Article(id=1190334494424010842, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, issueId=1190334493203468372, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19822/j.cnki.1671-6329.20240302, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1761727458816, onlineDateStr=2025-10-29, pubDate=1749052800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-05, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1761727458816, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1761727458816, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761727458816, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1190334493203468372, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, year='2025', volume='', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='62', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1761727458525, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761728912240, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1190340590614184021, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, issueId=1190334493203468372, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1190340590618378326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, issueId=1190334493203468372, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1, endPage=16, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1190334494621143132, articleId=1190334494424010842, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, language=EN, title=Application of Artificial Intelligence Models in Intelligent Connected Vehicles, columnId=1190334493794865238, journalTitle=Automotive Digest, columnName=Special Topic on the Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Intelligent Connected Vehicles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Artificial intelligence (AI) models, with their strong generalization and multi-task learning capabilities, have demonstrated extensive application potential in intelligent connected vehicles. This paper summarizes the challenges of the application of AI models in driving automation, analyzes the technical route of driving automation models, and the supporting platform technology of driving automation model development and validation, summarizes the application of intelligent cockpit, and explores the method for constructing scenario generation models based on large language models. From the perspectives of AI security and data governance, this paper summarizes the security governance practices associated with the application directions for AI models, providing a reference for the safety assessment and management of AI-related applications.

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人工智能模型以其强泛化能力和多任务学习能力,在智能网联汽车领域展现出广阔的应用前景。总结了人工智能模型在智能驾驶中应用面临的挑战,分析了车端模型发展的技术路线和车端模型开发验证支撑平台技术,归纳了智能座舱等方向的应用情况,探索了基于大语言模型构建场景生成大模型的方法。从人工智能安全和数据治理2个角度,归纳了人工智能在汽车领域应用中的安全治理实践,为人工智能技术相关应用的安全测评与管理提供参考。

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项目 监督学习和无监督学习 强化学习
目标函数 训练数据上最大化
或最小化目标函数
最大化累积奖励
学习方式 通过优化目标函数来学习模型参数 通过试错的方式来学习最优的策略
训练数据 静态 动态(样本均由智能体与环境交互产生)
评估指标 预测准确率或者损失函数 累积奖励
), ArticleFig(id=1190334850528809519, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1190334494424010842, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

监督学习和无监督学习与强化学习差异性分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 监督学习和无监督学习 强化学习
目标函数 训练数据上最大化
或最小化目标函数
最大化累积奖励
学习方式 通过优化目标函数来学习模型参数 通过试错的方式来学习最优的策略
训练数据 静态 动态(样本均由智能体与环境交互产生)
评估指标 预测准确率或者损失函数 累积奖励
), ArticleFig(id=1190334850600112688, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1190334494424010842, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
监督微调 无监督微调
标签
目标输出 标签提供目标输出 无明确目标输出,仅利用输入数据本身信息
微调方式 通过标签指导模型微调,使模型更好地适应特定任务 通过学习数据的内在结构或生成数据进行微调,以提取有用的特征或改进模型的表示能力
), ArticleFig(id=1190334850667221553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1190334494424010842, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

微调方法差异性分析

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监督微调 无监督微调
标签
目标输出 标签提供目标输出 无明确目标输出,仅利用输入数据本身信息
微调方式 通过标签指导模型微调,使模型更好地适应特定任务 通过学习数据的内在结构或生成数据进行微调,以提取有用的特征或改进模型的表示能力
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人工智能模型赋能智能网联汽车应用*
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陈贞 1 , 郭煌 2 , 李京泰 3
汽车文摘 | 人工智能在智能网联汽车中的应用技术专题 2025,(6): 1-16
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汽车文摘 | 人工智能在智能网联汽车中的应用技术专题 2025, (6): 1-16
人工智能模型赋能智能网联汽车应用*
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陈贞1, 郭煌2, 李京泰3
作者信息
  • 1 北京镝石数据科技有限公司,北京 100176
  • 2 北京赛目科技股份有限公司,北京 100080
  • 3 工业和信息化部装备工业发展中心,北京 100846
Application of Artificial Intelligence Models in Intelligent Connected Vehicles
Zhen Chen1, Huang Guo2, Jingtai Li3
Affiliations
  • 1 Beijing Dishi Data Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 100176
  • 2 Bejing Saimo Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 100080
  • 3 Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Equipment Industry Development Center, Beijing 100846
出版时间: 2025-06-05 doi: 10.19822/j.cnki.1671-6329.20240302
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人工智能模型以其强泛化能力和多任务学习能力,在智能网联汽车领域展现出广阔的应用前景。总结了人工智能模型在智能驾驶中应用面临的挑战,分析了车端模型发展的技术路线和车端模型开发验证支撑平台技术,归纳了智能座舱等方向的应用情况,探索了基于大语言模型构建场景生成大模型的方法。从人工智能安全和数据治理2个角度,归纳了人工智能在汽车领域应用中的安全治理实践,为人工智能技术相关应用的安全测评与管理提供参考。

人工智能模型  /  智能网联汽车  /  场景生成大模型  /  安全管理体系

Artificial intelligence (AI) models, with their strong generalization and multi-task learning capabilities, have demonstrated extensive application potential in intelligent connected vehicles. This paper summarizes the challenges of the application of AI models in driving automation, analyzes the technical route of driving automation models, and the supporting platform technology of driving automation model development and validation, summarizes the application of intelligent cockpit, and explores the method for constructing scenario generation models based on large language models. From the perspectives of AI security and data governance, this paper summarizes the security governance practices associated with the application directions for AI models, providing a reference for the safety assessment and management of AI-related applications.

Artificial intelligence models  /  Intelligent connected vehicles  /  Scenario generation model  /  Safety management system
陈贞, 郭煌, 李京泰. 人工智能模型赋能智能网联汽车应用*. 汽车文摘, 2025 , (6) : 1 -16 . DOI: 10.19822/j.cnki.1671-6329.20240302
Zhen Chen, Huang Guo, Jingtai Li. Application of Artificial Intelligence Models in Intelligent Connected Vehicles[J]. Automotive Digest, 2025 , (6) : 1 -16 . DOI: 10.19822/j.cnki.1671-6329.20240302
人工智能(Artificial Intelligence, AI)作为智能网联汽车的核心技术之一,在智能网联汽车自动驾驶、智能座舱等领域的应用探索不断深入,为汽车的智能化、网联化转型提供了强大动力。与此同时,汽车产业加速向智能化、网联化方向发展,为人工智能模型提供了丰富的应用场景。在车端智能驾驶领域,基于规则和基于深度学习的人工智能技术路线并行发展[1-2]。通过深度学习算法,能够实现对周围环境目标物的识别和特征提取、预测其他道路交通参与者的行为、学习驾驶员的驾驶习惯等,实现了更高效的图像识别、更类人的驾驶行为、更精确的车辆运动控制。部分企业开始探索大模型在智能网联汽车中的应用场景,包括智能驾驶感知、决策和规控,基于大语言模型的智能座舱人机交互、数据标注和场景生成等平台支撑技术[3-6]。通过融合语音、图像、触觉等多种交互方式,学习用户的使用习惯和场景需求,带来更加个性化、智能化的交互体验,还提升了用户的驾乘舒适性和智能驾驶能力。
然而,人工智能在智能网联汽车中的应用,需要应对智能网联汽车在运行环境中遇到的各种复杂场景,避免因新技术应用引发一系列的安全问题。特别是大模型幻觉、人工智能的黑盒效应等问题,以上问题为人工智能的安全应用、测评和管理带来诸多挑战。目前针对人工智能在智能网联汽车中的应用和安全治理,国内外相关测试评价标准体系、法律法规体系均处于持续探索建设完善过程中,针对人工智能在智能网联汽车中的应用,尚未形成测试评价、安全管理的系统性框架,极大限制了人工智能在智能网联汽车中的应用。
为了给人工智能技术在智能网联汽车产品的应用与管理提供理论依据和支持,本文针对基于人工智能模型的自动驾驶模型和支撑平台、智能座舱方向的人工智能应用进行系统梳理和分析,并以基于大语言模型构建场景生成大模型为例,研究人工智能在智能网联汽车领域的实际应用。同时,从人工智能安全和数据治理2个维度,归纳分析安全治理实践,梳理人工智能技术相关应用的安全测评与管理情况,明确管理的布局范围,提出安全测评治理实践的理论依据,旨在为未来技术发展和潜在研究方向提供参考。
人工智能是利用计算机及相关技术模拟、扩展和增强人类智能的计算机科学分支,具有通过算法和数据解决复杂问题的能力[7]。机器学习作为人工智能的一种重要类型,通过算法识别数据中的模式,可以实现预测和决策[8]。深度学习则是机器学习的一个分支,基于神经网络算法和非结构化数据,构建多层次模型,解决复杂任务[9]。机器学习的3种基本范式包括监督学习、无监督学习和强化学习。监督学习基于有标签的数据,学习输入到输出的映射关系;无监督学习基于无标签的数据,挖掘数据中的内在结构和模式;强化学习则通过与环境交互进行学习,通过奖励机制找到最优决策方法[10-11]
人工智能起源于20世纪50年代,早期人工智能主要依靠符号处理和手工编写的规则进行推理和决策,基于定理证明和逻辑推理算法,采用预定义的规则和逻辑,其知识结构较为简单,缺乏自我学习能力,在处理复杂任务时表现受限[12-13]。随着卷积神经网络(Convolutional Neural Networks, CNN)的出现,人工智能进入了深度学习阶段,能够更好地模拟人类获取知识的过程。CNN依赖大规模训练数据,发展出更加复杂的知识表示方法和推理技术,能够处理不确定性和模糊信息,应用范围扩展至图像识别、文字识别、语音识别、大数据分析和决策等任务[14-16]。在20世纪90年代,LeCun[17]提出了经典卷积神经网络模型LeNet-5架构,通过卷积层、下抽样层和全连接层直接处理图像像素,识别图像特征,在计算机视觉、图像识别和分类应用中发挥了关键作用。
2017年,Google的Vaswani等[18]首次提出了自注意力机制的Transformer模型架构,具备并行处理能力,能够处理长序列数据,广泛应用于自然语言处理(Natural Language Processing, NLP)和其他序列到序列的深度学习任务,奠定了大模型预训练算法的基础。随着模型参数的增加和模型结构的复杂化,基于大数据、强算法和高算力的大模型进一步提升了人工智能模型的表达能力和预测性能,能够处理更加复杂的任务和数据,其强大的学习能力、泛化能力、预测能力和涌现性,显著提升了人工智能在多种应用场景下的性能表现[19-21]。2018年,OpenAI和Google分别发布了基于Transformer架构的GPT-1[22]和BERT模型[23],标志着自然语言处理领域预训练大模型的兴起。随着GPT-3大语言模型[24]的发布,以及代码预训练[25]、基于人类反馈的强化学习[26]、指令微调[27]等技术不断涌现,大模型进入快速发展阶段。2022年,OpenAI发布了搭载GPT-3.5的ChatGPT[28],并在2023年推出了具备多模态理解和生成能力的GPT-4[29]。国内有关研究机构、科技企业也在加速布局大模型领域,如百度“文心一言”大语言模型、阿里“通义千问”模型、智源“悟道·视界”多模态大模型、华为“盘古”大模型等。大模型应用从自然语言处理扩展至计算机视觉、语音识别等领域[30-33]。人工智能发展趋势如图1所示。
AI模型在智能驾驶系统中的应用已成为趋势,包括模块化[34]和端到端[35]技术路线的智能驾驶车端模型,以及车端模型开发验证支撑平台。通过云端训练,车端智能驾驶模型能够实现算法的快速迭代和性能优化,提高开发验证效率;通过扩展训练数据优化模型,提高系统能力;通过优化模型算法,减少模块间信息传递中的累积误差,提高决策与执行的一致性和准确性[36]。然而,AI模型在智能驾驶中的应用也面临以下挑战。
(1)高质量数据支持:AI模型的智能驾驶应用依赖海量的高质量数据支持,包括多样化的道路场景、天气条件以及交通行为样本等[37-38]。训练数据的质量和多样性对模型表现起到关键作用[39]。如果训练数据不足或缺乏代表性,模型在面对新环境和复杂场景时可能会做出错误的驾驶决策[40]
(2)高性能算力支持:智能驾驶系统需要在严格的时间限制下进行高复杂度的计算输出决策,因此对实时性要求高且需要高性能的计算硬件支持,确保系统在低延迟下稳定运行[41]
(3)强算法技术突破:在数据驱动[42]的模型范式下,直接捕捉数据关系进行模型推理,可能会忽略混淆变量使数据出现虚假相关和虚假独立,产生因果混淆[43],对智能驾驶的行为决策带来安全隐患。
智能驾驶系统涵盖感知、预测、规划、决策、控制等多个功能[44],AI算法模型在各功能模块中的应用具有提升系统性能的潜力。随着人工智能和智能驾驶技术演进,端到端智能驾驶技术路线成为企业布局和研究热点。
(1)模块化智能驾驶技术路线。模块化技术路线中的智能驾驶系统通常采用不同的AI模型组合。例如感知模块中,常使用基于BEV+Transformer的感知模型[45],在预测与规划模块中,可使用基于规则的算法[46]或同时应用AI模型。模块化技术路线的各模块接口通常基于人类理解进行人工定义[47-48],包括障碍物位置、道路边线等。感知模块作为智能驾驶算法的最上游环节,通过AI模型处理环境、速度等数据后,传输至决策规划模块,最终完成最优路径规划[49]和行为决策[50],能够提升实时建图能力,减少或摆脱对高精地图的依赖[51]。而在预测、决策、规划模块中,AI模型在多模态轨迹预测[52]、轨迹实时规划[53]和类人决策[54]中均具有一定优势,引入AI模型可以增强系统的泛化能力,提升驾乘体验。目前,AI模型在感知模块的应用较为普遍,决策和规划模块中的应用仍处于探索应用阶段。
常见的AI模型包括CNN模型[55]、循环神经网络(Recurrent Neural Network, RNN)模型[56]、基于Transformer架构的深度学习模型等。卷积神经网络通过卷积层和池化层,在信息传入前先提取特征并进行数据降维,处理图像任务更高效,适用于轨迹预测任务中的图像数据处理,但多次池化可能导致一些关键特征信息缺失,降低局部和整体的关联性。循环神经网络通过循环单元处理序列或时序数据,适用于描述时间连续状态,在轨迹预测任务中可用于处理车辆历史轨迹信息,也能够用于视野盲区预测等感知任务。相比于前2种,基于自注意力机制的Transformer模型架构通过非循环网络结构,计算输入序列元素之间的关系权重,打破了序列顺序输入的限制,解决了长短期记忆和并行训练的问题,具备更高的并行训练效率和长序列处理能力,降低了误差并提升了可解释性。
智能驾驶感知解决方案从硬件配置角度,可分为纯视觉和融合感知[57]2种技术路线。其中,基于激光雷达的感知融合方案能够缓解对AI大算力的需求。2021年8月,特斯拉基于BEV+Transformer实现了纯视觉方案的多传感器数据的特征级融合,将多角度图像特征数据转换为车体坐标系下的俯瞰图[58]。2022年,特斯拉提出Occupancy Network+Transformer+时序融合算法,增强了3D空间网络占用检测能力,解决了无法识别未经训练数据的问题[58]。2022年10月,小鹏推出了基于BEV感知算法的XNET深度神经网络模型[58]。2023年4月,华为推出的ADS2.0智能驾驶解决方案采用融合激光雷达的Occupancy的GOD+Transformer算法,实现了异形障碍物的检测[58]。2023年9月,理想汽车的NOA系统也采用了Occupancy Network+Transformer+时序融合算法[58]
模块化技术路线将复杂的智能驾驶任务划分为一组容易解决的小任务进行单独开发,有助于在车辆动力学[59]、机器人技术[60]、计算机视觉[61-62]等领域实现技术和知识的转移;各自任务的功能和算法具有较强的灵活性,可以通过硬编码设置应急规则,确保安全底线;通过构建冗余架构,保障系统的可靠性[42]
(2)端到端智能驾驶技术路线。端到端技术路线通常以多模态传感器数据为输入,预测道路使用者行为,规划车辆行驶路径[63],可分为2种类型:一种是基于感知模块AI模型输出的特征向量进行预测、决策和规划,输出运动规划结果,支持跨模块梯度传导,能够实现模块的联合训练;另一种是感知、预测、决策和规划一体化的端到端技术路线,从传感器输入到最终规划轨迹采用单一深度学习模型。相较于模块化技术路线,端到端技术路线从规则驱动转向数据驱动,简化了训练过程,避免了模块化部署中的积累误差,提升了感知信息表达和计算效率,并能够更好地应对与复杂交通参与者的交互问题[64]。然而,端到端技术路线难以确定模型各组件对最终目标结果的具体贡献,降低了模型的可解释性。
工业界和学术界正在持续探索感知、预决策和规划一体化的端到端技术路线。2023年,在计算机视觉与模式识别会议(CVPR2023)上,上海人工智能试验室、商汤科技与武汉大学联合发布端到端的智能驾驶算法UniAD[65]。2024年3月,特斯拉发布的FSD Beta V12.3,通过在北美地区采集的海量高质量人类驾驶视频数据进行训练,实现了从传感器数据输入到输出转向、制动等驾驶指令的全流程控制,该模型能够快速迭代,并减少了感知、决策等中间模块的训练误差[66]。2024年4月,华为推出的ADS3.0系统采用乾崑GOD/PDP架构,其中GOD网络负责感知,实现通用障碍物识别并输出给PDP网络,PDP网络则负责类人化的预测、决策和规划[67]
智能驾驶与大语言模型[68]的结合应用目前正处于探索阶段。2023年9月,英国Wayve公司尝试将智能驾驶模型和大语言模型相结合,构建世界模型[69],以增强模型的可解释性。毫末智行推出了Driver GPT,基于驾驶场景数据,通过无监督学习构建智能驾驶算法模型[70]。特斯拉在CVPR 2023上提出了世界模型概念,将所有需要观察的事物转化为向量空间,链接各类丰富的下游任务,用于汽车、机器人等嵌入式AI场景[71]。2024年5月20日,小鹏汽车推出AI天玑系统,宣称实现了由神经网络XNet、规控大模型XPlanner和大语言模型XBrain三部分组成的端到端智能驾驶技术路线[72]
端到端智能驾驶技术路线在复杂的城市场景中展现了很强的应用潜力,但由于缺乏硬编码的安全措施以及“黑盒”架构的限制,其安全性、可解释性、鲁棒性等问题仍需进一步解决。
AI模型的支撑平台主要作为智能驾驶车端模型迭代更新和优化的智算基础设施,涵盖数据自动标注、数据挖掘、模型训练、车端模型验证等方面,能够实现车端采集数据的数据闭环处理[73]。同时,基于仿真工具链[74],实现智能驾驶场景重建、自动化的场景生成等,通过仿真生成场景和合成数据替代部分实车数据采集,提升智能驾驶算法的场景覆盖度与迭代效率。
(1)数据自动标注[75]:AI模型可用于实现高效的自动标注,避免人工标注的一致性问题,并且缩短标注周期、降低标注成本、提高开发效率、加速模型迭代。
(2)数据挖掘:大模型具有强大的泛化能力,能够从海量数据中提取有效特征,挖掘长尾数据,还能够通过自动化数据挖掘有效去除无效数据,加速模型训练。
(3)模型训练:基于大模型,通过裁剪、蒸馏、减少冗余参数等技术手段,对如注意力机制、行人意图识别等小模型进行优化训练,从而减少特征提取阶段的计算量。AI搜索技术能够自动调整模型超参数和模型结构,简化繁琐的训练过程[76]
(4)车端模型验证:大模型可以用来测试验证车端模型的性能边界。在选择拟部署的车端模型时,可以在云端测试备选模型,评估模型性能和效果。选择性能和效果最佳的模型作为基础,进行裁剪和优化后部署到车端。
(5)场景重建与生成:实车数据经过聚类、场景提取、泛化与筛选后,可构建虚拟测试场景。当难以获取极端场景数据时,仿真技术可以生成海量用于模型训练的场景。例如,通过采集车辆数据,将视频图像上传至服务器,预处理后通过AI模型重建三维场景。2023年6月,英国Wayve发布了多模态GAIA-1世界模型,能够基于文本、图像、视频等多模态信息组合生成具有智能驾驶车辆行为和场景特征的交通场景[77]。2023年9月,华为基于盘古大模型推出了智能驾驶领域的场景生成、场景理解、预标注和多模态检索大模型[78]
在数据闭环方面,为构建模型训练所需的大量数据集,部分企业构建了从数据采集、自动标注、送入模型训练到量化部署上车的完整数据闭环流程,用于训练具备类似人类驾驶员的感知、决策规划和执行能力的模型,如图2所示。智能驾驶AI模型部署后,仍需持续接收高质量车辆数据或使用仿真数据迭代训练模型,持续增强对新出现的边缘场景的应对处理能力。
通过云端开发验证平台,不仅可以降低企业对智能驾驶算法模型的维护和训练成本,还能够提升车端模型的验证与迭代效率,确保训练效果的同时提升了智能驾驶算法的安全性。
目前,AI大模型在智能座舱领域应用较多,尤其是多模态大模型。在座舱内接入AI大模型,通过采集语音、图像、文本等多种输入信息,并利用多模态生成式大模型[79]对信息进行理解和处理,输出相应的文本、图像、设备控制信息等。多模态AI大模型能够在语音识别、多模态交互、定制化服务、娱乐功能等多场景中应用,提升驾乘人员的体验和舒适性,如图3所示。大模型在座舱中的多模态应用主要分为车辆操控和娱乐服务2类。
(1)车辆操控类。在驾驶过程中,多模态AI大模型应用于为驾驶员或用户提供车况和路况信息的技术支持。通过视觉交互,如车载抬头显示系统(Head-Up Display, HUD)[80]、驾驶员监测系统(Driver Monitoring System, DMS)[81]等,使驾驶员能够便捷获取车况、路况、环境等信息,减少驾驶员低头查看仪表盘或车机的频率,或者对驾驶员的驾驶状态进行评估分析,适时进行提醒或发出警告,以提升驾驶安全性。语音交互方面,如车载语音助手、语音提示等,运用AI大模型提高语音识别和语义理解能力,实现自然、类人和个性化的交互,丰富情感表达,减少误交互,增强驾驶安全性。AI大模型运用于触觉交互,如通过转向盘或座椅的触觉反馈提醒驾驶员持续参与动态驾驶任务,提高驾驶专注力。在嗅觉交互方面,如利用AI大模型控制香氛系统,通过优化出香算法和气味舒适度,在适当时候开启或关闭,缓解驾驶员疲劳。此外,AI大模型还可应用于车辆操控的其他功能,如环境控制、健康管理、车辆状况监测与维修等。
(2)娱乐服务类。多模态AI大模型能够为乘员提供丰富的娱乐服务功能,提升驾乘体验。视觉交互方面,人工智能可以大幅提升服务质量,适合应用于高分辨率的多屏和大屏服务,如后排娱乐和中控显示屏。语音交互方面,AI大模型能够支持方言并提供形象化、情感化和主动式的人机交互体验。在触觉交互方面,AI大模型能够提供便捷的影音、游戏触控体验。在嗅觉交互方面,结合健康和舒适座舱,AI大模型能够提升多场景下的嗅觉氛围。
在实际应用方面,国内多家企业已将AI大模型运用于智能座舱领域,并且实现了商业化落地。2023年10月,小鹏汽车语音助手小P接入XGPT灵犀大模型,通过语音和视线识别提升了交互的精准性,达到免唤醒效果。同月发布的极越01搭载了智能助手SIMO,基于文心一言大模型,实现了结合语音和视觉识别相结合的多模态交互[82]。2023年12月,理想汽车发布了MindGPT大模型,支持同步感知多路音频和视觉信号,精确定位和分离人声[82]。2024年4月,蔚来发布了基于自研端云融合架构的汽车端侧多模态感知大模型NOMI GPT,融合了视觉、听觉、触觉等多种感知能力,能够实现利用摄像头识别物体并语音描述,利用氛围灯营造特定氛围[82]。多模态AI大模型可以为用户带来个性化娱乐推荐,贴近消费者使用习惯,增强智能座舱体验感,是智能座舱领域的重要发展方向。
人工智能,特别是大模型,可以广泛应用于汽车设计、运维、营销、交通管理等方面,主要包括:车辆设计和优化[83],如运用AI模型分析设计数据,优化车辆的外观、结构设计、空气动力学性能、能量消耗率等,同时也有助于提高设计者工作效率和提升车辆性能;车辆诊断和预测性维护[84],如AI模型通过分析车辆传感器数据和历史维修记录,能够预测车辆故障和维护需求,及时发现潜在问题并进行预防性维修,从而延长车辆的使用寿命;营销宣传设计,如为企业车型定制生成独特的营销图文、视频,以及生成情景化、趣味化的AI壁纸等;汽车生产制造[85],AI模型用于预测生产和供需数据,提高生产效率和优化流程,优化供应链管理,实现降本增效;智能交通管理[86],AI模型用于分析交通数据,预测交通流量、拥堵情况和交通事故发生概率,有助于城市规划者优化交通流动性和安全性,提升城市交通系统的效率和可持续性。
目前,自动驾驶系统安全测评采用基于场景的模拟仿真、封闭场地、实际道路、安全监测的“多支柱”测试与评估方法已成为行业共识[87-88]。其中,受安全、成本、效率等因素的影响,模拟仿真测试不仅是自动驾驶系统安全测试与评估的重要组成部分,也是自动驾驶系统开发流程中不可或缺的环节。在模拟仿真测试中,如何准确高效地生成全面覆盖设计运行条件的开发和测试验证场景集[89]成为一大挑战。
场景生成大模型通过深度学习技术生成各种复杂、接近真实世界的自动驾驶场景,场景要素包括道路、车辆、行人、交通标志、天气条件等,用于自动驾驶系统模拟仿真测试[90]。场景生成大模型具备快速生成多样化测试场景、覆盖长尾场景、按需定制生成测试场景的优势,并且凭借其强泛化能力和自学习能力,成为生成式AI赋能自动驾驶测试验证的重要应用[91]。本文以场景生成大模型为例,介绍模型构建方法及具体实例。
场景生成大模型是汽车行业垂类[92]大模型之一。垂类大模型的构建方法主要有2种。一是从头构建垂类大模型,这需要构建训练大模型的完整数据集,搭建高性能算力平台,建立大模型训练任务和指标等,基于长期预训练和高性能算力资源,训练出高精度的特定任务大模型,但存在预训练大模型[93]基础能力不足、受数据集影响大等问题。二是基于已有的通用大模型,通过增强训练构建垂类大模型,与从头构建大模型相比,这种方法成本更低、训练时间更短,但如果选取的训练数据集质量或数量不足,可能会影响通用大模型原有的基础能力,具体步骤如图4所示[94]
本文的研究基于北京赛目科技股份有限公司的场景生成大模型1.1.0版本的研发实践,结合应用需求,采用了训练时间更短、性价比更高的第2种方法,即在通用大语言模型的基础上,构建了一种适用于智能驾驶算法仿真测试的场景生成大模型,其训练流程框架如图5所示。
构建垂类大模型通常需要选择合适的开源或闭源通用大模型作为基础。开源模型具有灵活且低成本的优势,如BERT[17]和LLaMA[95],能够根据需要调整和优化,为获取新升级后的开源大模型能力,可能需要重新训练和微调,增加垂类大模型更新迭代的复杂度。闭源模型如GPT-3[18]和GPT-4[23],性能稳定,有专业团队提供一定的技术支持,提升了垂类大模型维护和升级迭代的保障性。但由于其源代码不公开,相较于开源的通用大模型,初期成本更高。
在构建场景生成大模型的通用大模型选型过程中,为了避免泄露场景数据,同时综合考虑了通用大模型的性能、训练时长及业务需求,选择LLaMA2-7B[96]大语言模型作为预训练大模型构建场景生成大模型。LLaMA2-7B大语言模型基于Transformer架构,应用Transformer的自注意力机制、位置编码等技术,与传统循环神经网络(RNN)、长短时记忆网络(Long Short-Term Memory, LSTM)[97]相比,可以避免梯度爆炸、梯度消失[98]等问题,同时在捕捉自然语言输入的细节方面具备优势。
垂类大模型的训练对数据质量和数量有较高要求。数据集是具有相同或相似特征事物组成的可用信息的集合[99]。通过收集、处理、标注和制造高质量数据集,可以解决数据稀缺、多样性平衡等问题[100]。数据集构建包括以下步骤,如图6所示。
(1)明确大模型任务目标,确定数据集类别、特征和预期结构。本文的场景生成大模型的数据集预期结构采用了基于问答逻辑的Alpaca结构[101]
(2)收集合适数据,根据需求定制数据、生成合成数据或使用公开数据集[101]。本文的场景生成大模型的数据集主要来源于在实际仿真测试中积累的场景数据库,以及经过人工校注后利用语言大模型的数据增强能力,补充训练数据,增加扩展自然语言的语料。
(3)数据预处理,包括数据清洗、数据归一化和数据集划分[102]。通过数据清洗去除重复项、异常值、空值等,以及校正错误[103];通过数据归一化使得数值范围一致,提升模型训练效率,增强模型学习能力[104];通过数据划分,将数据集分为训练集、验证集和测试集[105]。其中,训练集用来训练大模型的基础能力;验证集用于评估大模型的准确度、效率等性能;测试集则用于用户的体验测试,评价场景生成大模型的真实使用效果[106]
(4)数据标注可采用人工标注或自动标注的方式,提升标注准确性和一致性。
(5)通过数据增强[107]、定期审查数据质量和标注准确性,增加数据多样性,避免数据偏差,确保数据集的合理性、公平性和代表性。
(6)使用合适的数据库存储和管理数据集,持续迭代更新数据集,记录数据集的更改,保证数据集的可追溯性。
基于构建的数据集,综合考虑应用领域特点、数据质量和任务需求,通过领域适应微调[108]、数据增强、知识蒸馏[109]、迁移学习[110]等技术方法,优化模型性能。模型训练和微调通常分为4个阶段,包括预训练、监督微调、奖励训练和增强学习微调阶段[111],如图7所示。
(1)预训练:场景生成大模型通过选取合适的预训练大模型LLaMA2-7B,充分利用预训练大模型已有优势,降低对算力、时间和成本投入需求。
(2)监督微调:由专业标注人员提供标准答案,进一步指导模型训练,从而获得具有特定能力的大模型。
(3)奖励训练:输出一个奖励模型,对监督微调的输出进行打分,对监督微调模型输出进行排序,进一步提升模型能力[112]
(4)增强学习微调:采用基于人类反馈的强化学习训练大模型,通过反复地训练优化,使大模型能够更好地完成特定任务和场景[113]
常用的模型训练方法包括全参数微调(Fine-tuning)[114]、提示调优(P-tuning)[115]、低秩适应(Low-Rank Adaptation, LoRA)[116]、量化低秩适应(Q-LoRA)[117]等。根据使用的数据集是否带有标签,微调方法可分为监督微调(Supervised Fine-tuning)[118]和无监督微调(Unsupervised Fine-tuning)[119]。监督微调使用有标签的训练数据集进行微调,其中,指令微调(Instruction Fine-tuning)是监督微调的一种特殊形式,在由人类指令及其期望配对组成的数据集上进一步训练模型,以提升模型对指令的响应能力[120]。无监督微调则使用无标签的训练数据集,通过自监督学习等方法提取数据中的潜在结构信息,以优化模型性能[121],如表2所示。
本文构建的适用于智能驾驶算的场景生成大模型,基于预训练语言大模型,采用LoRA的微调训练方法,训练输出一种用于生成场景文件的结构化的解释性语言,再经解析器把大模型的输出解析成场景文件。同时,通过设计合理的解释性语言,自研解释器,有效解决了单个生成文本过长的问题,克服了大模型固有的长度限制和大模型幻觉[122]现象。
(1)长度限制。由于生成的场景文件为XML格式,复杂场景常常超出LLaMA2-7B模型的处理Token数限制2 048。针对此问题,通过设计专门用于生成场景文件的解释性语言和对应的解释器,训练模型输出的解释性语言,有效压缩了输出内容的长度,解决了复杂场景生成难题。
(2)大模型幻觉。为避免生成不符合实际环境的场景(如生成了在限速80 km/h的道路上,车辆运行速度为120 km/h的场景),在解释器中集成了专家系统,专门对不符合逻辑和规则的场景进行自动修正,有效避免了生成场景不符合逻辑等问题。
为了确保模型的有效性和准确性,本文的场景生成大模型验证和评估过程中,设计定制化的评估方案,包括性能验证和评估、应用评估2方面。
(1)性能验证和评估:构造基准验证集,针对评测维度准备具体领域的数据集和对比模型。通过将被评测模型与对比模型的指标数值进行比较,横向对比模型任务中的表现,评估是否符合预期的任务逻辑,并根据验证评估结果持续迭代和优化大模型[123]。对场景生成大模型开展性能评估分析时,主要采用双语评估替换(Bilingual Evaluation, BLEU)指标[124]和自动文摘评价(Recall-Oriented Understudy for Gisting Evaluation, ROUGE)指标[125]评估生成语句,衡量生成文本与参考文本的相似度。试验结果显示,BLEU-4达到了99.37,ROUGE-1达到了99.58,平均生成一个场景时长为0.108 9 s,表明该场景生成大模型具备较高的生成准确度和效率。
(2)应用评估:结合垂类大模型在不同应用场景中的表现,评估任务目标的完成度、实际用户体验等多个方面,从模型的通用能力、专用场景能力和应用成熟度3个角度进行评估分析[126],作为模型应用方和开发者衡量模型能力的依据。对于场景生成大模型而言,主要评估生成场景在仿真测试中的可用性和可靠性。
在场景生成大模型的部署和监控阶段,需要保障计算资源需求、推理准确性和速度等性能。
(1)计算资源需求:大模型通常需要大量的计算资源进行训练,部署通常需要大量的高性能服务器,部署过程对算力和平台提出了高要求[127]。场景生成大模型基于预训练大模型,显著减少了对计算资源的需求,降低了部署成本。
(2)实时监控和模型性能维护:场景生成大模型部署后,需要重点关注推理性能,特别是高并发场景下的准确性和推理速度。试验表明,本文研究的场景生成大模型基于LangChain和VLLM进行部署[128-129],其推理速度能够满足实际应用需求,确保了模型在实际应用中的稳定性和安全性。
AI模型在汽车领域应用潜力巨大。在智能驾驶领域,应用AI能够分析传感器输入、识别意图和行为预测、规划车辆轨迹[130],加速智能驾驶系统的迭代和优化。在智能座舱领域,AI大模型促进多模态交互,带来更好的驾乘体验。AI的应用带来便利的同时,也带来了功能安全、预期功能安全、网络安全、数据安全等未知安全风险。特别是AI大模型的复杂内部运作机制和“黑箱”特性[131]增加了系统验证和故障排除的难度,降低了模型的可解释性,给模型训练、调试、改进和验证带来了一定挑战。建立相关政策法规、技术标准和评测工具以保障AI在汽车领域的应用尤为关键。
国际上,联合国世界车辆法规协调论坛(WP.29)自动驾驶和网联车辆工作组(GRVA)将负责的AI相关法规适用性分析作为一个持续研究的项目,考虑AI的基础特性,如可解释性、透明度、可靠性等,关注应用AI的智能驾驶系统的测试结果的一致性、AI设计开发过程中的数据安全、网络安全和软件升级管理等[132-133]。2024年3月21日,联合国大会提出促进AI系统的可持续发展,保障AI系统的安全可靠性,通过了一项AI监管的决议,指出AI系统需要在全生命周期内加强安全措施和数据管理,开展技术风险评估[134]。2024年6月,欧盟正式生效了全球首部全面监管AI领域的约束性法规《人工智能法案》(EU AI Act),提出了AI系统的安全性、透明度等原则[135]。国际标准化组织(ISO)在2021年立项了道路车辆领域的人工智能技术标准《道路车辆安全和人工智能》(ISO/CD PAS 8800),该标准对应用于道路车辆的AI系统提出了全生命周期的安全技术保障措施、验证和确认相关技术要求[136],并于2024年6月进入批准阶段。日本政府多部门协同推进自动驾驶商业化,成立AI时代自动驾驶汽车的社会规则工作小组,2024年6月发布了《移动出行路线图2024》,探讨保安基准和指南的具体化、定量化等,促进自动驾驶在社会中安全有序落地[137]
在国内,为应对人工智能技术的关键发展时期带来的诸多挑战和风险,针对人工智能技术开展了一系列管理探索。2022年3月,国家互联网信息办公室发布了《互联网信息服务算法推荐管理规定》,要求对涉及生物识别信息的深度合成类算法加强备案与安全评估[138]。2023年7月,国家互联网信息办公室等部门联合发布了《生成式人工智能服务管理暂行办法》,对开展生成式AI服务进行分级分类监管,明确了AI训练数据的处理和标注要求[139]。2023年9月科技部等十部门公布《科技伦理审查办法(试行)》,强调了对开展AI科技活动的企业进行科技伦理审查和伦理审查复核,尤其是面向存在安全、人身健康风险等场景的具有高度自主能力的自动化决策系统的研发[140]
综上所述,当前应用AI技术的汽车安全管理体系仍在持续研究和探索建设中。为健全我国人工智能治理体系,保障生成式人工智能健康发展和规范应用,有必要参考国际经验,并结合国内技术和产业发展需求,进一步加强AI安全测评方法和管理体系的研究。
智能网联汽车安装的传感器较多,用于收集信息和数据,包括车辆数据(如车辆状态及位置)、环境数据(如其他道路使用者的交通行为),传感器数据(如音频和视频数据、激光雷达点云图),以及涉及驾乘人员隐私的座舱数据等[141]。数据的适当运用可以提升智能网联汽车舒适性和便捷性。然而,智能网联汽车的网络安全漏洞,如UI界面设计缺陷,以及频繁交互导致数据管理难度大,丰富的车端传感器和数据传输管道[142]增大了数据安全风险。由于AI系统,特别是AI模型的训练基于数据驱动,对数据的质量、数量等要求高。因此,对于应用了AI技术的智能网联汽车的数据安全管理,更需要统筹兼顾数据安全合规与数据的高效使用[143]
为了应对数据安全风险,各个国家和地区制定了相关政策法规进行管理。2017年,美国《自动驾驶法案》(SELF DRIVE Act)要求自动驾驶车辆厂商建立内部人员安全培训机制,制定应对网络漏洞、恶意控制指令等安全风险的安全策略[144]。2018年5月,欧盟《通用数据保护条例(GDPR)》正式生效,对企业的数据安全采用了基于风险的监管框架[145]。2021年3月,欧盟数据保护委员会(EDPB)通过了《车联网个人数据保护指南》,阐释了车联网场景下的隐私保护和数据风险以及应对措施[146]。2022年10月,EDPB进一步批准了面向数据处理活动的Europrivacy认证标准,作为欧盟成员国正式认可的GDPR认证机制[147]。2024年1月欧盟《关于公平访问和使用数据的统一规则的条例》法案生效,该法案明确了数据访问、共享和使用的规则,规定了获取数据的主体和条件[148]
国内对车联网数据安全问题也开展了一系列标准法规制修订工作。在政策法规方面,我国《数据安全法》《网络安全法》《个人信息保护法》分别对数据安全、网络安全、个人信息保护等问题作出了规定[149-151]。2021年发布了《汽车数据安全管理若干规定(试行)》《关于加强车联网网络安全和数据安全工作的通知》等,对车联网的数据安全提出相关要求[152-153]。2021年8月,工业和信息化部发布了《关于加强智能网联汽车生产企业及产品准入管理的意见》,要求汽车生产企业应当建立健全汽车数据安全管理制度,实施数据分类分级管理,需要向境外提供数据的,应当通过数据出境安全评估,强化数据安全管理能力和网络安全保障能力,加强自动驾驶功能产品安全管理[154]
本文分析了人工智能模型在智能网联汽车的智能驾驶、智能座舱等方向的应用情况,以场景生成大模型为例介绍了构建垂类大模型的方法,并且针对人工智能带来的安全风险问题,总结归纳了当前对人工智能的安全管理实践。
未来,人工智能会进一步向着通用化和专用化大模型发展[155],大模型在垂直行业应用将会成为重点,智能网联汽车、智能驾驶系统有望成为人工智能商业化落地应用实践的典范。由于大模型能够提供个性化解决方案,满足不同专业领域的特殊需求;多模态大模型的发展会进一步提升大模型的应用范围,基于文本、视频、图像、语音等多种类型的数据进行建模分析,解决行业内的复杂问题。在智能网联汽车领域,大模型的应用将带来无数可能,应用发展潜力巨大的同时,对大模型上车的安全管理的研究与实践提出了迫切的需求。下一步,可以对应用大模型的智能驾驶汽车的安全测试与评估方法展开进一步研究,支撑大模型上车的安全管理、测评体系的探索和建立,统筹汽车领域新技术的健康发展和安全保障。
  • *新一代人工智能国家科技重大专项(2022ZD0116311)
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doi: 10.19822/j.cnki.1671-6329.20240302
  • 首发时间:2025-10-29
  • 出版时间:2025-06-05
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*新一代人工智能国家科技重大专项(2022ZD0116311)
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    1 北京镝石数据科技有限公司,北京 100176
    2 北京赛目科技股份有限公司,北京 100080
    3 工业和信息化部装备工业发展中心,北京 100846
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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