Article(id=1194640797606847382, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, issueId=1194640796491162512, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19822/j.cnki.1671-6329.20230244, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1762754161502, onlineDateStr=2025-11-10, pubDate=1743782400000, pubDateStr=2025-04-05, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762754161502, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-10, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762754161502, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762754161502, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1194640796491162512, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, year='2025', volume='', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='62', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1762754161236, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762754161236, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=29, endPage=36, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1194640797808173975, articleId=1194640797606847382, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, language=EN, title=Overview on Research on Path Planning Algorithms for Intelligent Driving Parking, columnId=1194640797204194193, journalTitle=Automotive Digest, columnName=Special Issue on Reviews of Frontiers in Automotive Technologies by Fujian University of Technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to improve the efficiency and quality of parking path planning, a study on intelligent driving parking path planning algorithms has been conducted. By reviewing the parking planning methods from recent domestic and international academic research, based on their characteristics the parking path planning algorithms are categorized into 5 types: graph search algorithms, sampling-based algorithms, intelligent algorithms, curve interpolation algorithms, and optimal control algorithms. The advantages and disadvantages of these 5 types of algorithms are analyzed, and the application of fusion algorithms in specific environments is explored. The rationality and effectiveness of existing solutions are evaluated in terms of planning efficiency and path curvature. Furthermore, future development trends in parking path planning algorithms are discussed. The study concludes the following: (1) Graph search algorithms offer the advantages of globally optimal paths and good real-time performance but suffer from poor path continuity and high complexity in high-dimensional spaces. (2) Sampling-based algorithms have the advantages of probabilistic completeness and high search efficiency in high-dimensional spaces but have large memory consumption, significant randomness, and cannot guarantee path curvature. (3) Intelligent algorithms have strong learning capabilities based on samples and strong iteration capabilities but have high training costs, poor dynamic adaptability, and poor real-time performance. (4) Curve interpolation algorithms based on optimization are easy to calculate but cannot guarantee the continuity of curvature. (5) Optimal control algorithms based on optimization can handle complex optimization problems but cannot guarantee timeliness and are prone to falling into local minima. Fusion algorithms through complementary advantages can better adapt to vehicle constraints and environmental constraints, achieving efficient and safe parking path planning.

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为了提高泊车路径规划的效率和质量,对智能驾驶泊车路径规划算法进行研究。通过梳理近年来国内外学术研究的泊车规划方法,根据规划算法特性将泊车规划算法分为图搜索算法、空间采样算法、智能算法、曲线插值算法和最优控制算法。分析5类算法的优缺点,并探讨融合算法在特定环境下的应用,结合规划求解效率和规划路径曲率等指标,对现有方案的合理有效性进行评价,并对泊车路径规划算法的未来发展进行展望。研究表明:(1)图搜索算法具备全局路径最优、实时性较好等优点,但存在路径连续性差、高维空间复杂度高的问题;(2)空间采样算法具有概率完备和高维空间搜索效率高的优势,但内存消耗大、随机性大且路径曲率无法保证;(3)智能算法利用样本学习能力强、迭代性强,但训练成本高、动态适应性差、实时性差;(4)基于优化的曲线插值算法路径易计算,但无法保证曲率的连续性;(5)基于优化的最优控制算法能够处理复杂优化问题,但时效性无法保证且易陷入局部最小值。融合算法通过优势互补,能够更好地适应车辆自身约束和环境约束,实现高效、安全的泊车路径规划。

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智能驾驶泊车路径规划算法研究综述
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王燕燕 , 查云飞
汽车文摘 | 福建理工大学汽车前瞻技术综述论文专刊 2025,(4): 29-36
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汽车文摘 | 福建理工大学汽车前瞻技术综述论文专刊 2025, (4): 29-36
智能驾驶泊车路径规划算法研究综述
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王燕燕, 查云飞
作者信息
  • 福建理工大学, 福州 350118
Overview on Research on Path Planning Algorithms for Intelligent Driving Parking
Yanyan Wang, Yunfei Zha
Affiliations
  • Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou 350118
出版时间: 2025-04-05 doi: 10.19822/j.cnki.1671-6329.20230244
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为了提高泊车路径规划的效率和质量,对智能驾驶泊车路径规划算法进行研究。通过梳理近年来国内外学术研究的泊车规划方法,根据规划算法特性将泊车规划算法分为图搜索算法、空间采样算法、智能算法、曲线插值算法和最优控制算法。分析5类算法的优缺点,并探讨融合算法在特定环境下的应用,结合规划求解效率和规划路径曲率等指标,对现有方案的合理有效性进行评价,并对泊车路径规划算法的未来发展进行展望。研究表明:(1)图搜索算法具备全局路径最优、实时性较好等优点,但存在路径连续性差、高维空间复杂度高的问题;(2)空间采样算法具有概率完备和高维空间搜索效率高的优势,但内存消耗大、随机性大且路径曲率无法保证;(3)智能算法利用样本学习能力强、迭代性强,但训练成本高、动态适应性差、实时性差;(4)基于优化的曲线插值算法路径易计算,但无法保证曲率的连续性;(5)基于优化的最优控制算法能够处理复杂优化问题,但时效性无法保证且易陷入局部最小值。融合算法通过优势互补,能够更好地适应车辆自身约束和环境约束,实现高效、安全的泊车路径规划。

智能驾驶  /  泊车路径规划  /  规划效率  /  路径曲率

In order to improve the efficiency and quality of parking path planning, a study on intelligent driving parking path planning algorithms has been conducted. By reviewing the parking planning methods from recent domestic and international academic research, based on their characteristics the parking path planning algorithms are categorized into 5 types: graph search algorithms, sampling-based algorithms, intelligent algorithms, curve interpolation algorithms, and optimal control algorithms. The advantages and disadvantages of these 5 types of algorithms are analyzed, and the application of fusion algorithms in specific environments is explored. The rationality and effectiveness of existing solutions are evaluated in terms of planning efficiency and path curvature. Furthermore, future development trends in parking path planning algorithms are discussed. The study concludes the following: (1) Graph search algorithms offer the advantages of globally optimal paths and good real-time performance but suffer from poor path continuity and high complexity in high-dimensional spaces. (2) Sampling-based algorithms have the advantages of probabilistic completeness and high search efficiency in high-dimensional spaces but have large memory consumption, significant randomness, and cannot guarantee path curvature. (3) Intelligent algorithms have strong learning capabilities based on samples and strong iteration capabilities but have high training costs, poor dynamic adaptability, and poor real-time performance. (4) Curve interpolation algorithms based on optimization are easy to calculate but cannot guarantee the continuity of curvature. (5) Optimal control algorithms based on optimization can handle complex optimization problems but cannot guarantee timeliness and are prone to falling into local minima. Fusion algorithms through complementary advantages can better adapt to vehicle constraints and environmental constraints, achieving efficient and safe parking path planning.

Intelligent driving  /  Parking path planning  /  Planning efficiency  /  Path curvature
王燕燕, 查云飞. 智能驾驶泊车路径规划算法研究综述. 汽车文摘, 2025 , (4) : 29 -36 . DOI: 10.19822/j.cnki.1671-6329.20230244
Yanyan Wang, Yunfei Zha. Overview on Research on Path Planning Algorithms for Intelligent Driving Parking[J]. Automotive Digest, 2025 , (4) : 29 -36 . DOI: 10.19822/j.cnki.1671-6329.20230244
随着汽车保有量大幅上升,“泊车难”成为汽车用户出行的痛点之一。智能泊车技术可以协助驾驶员完成泊车操作、降低泊车难度、提升泊车安全性和舒适性[1]。作为衡量智能泊车水平的关键技术,泊车路径规划通过智能汽车感知模块接受车辆的环境数据,明确车辆位置及状态[2],并结合车辆的起始区域与目标区域等指标,能够规划出一条无碰撞、安全到达目标泊车位的有效路径[3]。本文通过梳理近年来与泊车规划方法相关的文献,根据规划算法特性将泊车规划算法分为图搜索算法、空间采样算法、智能算法、曲线插值算法和最优控制算法;总结分析各个单一算法的优缺点,对先前算法的不足进行改进;考虑融合算法通过优势互补为驾驶员提供精度更高的路径规划;针对特殊的泊车环境产生的不同泊车需求,分析当前应用融合泊车规划算法的优缺点;结合规划求解效率和规划路径曲率等指标,旨在评价现有方案的合理有效性,总结当前方法存在的问题,并对智能驾驶泊车规划技术发展进行展望。
图搜索规划算法关注如何在复杂的图结构中找到最优或近似最优的解决方案。在图搜索规划算法的研究中,学者们提出了各种创新方法(如改进的A*算法、Hybrid A*算法等)。这些算法在解决具体问题时,通过设计合适的启发式函数,不断提高搜索效率和搜索质量。然而,在大规模图上的高效搜索以及在动态环境下进行实时路径规划仍然是当前研究的热点和难点[4]。因此,图搜索规划算法的研究具有重要的理论价值和应用价值。
迪杰斯特拉(Dijkstra)规划算法是一种全局路径规划的贪心算法,用于解决单源最短路径问题。该算法从起始节点开始,逐步扩展到距离起始节点最近的节点,然后根据这些节点的距离信息更新其他节点的最短距离。郭展宏[5]等提出了通过改进Dijkstra算法将场内的路网特征进行标识分类,采用“车辆交错引导,车位分区选择”策略进行泊车路径搜索,对比验证了双向扇形Dijkstra算法与经典的Dijkstra算法,最终得出双向扇形Dijkstra算法,该算法有效避免了在搜索过程中遍历的无用节点,提高了计算速度和路径规划搜索的效率。张家旭[6]受Dijkstra算法启发,提出一种基于D*算法和动态窗口法的动态障碍物场景自动泊车路径规划方法,用VC++实现安全引导泊入垂直车位。虽然很多学者针对Dijkstra算法效率低的缺点进行了改进,但效果仍不够理想。后来,斯坦福研究院在Dijkstra算法基础上提出了A*算法,该算法的特点是增加了启发函数,启发式搜索评估状态空间下的每个搜索位置以获得最佳位置,然后从该位置搜索直到目标位置。传统A*算法通常用于计算2个节点之间的最短路径,由代价函数f(k)实现:
f(k)=g(k)+h(k)
式中:g(k)为从起点到节点k所花费的成本,h(k)为从节点k到目标点的估计距离,最佳路径规划是搜索f(k)的最小值。
传统A*算法在结构化道路场景下进行无人车路径规划时,存在搜索路径曲折多、紧贴障碍物边界、不平滑及搜索时间随栅格规模增大而呈现指数级增长趋势等缺陷。在智能泊车领域,Deng[7]提出了一种基于改进A*算法的最优泊车路径计算方法,以实现最佳路径规划。该方法将道路阻抗函数集成到传统A*算法中,计算的路径持续时间和采用的融合函数组成作为A*算法的权重矩阵。仿真结果表明,使用融合矩阵作为路径规划的权重矩阵比仅使用路径持续时间矩阵作为权重矩阵更高效、更具成本效益。为了生成满足运动学和无碰撞约束的路径,2007年DARPA城市挑战赛引入了混合A*算法[8],该算法比A*算法增加了一个方向维度,使其生成的路径更符合车辆运动学。崔高健[9]应用于泊车规划中,对混合A*算法进行了逆向扩展的改进。将栅格化的代价地图作为搜索空间,并互换起始点使混合A*算法逆向扩展,减少了无效节点数。在垂直式和斜列式2种泊车场景中的试验结果表明,该算法能够快速且高效规划出泊车路径。
深度优先搜索(Depth First Search, DFS)是可用于遍历树或图的搜索算法,如图1所示一条路径访问到最深的节点后回溯上一步,不断递归重复搜索的过程。曾虹钧[10]分析了深度优先搜索算法,建立了泊车过程中搜索中止的约束条件和栅格化的地图,得出了DFS算法,通过3次样条插值的方法对不同环境下的路径进行拟合处理,使得车辆的方向能够始终处于平滑状态。利用传统算法生成的路径和用DFS算法生成泊车路径的实车试验对比,表明在复杂泊车环境下DFS规划算法泊车成功率高于传统泊车路径规划方案,具有一定的研究参考价值。
广度优先搜索(Breath First Search, BFS)是连通图的一种遍历策略,与深度优先搜索不同的是不会只朝一个方向去遍历。如图2所示,从图的一个未遍历节点出发,先遍历这个节点的相邻节点,再返回到该节点去遍历其余相邻节点,并重复这样的操作直至到目标节点。Hassan[11]等使用广度优先搜索生成算法,所提出的系统利用了BFS算法的机制,使节点能够在图数据结构中进行横向遍历,能够降低自动泊车系统中泊车时间复杂度,实现降低成本的目标。但是,在紧急情况下需要提高系统的稳定性。
图搜索规划算法存在复杂度高且扩展性差等缺点,深度和广度优先搜索算法需要在内存中维护一个存储节点信息的栈或队列,因此在处理大规模图时,空间复杂度较高[12]。而启发式搜索算法需要调整代价函数,并且对搜索的泊车空间非常敏感。面对实际情况下高维度的泊车空间,需要算法具有较好的完备性,因此传统解决方法多采用随机采样规划算法。为了提高效率融合A*启发式搜索方案,提出了启发式采样规划算法,该方案明显提高了传统空间采样规划算法的效率。
经典的RRT算法通过在目标物的运动空间中随机采样构建路径树,每个节点只能创建一条边来连接其自身与树中最近的节点或父节点。每棵树有一个父节点作为初始节点,通过随机生成子节点并连接到树上,以达到生长的目的。生成的树将会尽可能地遍历整个可达空间。当树中保存的节点与目标位置的距离小于设定的阈值时,即可认为寻找到一条可行路径。
姚智龙[13]等为了确保算法在狭窄泊车环境中仍能有良好的适用性和扩展性,充分利用Bi-RRT*算法的优点并对其不足进行改进。仿真结果表明改进后的Bi-RRT*算法规划出的路径不仅满足避障要求和运动学约束,而且规划时间和路径质量更具有优越性。为了减少复杂环境下的规划时间,Kim[14]等提出了Target-Tree-RRT*算法,用反向泊车路径(目标树)代替RRT中泊车目标的目标树算法。利用曲面路径设计的目标树来得到一组预定义的连续曲率来解决这种曲率不连续问题。为了进一步减少规划时间,定义了一个代价函数来初始化考虑障碍物的合适目标树。与原算法相比,在较短的规划时间内获得初始连续曲率路径,规划时间<0.2 s,成功率为100%。
由于图搜索还是基于采样的方法都有各自的优势和局限性,学者们结合两者优势并减轻其限制,形成了启发式采样规划算法[15]。该算法可以利用图搜索技术进行任意时间采样逼近,从而进一步提高泊车性能。
概率路线图规划(Probabilistic Road Map, PRM)算法是由概率路线图构建和可行路径查询构成[16]。算法步骤:对于采样空间中均匀撒的随机点,首先除去落在障碍物上的采样点;之后将每个采样点与其附近一定距离内的采样点连接,除去与障碍物碰撞的边后形成无向路图;最后,采用图搜索算法寻找得到最优路径。Li[17]提出采用分层规划的思想,通过将D*引入到PRM的网络构建和规划过程中,旨在提高PRM的动态避障性能。在仿真试验中验证了该算法的可行性,试验结果表明在静态规划方面优于其他方法,平均规划时间<1 s,在动态规划速度方面,该方法比传统PRM快两个数量级,单个动态规划时间<0.02 s。然而,该算法路径长度方面不是最优的,并且在搜索期间所使用的启发式函数不更新,针对该缺陷Strub团队在2020年先后提出了改进BIT*(Batch Informed Tree)算法[18]和AIT*(Adaptively Informed Trees)算法[19]等对BIT*进行改进,优化创新了自适应知情树AIT*算法,该算法使用非对称双向搜索高效地共享各次搜索之间的信息。正向搜索通过提供关于无效边缘的信息来指导反向搜索,从而得到更加精确的启发式方法。通过有效地估计和利用问题特定的启发式函数,AIT*算法性能胜过现有基于采样的规划算法。在OMPL开源库上的试验结果表明,AIT*实现了更高的成功率和更短的初始解决方案时间,但比BIT*具有更高的初始解决方案成本,改进BIT*算法有更高的搜索效率。
空间采样规划算法存在路径连续性较差、内存消耗较大、狭窄区域通过性较差和易陷入局部最优解的缺点。而群体智能规划算法模拟了群体中个体之间的协作和竞争关系,问题的解通常被编码为个体,整个群体在问题空间中进行搜索,强调通过个体之间协作竞争来对问题解迭代,进而找到比较优的解。与随机采样方法相比,群体智能规划算法,具有更好的全局搜索能力,能够避免陷入局部最优解,对高维空间更具适应性[20]。机器学习算法可以从大量的数据中学习模式和规律,强调个体不断与环境互动“试错”,寻找最优解。与随机采样相比,机器学习算法的精确度非常高,也更能发现数据中的非线性关系,因此在解决复杂问题时更具优势。目前应用较为广泛的群智能体规划算法有遗传算法、粒子群算法等,机器学习的规划算法有神经网络算法、强化学习算法等。
对于过度依赖起始位置优化、单向曲率不连续和车位检测缺陷等问题,陈无畏[21]等用遗传算法对双向三段弧泊车路径进行优化。该遗传算法的优势在于只需给定优化变量的范围就可进行全局搜索,在该算法中应用执行较为简单的惩罚函数法来解决不等式约束问题。该路径仿真试验中,二次规划后的路径依然满足泊车过程中的碰撞约束并能正常泊入车位,且总路径长度有所缩短。Lin[22]等为了实现平衡探索和开发并避免陷入局部最优解,提出基于文化粒子群优化(Cultural Particle Swarm Optimization, C-PSO)的改进规划算法,受到文化算法和粒子群优化算法的启发,该算法引入了基于改进的Metropolis规则的惯性权重更新概率方法;提出的双层C-PSO由集中层和分散层组成,集中层处理映射生成和任务分配,以获得接近最优的路径;任务分配评估每个自动导引车(Automated Guided Vehicle, AGV)的路径成本和任务成本。分散层实现信息共享、路径重新规划避免冲突和容错。通过与其他传统算法(PSO等)对比得出改进的算法迭代次数少、运行时间短且能提供可行的方案。
张继仁[23]等提出一种基于蒙特卡洛树搜索和神经网络的自主强化学习泊车规划方法,构建了结合纵向策略强化学习并最终收敛得到最优的泊车策略,设计了综合考虑安全性、舒适性及最终泊车位姿等因素的奖励函数,在神经网络训练中,其输入为车辆相对库位的位姿,库位尺寸以及车辆当前实际转向盘转角,输出为相邻时刻转向盘转角变化值的概率,采用one-hot编码将确定值处理为概率值。实车验证了该算法获得的泊车策略的有效性和实时性。神经网络算法在泊车规划中的应用逐渐显现,求解过程计算量大的问题依然存在。为了解决上述问题,张家旭[24]提出了一种基于自适应神经模糊推理系统的平行泊车路径规划方法。基于优化算法的泊车路径规划方法得出的泊车路径作为训练样本,利用Python语言建立以自适应遗传算法和拟牛顿法为内核的自动化训练框架。经过仿真试验该方法的运行时间显著缩短,提高了平行泊车规划的效率。陈鑫[25]等在深度强化学习泊车规划训练过程中发现汽车需考虑横向和纵向耦合,智能体的学习效率不高而收敛速度较慢。采用神经网络对动作价值Qπ(s,a)近似:
$\widehat{Q}(s,a\left|\omega \right.)\approx {Q}_{\pi }(s,a)$
式中:ω为神经网络的权重,s为当前状态,a为选择动作。
由于泊车时对控制精度要求高,无法满足离散动作,故对策略也用神经网络近似。对基于引导的奖励函数和基于优先队列经验池的设计进行改进。仿真结果表明,在成功率基本相同情况下与传统算法相比,改进算法收敛速度加快了25%,泊车成功率仍达67.3%。
基于优化的泊车规划算法包括曲线插值和最优控制法。曲线插值方法用于在给定一组离散数据点的情况下,通过一条曲线来逼近这些点,该曲线可以是特定几何曲线也可以是数学函数,由此曲线插值规划算法可分为几何曲线组合和插值曲线拟合2类。曲线插值方法具有能有效避免路径突变、使路径更加平滑易于跟踪等优点深受学者们的青睐[26]。最优控制算法是一类数学优化问题的解决方法,该算法侧重于在给定一组系统动力学方程和性能指标的情况下,找到最优的控制策略,使得系统的性能指标达到最优。
泊车路径中,杜宾斯(Dubins)曲线的几何曲线适用性强[27],连接2点的最短路径由通过最大曲率的圆弧和直线段的构成。Dubins曲线的推导没有用到车辆模型,而且假设车辆只能前进,随着学者研究深入几何曲线,泊车规划应用的曲线更加多样。
在自动泊车系统中,路径跟踪算法不可避免地存在一定程度的误差。制动器故障、轮胎打滑或其他与停车过程相关因素引起的情况,需要更新泊车路径以顺利完成泊车,这被称为二次路径规划。Zhou[28]创新提出了一种基于几何的方法来处理这一问题,由直线和弧线组成24个多段模式。然后,采用遍历策略从集合中选择路径模式,并使用顺序二次规划算法确定最优参数以满足当前约束条件。仿真部分验证了该方法的有效性。此外,与启发式采样规划算法相比,该方法具有更高的规划精度。基于几何曲线的缺点在于圆弧和直线之间连接点处曲率不连续导致在连接点处需要停下转向,张明海[29]等提出了一种基于回旋曲线的垂直泊车路径规划方法,仿真实现了泊车路径的曲率平滑,有效避免了泊车过程中的原地转向。
为了提高车辆在自动泊车过程中的便利性和安全性,Chen[30]提出了一种基于螺旋曲线Clothoid的自动垂直泊车路径规划方法。在车位环境和车身姿态角已知的情况下,考虑避障约束和车辆的空间约束,利用螺旋曲线规划曲率连续行驶路径,将车辆泊入垂直式车位,并根据Stanley算法进行车辆跟踪控制。考虑到驾驶员行为的不确定性,车辆在停车前具有随机的初始航向角。对其路径规划和跟踪控制进行仿真。仿真结果表明,当车辆处于不同初始位置和航向角时,该路径规划方法能较好地规划出停车路径且跟踪效果良好。
对于数据点的拟合几何曲线效果并不理想,但插值曲线拟合以更为准确的数学函数为基础,通过增加次数来更好地逼近给定的数据点。江铭[31]以满足环境约束和车辆本身约束的多项式为基函数,将泊车最终航向角的最小化作为目标,建立多约束非线性规划路径函数,提出一种基于多项式曲线优化的垂直泊车路径规划方法,最后通过设计跟踪控制器仿真得出最大位置跟踪误差<0.08 m,最大位姿角跟踪误差<3°,满足路径跟踪精度验证出路径有效性。詹瑞典[32]等针对新能源电车充电口安装在车头的情况,提出了一种多约束B样条曲线优化车头泊入的方法,可实现车辆无碰撞泊车入位,满足曲率连续性要求,避免车辆存在原地转向,提高了泊车效率。
在小车位环境中,曲线插值法存在多次调整车身位姿导致耗时长、计算量大和曲率不连续等问题,冯欣阳[33]等设计了泊入路径和调整路径,将回旋曲线-直线-圆弧曲线进行组合规划,实现了不同曲率路径之间的平滑过渡,在小车位的仿真试验中前轮转角无突变,跟踪误差小。
钱立军[34]等建立泊车运动学模型如图3所示,利用改进的分段高斯伪谱法,对控制问题进行无最优目标全局求解,将求得最优解作为后续优化的初值,再分别在自由运动区域和临近泊车区域内采用高斯伪谱法,对自主泊车路径最优控制问题进行求解,减小求解过程中约束规模,提高算法收敛性。
2020年,钱立军团队[35]对于求解收敛速率慢的问题提出了基于hp自适应高斯伪谱法的自主泊车路径规划的解决方案。将自主泊车路径规划问题转化为最优控制问题。采用高斯伪谱法对最优控制问题进行离散化处理并采用序列二次规划进行求解,在求解过程中通过动态调整网格区间个数和多项式阶数实现提高求解收敛速率。实车验证了算法规划的泊车路径有效性。
在避障复杂环境约束条件下,采样和搜索算法得到规划效果实时性差,最优控制包含大量非凸避碰约束,这些约束也限制了最优控制算法的在线应用。面对此类问题,Li[36]提出一种基于隧道的策略,使车辆只能在将其与障碍物自然分离开来的隧道内移动。通过仿真验证了所提出规划方法的统一性、高效性和鲁棒性。
随着各种路径规划算法的成熟,泊车规划融合算法受到越来越多学者的关注和研究,本节将其分为基于图搜索相关融合算法、基于几何曲线相关融合算法和基于图搜索和几何曲线融合算法3大类。
面对的环境约束,高效精确完成规划任务,Chen[37]提出了一种两步路径规划策略。首先基于RRT算法减少原始规划区域。其次,将较小规划区域内的路径规划问题展开为加权有向图,并将其转化为离散优化问题,设计基于势能场的离散成本评估函数。通过应用Dijkstra算法获得输出路径。仿真结果表明,所设计的策略平衡了效率和准确性,具有足够的规划灵活性,与经典的Lattice规划器相比,实时性能提高了22%,而精度没有明显损失。
贺颖[38]提出一种改进PRM算法,运用人工势场(Artificial Potential Field, APF)方法优化其采样方式,为了克服均匀采样带来的缺点,在均匀撒点基础上引入人工势场使落在障碍物中的点移动到自由空间内,使自由空间内节点数增加,再利用A*算法搜索路径。仿真表明路径转折点、搜索效率和路径长度方面3个评价指标上都有明显的优化。王志伟[39]应用PSO求解由混合A*模型构成的泊车规划优化问题,并在平行、垂直和斜向三种泊车仿真场景完成了较高质量的路径规划。文献[40]提出神经Hybrid A*,利用条件变分自编码器(Conditional Variational Auto-encoder, CVAE)来指导搜索算法,通过利用CVAE学习关于停车环境信息的能力来学习计划空间信息。基于在示范中学习到的可行轨迹分布,采用高效扩展策略。所提出的方法有效地学习给定状态的表示,并在计算时间和节点扩展数量方面的改进体现算法性能优越性。
徐远征[41]针对无规则车位提出了一种改进快速探索随机树的复杂环境垂直泊车路径规划方法。改进算法流程如图4所示,通过融合采样方法减少采样的随机性及盲目性;通过引入逆向树及里兹·谢普(Reeds-Shepp,RS)曲线克服了狭窄通道难以进入的问题,通过RS曲线进行路径优化,达到路径平滑和代价减小的目标。
Dong[42]等提出了一种反向RRT树,基于专家泊车经验知识的种子偏置在不同的停车位边缘并用RS曲线直接树分支连接。通过试验验证了该方法对不同车辆可扩展性好和实际停车问题中适用性高等优点。
为了保证在不同的停车环境下的完整性和可行性,Dong[43]使用人工势场法在汽车自动垂直停车上,基于泊车空间的离散化形式生成APF。首先找到了车辆停放的全向路径,根据RS曲线连接,对路径进行修改以满足最小转弯半径约束。优化消除额外操作并减少路径长度,然后生成航点作为车辆跟踪参考。
Qin[44]提出了一种基于方向图搜索和几何曲线的自动泊车系统,通过路径协调策略给出一个过渡性的连接路线,将全局路径的终点节点与泊车计划起始节点相连。过渡性路线由几何曲线组成,包括弧段和直线段,并根据最佳停车起始节点确定。基于MATLAB和PreScan进行仿真试验,结果表明与单一算法相比,该自动泊车路径规划算法更加节省时间并且能够生成一个适用于自动代客泊车(Automated Valet Parking, AVP)系统的可行路径。
任秉韬[45]等针对现存的泊车行驶面积狭窄、路径搜索难度大等挑战,设计了可变半径的RS圆弧直线曲线,提出基于混合A*和该曲线结合的自动泊车路径规划方法。利用其多阶导数连续优化已搜索的路径曲率,并采用梯度下降来保证路径曲率大小和对障碍的规避,解决了直线与圆弧相接等位置曲率变化不连续的难题。基于PanoSim虚拟仿真测试环境得出规划路径跟踪误差控制在70 mm以内,验证了算法的有效性。针对非常狭窄的环境,现有的路径规划方法难以低成本地进行可靠计算,因此Patrik[46]提出一种基于快速优化的路径优化方法,方向混合A*算法的全局路径规划算法仿真结果表明,它比传统混合A*有更好的性能,耗时少,节点数大。基于几何曲线的泊车路径规划算法对C型车位停车算法进行了改进,使得泊车起始节点更加灵活,提高了场景的适用性。
本文对近年来国内外的泊车规划算法进行梳理,分析各类算法的优缺点,总结如下:
(1)在图搜索规划算法上,从深度和广度优先搜索算法的应用,到改进的Dijkstra算法、A*算法和混合A*的完善过程,表明图搜索算法具备全局路径最优、实时性较好、动静态环境适应性好等优点,但也存在路径连续性差、高维空间复杂度高的问题。
(2)在空间采样规划算法上,随机采样RRT*、双向Bi-RRT*和反向目标树Target-Tree-RRT*, RRT算法在采样方向上改进的潜力;启发式采样的PRM、BIT*和AIT*在代价函数上做的逐步改进。在仿真和试验效果体现出概率完备的先天优势和高维空间搜索效率高的独特优势。相应在计算方面暴露出内存消耗大、随机性大以及路径曲率无法保证的缺陷。
(3)在智能规划算法上,分析当前应用较广的遗传算法和粒子群算法这两种群智能算法,以及神经网络和深度强化学习的两种机器学习算法,其算法优势在于能利用强大的样本进行学习能力,迭代性强,但目前该算法的瓶颈点在于训练成本很高,动态适应性差和实时性差。
(4)在基于优化的曲线插值算法,路径易计算但无法保证曲率的连续性,而基于优化的最优控制算法上,由于面对泊车问题存在多约束的限制,时效性无法保证且易陷入局部最小值。
以上算法各有优缺点,使用单一规划算法已经不能满足复杂泊车环境,广大学者在积累前人经验的基础上,通过优劣势互补的融合算法来进行理论结合和试验验证,得到几种融合算法的融合创新,最终实现了符合车辆自身约束和环境约束的泊车路径。因此可以预见,规划算法融合是未来泊车路径规划算法发展是重要方向。今后研究需重点关注的是多类型车位泊车规划算法的求解范围和能力的提升、环境中不确定性约束的研究、算法复杂度的降低和规划算法容错冗余设计的完善。
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doi: 10.19822/j.cnki.1671-6329.20230244
  • 首发时间:2025-11-10
  • 出版时间:2025-04-05
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    福建理工大学, 福州 350118
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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