美国联合轻型战术车辆保持一致。发动机输出功率197 kW,燃油箱容量200 L,可以支持装甲车行驶约600 km,最大公路行驶速度130 km/h,满载状态下行驶速度约为100 km/h。发动机舱后方依次是驾乘舱、货舱,从其三段式结构设计可以看出其设计理念与JLTV保持一致,乘员舱是防护的核心。车体侧面和底部的披挂装甲附件可以与乘员舱进行快速连接,30 min完成所有安装。Hawkei车体采用V形车底,车身基础装甲略高于STANAG 4569 1级标准,车底能承受普通手榴弹的爆炸冲击,也能通过安装附加装甲提升防护能力[13]
2015年澳大利亚国防部正式与法国泰利斯澳洲分公司签订协议,耗资13亿美元采购1 100辆Hawkei多用途装甲车辆,以及1 058辆配套拖车。2020年9月,泰利斯澳洲分公司进入全速生产阶段,但仅仅3个月后,澳大利亚国防部以制动系统存在问题为由于2020年12月停止接收该批车辆。2021年7月,澳大利亚国防部长宣布国防部和泰利斯澳洲分公司已解决制动系统存在问题,并达到初始作战能力。2022年3月,澳大利亚国防部又停止接收Hawkei车辆。泰利斯澳洲分公司目前正努力将剩余车辆提升到合同的要求,这些剩余车辆将在2023年6月交付澳大利亚军方。自2020年开始,Hawkei多用途装甲车辆项目因制动系统等问题,陷入澳大利亚政府严厉的审计和法律纠纷中,严重阻滞了Hawkei多用途装甲车辆的交付[14]
阿联酋国防工业公司的Nimr(阿拉伯语意为“老虎”)系列轮式装甲车分为4×4的Ajban系列和6×6的Hafeet系列2种多用途军用车辆平台,其中4×4轻型战术车型在2001年阿布扎比防务展首次亮相。所有Nimr均配备装甲组件,可以提供不同程度的防护。该车设计用于中东高温、沙尘肆虐地区。目前,阿联酋军方已经订购了超过1 500辆Nimr系列军用装甲车。Nimr的Ajban系列包括针对各种任务的8种4×4车辆。其中包括2021年初推出的第二代Ajban 4×4 Mk 2。Ajban Mk 2的V型船体结构具有增强的弹道防护和车底爆炸防护能力,并可选装车顶武器,Ajban Mk 2在100 km/h的速度下具有700 km的公路巡航能力。
Ajban Mk 2可容纳5名士兵,总有效载荷能力2.9 t,如图7所示。通过更换车辆的模块化动力组件(包括冷却、发动机、变速器)提升车辆性能,任务准备效率得到了提高。Ajban Mk 2系列适用于广泛的使用范围,包括远程巡逻和侦察、特种作战、边境安全、战术反应和后勤支持[15]
在2018年,法国陆军与政府采购办公室就新式轻型装甲作战支援车(Véhicule Blindéd’ Aide à l’Engagement,VBAE)的采办进行讨论。如果VBAE能够实现远程控制,其将成为法国陆军的第一款无人驾驶车辆,该车辆将取代传统的轻型装甲车(Véhicule Blindé Léger,VBL)。法国军备局与陆军计划用一年时间论证新式装甲车项目的可行性,并形成草案确定项目的相关细节,接着会征求业内人士对于该项目的意见。有意向的公司在2020—2021年期间向法国军方展示企业实力,最终被选中的合作企业需在2022年底前生产出第一台演示样车。如果法国国防部投资办公室批准此计划,将授予中标公司相关合同以启动项目,新型战车预计在2025年交付使用[16]
2021年2月,总部位于法国阿尔萨斯的洛尔(Lohr)集团的子公司索弗拉姆(Soframe)推出了马赛克(Mission Observation Surveillance Acquisition Investigation Combat,MOSAIC)项目,MOSAIC平台旨在满足作战单位对轻型侦察和支援车辆的要求。MOSAIC反映了车辆的多用途性质,其配置为4×4,车辆总质量在7~8 t之间,有效装载能力为1.5 t。MOSAIC在3个主要配置方面明显满足未来法国陆军的VBAE计划的预期能力,包括侦察和情报收集车、火力打击车和反坦克导弹运输车。
MOSAIC装甲车采用高强度装甲钢,新型座舱采用高性能复合材料,同时采用了全新的反地雷/简易爆炸装置下腹部防护设计。与传统V形地板沿车辆长度方向布置不同,MOSAIC装甲车采用3个沿着车辆宽度方向布置的V形地板,分别布置于前桥前方、两轴之间以及在后桥后方。如图8所示,为了应对地雷和路边简易爆炸装置,装甲车轮罩设置爆炸冲击波泄能通道,大部分爆炸冲击波均通过上述通道向上传导并释放。MOSAIC将有2名乘员乘坐在前舱,可通过两侧车门进入。前风窗玻璃为单块防弹玻璃,车门设置2块透明防弹玻璃。虽然未公布数据,但MOSAIC装甲车的设计仍在持续优化中。考虑车辆所需功率质量比至少为18.4 kW/t,初始选择的柴油发动机输出功率约为147 kW。全车采用混合动力设计,可使装甲车静默行驶,同时遂行侦察任务。Soframe公司将为MOSAIC提供2个关键的重要能力:(1)在接近作战区域时,仅利用电力以缓慢的速度悄无声息地移动。(2)具有一定的车载发电和电力存储能力,使其能够在关闭发动机的情况下执行长时间的静音监视任务,从而减少热和声学特征。由于电驱动模式容易控制,在电驱动模式下MOSAIC车辆可以在没有乘员的情况下远程操作或自主操作。Soframe公司目前正在完善设计,并等待法国陆军冻结其要求和法国军备局启动VBAE计划[17]
上述典型的国外轻型战术车辆演进图谱,如表1所示,其中JLTV和LMV的车族化最具代表性。美军将JLTV车族按照座位数分为2类,分别是双座变型车和四座变型车。车型种类大幅减少,主要通过在基型平台上搭载不同的设备,满足任务的覆盖要求。美军在研发JLTV车族时,以任务结构包来满足任务车型的需求[18],并通过JLTV变型车的大批量服役验证了模块化任务结构包的实用性。LMV车族具有5座标准驾驶室、5座加长驾驶室和2座短驾驶室牵引车,具有短或长轴距的不同组合,可对驾驶室后货仓进行不同改装。LMV采用模块化的方法进行设计,在对部分结构进行调整的过程中,总成和部件通用性高,无须不必要的设计即可简单实现产品多样化。通过JLTV和LMV的大批量服役,表明诸如此类的模块化设计将是战术车辆车族化的发展趋势。
外军轻型战术车辆通过选用成熟总成部件的方式发展动力传动系统[19],其综合性能在短时间内得到了大幅度提升。国外主要轻型战术车辆的动力系统对比如表2所示。其中步兵班组车辆ISV功率质量比最大,联合轻型战术车辆近战武器版(Joint Light Tactical Vehicle-lose Combat Weapons Carrier,JLTV-CCWC)功率质量比达到28.6kW/t。动力系统构成与车辆机动性密切相关,国外轻型战术车辆动力系统构成可为我国下一代轻型战术车辆动力选择提供一定参考。
JLTV兼具防地雷反伏击车(Mine Resistant Ambush Protected All-Terrain Vehicle,M-ATV)的高防护性和HMMWV的高机动性,拥有出色的机动性、越野能力和防护水平。与现役HMMWV相比,JLTV采用先进的装甲材料和防护结构,显著提高了车辆的防护水平,在对抗路边炸弹和简易爆炸装置时表现更为出色。诸如JLTV、Hawkei、VAMTAC LTV、LMV2和StormRider等轻型战术车辆均可通过披挂防护组件提高车辆的防护能力,增加防护组件已成为轻型战术车辆防护升级的重要途径。为了减少质量增加,更轻薄、更先进的装甲材料成为车辆防护技术研究的关键点。
美国奥什科什防务公司于2022年开发出混动轻型战术车辆(electric Joint Light Tactical Vehicle,eJLTV),eJLTV配备容量为30 kW·h的电池组,可在柴油发动机运行时进行充电,该套混动系统不仅能够提高燃油效率,还可作为移动电源提供115 kW的输出功率[20]。同时,美国通用防务公司中标的JLTV A2改型将成为采用锂离子电池架构的轮式战术车辆。战术车辆电动化具有2项显著优势:(1)可以使车辆减少发射红外信号,在近距离作战中保持静默行驶,可以提高车辆的生存能力。(2)车辆高性能的电池系统可以作为电源输出端,为战术车辆搭载的各种信息化设备提供电源。
以色列SandCat系列车型可配备驾驶员辅助模块、态势感知模块、任务管理模块、车辆分析模块、车对车模块和自主车辆操作模块系统,极大提高了轻型战术车辆的信息化作战能力。美国陆军官员表示,美国陆军开始强调使用开放式模块化系统架构,以实现新技术的接入[21];同时在开发通用战术车辆时希望寻求商业上的成功解决方案,然后再寻找如自动驾驶、混合动力、全电动动力车辆的特定需求和能力。采用这些方法,美国陆军可以缩短研发周期和减小研发成本,甚至有可能降低生产成本。
通过总结国外轻型战术车辆的发展,轻型战术车辆逐渐向信息化与无人化方向发展。对适用于轻型战术车辆的商业技术进行总结,包含的主要技术如表3所示。
综上所述,通过对国外主流轻型战术车辆技术特点进行梳理和研究,发现高机动性和多功能性是轻型战术车辆的两大显著优势,高机动性和较低的车高增强了车辆的生存能力,弥补了部分轻型战术车辆重装甲不足的缺陷。多功能性使轻型战术车辆可以安装不同武器装备及各种传感器,可以有效地与包括坦克和直升机等携带重型武器的装备进行博弈,增强了车辆的战场环境适应能力。同时,本文比较系统地总结了国外轻型战术车辆的发展特点与趋势,即车族化、高机动性、高防护性、电动化和智能化,国外轻型战术车辆的技术发展趋势将为我国新一代轻型战术车辆的发展提供一定参考。
结合国外轻型战术车辆的发展经验,在我国未来轻型战术车辆发展上,需注重以下3个方面:(1)轻型战术车辆应遵循系列化发展路线,针对战争形式、战场环境、作战任务等规划车型产品路线。(2)轻型战术车辆正朝着轻量化的方向发展,高机动性和高防护性如何平衡或侧重仍是一个值得讨论的课题,发展具有高机动性和综合防护性能的机动防护能力是提高轻型战术车辆生存能力的重要保障。(3)以近些年民用车辆技术发展过程为参考,在电动车辆的快速推广过程中,智能化、信息化、无人化等技术获得快速融合与应用,因此,推广民用技术与军用技术的融合发展,可以降低战术车辆的开发成本,加速新技术在战术车辆上的应用。
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doi: 10.19822/j.cnki.1671-6329.20230127
  • 首发时间:2025-11-10
  • 出版时间:2025-05-05
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    陕西重型汽车有限公司, 西安 710200
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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