Article(id=1190332966124490802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, issueId=1190332965457596465, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19822/j.cnki.1671-6329.20230204, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1761727094440, onlineDateStr=2025-10-29, pubDate=1751644800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-05, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1761727094440, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-10-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1761727094440, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761727094440, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1190332965457596465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, year='2025', volume='', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='62', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1761727094282, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761728892482, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1190340507713770164, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, issueId=1190332965457596465, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1190340507713770165, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, issueId=1190332965457596465, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1, endPage=13, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1190332966304845878, articleId=1190332966124490802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, language=EN, title=Review on the State of Health Management of Lithium-Ion Power Batteries under Carbon Neutrality, columnId=1190332966141268019, journalTitle=Automotive Digest, columnName=Special Topic on State of Health (SOH)/State of Charge (SOC) Estimation and Collaborative Management Technology for Power Batteries, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To enhance the management capabilities for the State of Health (SOH) of power batteries and strengthen their contribution to carbon emission reduction, this paper conducts a detailed review centered on lithium-ion power batteries—a core component of electric vehicles. The review encompasses the industry overview, supportive policies, existing challenges, SOH management of in-vehicle power batteries, and future developments. The study demonstrates that SOH management of power batteries exhibits the following key trends: (1) Strengthening SOH management can effectively improve battery performance and lifespan, thereby reducing the carbon emissions of the entire vehicle; (2) Refined battery management technologies based on SOH optimization (e.g state estimation, optimal control) represent the core direction for future development; (3) Battery full-lifecycle management strategies incorporating cascade utilization can significantly enhance the overall carbon reduction capability of lithium-ion batteries.

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为了提升动力电池健康状态管理能力并增强其对减少碳排放的贡献,围绕电动汽车核心部件锂离子动力电池,详细综述了车载动力电池产业概况、支持政策、面临挑战、电池的健康状态管理以及后续发展。研究表明,动力电池健康状态管理呈现以下趋势:(1)强化SOH管理能有效提升电池性能与寿命,降低整车碳排放;(2)基于SOH最优的电池精细化管理技术(如状态估计、优化控制)是未来发展的核心方向;(3)结合梯次利用的电池全生命周期管理策略,能显著提升锂离子电池的整体碳减排能力。

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省市 发布时间 政策名称 重点内容
北京 2020年5月 《关于加强自由贸易试验区生态环境保护推动高质量发展的指导意见》 推动新型储能产业化、规模化示范,促进储能技术装备和商业模式创新。支持海南建设清洁能源岛。开展绿色能源供应模式试点,在确保安全的前提下,研究试点建设一批兼具天然气、储能、氢能、快速充换电等功能的综合站点
上海 2021年1月 《上海市国民经济和社会发展第十四个五年规划和二〇三五年远景目标纲要》 加快发展新能源汽车,形成动力电池、驱动电机、电控及燃料电池电堆系统等关键总成的产业链条
天津 2021年7月 《天津市制造业高质量发展“十四五”规划》 加快开发固态电池生产关键装机及配套工艺、高功率电极的制备工艺、低成本石墨烯材料生产工艺等,研发退役动力电池异构兼容利用与智能拆解技术,加快锂离子电池与新能源汽车产业深度融合
福建 2021年3月 《福建省国民经济和社会发展第十四个五年规划和二〇三五年远景目标纲要》 重点推进新能源汽车全产业链发展,打造知名汽车品牌,支持研发应用新一代长寿命、高安全性动力电池,打造东南沿海最具竞争力的新能源汽车产业基地。重点发展省内急需的金属复合材料、半导体材料、锂电池正负极材料等关键基础材料
浙江 2021年2月 《浙江省国民经济和社会发展第十四个五年规划和二〇三五年远景目标纲要》 突破动力电池、电驱、电控等关键技术,创新发展汽车电子和关键零部件产业,完善充电设施布局,打造全球先进的新能源汽车产业集群
贵州 2021年2月 《贵州省国民经济和社会发展第十四个五年规划和2035年远景目标纲要》 创新发展新材料产业,大力发展锂离子动力电池、储能电池、消费电池和电池原材料,建设以锂离子电池正板材料和电池梯次回收绿色利用为代表的新能源电池材料产业基地
安徽 2021年4月 《安徽省国民经济和社会发展第十四个五年规划和2035年远景目标纲要》 开发高比能动力电池、氢燃料电池、固态电池等技术。重点突破整车集成、智能网联、动力电池、电驱电控、氢燃料电池等产品。加强动力电池、电机等关键配套能力建设,加快培育形成世界级新能源汽车和智能网联汽车产业集群
江西 2021年2月 《江西省国民经济和社会发展第十四个五年规划和2035年远景目标纲要》 加快新一代太阳能电池、新型锂离子动力电池产业化;大力发展锂电电池关键材料;加快推动动力电池回收利用立法
内蒙古 2021年2月 《内蒙古自治区国民经济和社会发展第十四个五年规划和二〇三五年远景目标纲要》 培育发展北奔、北重等新能源重型载货汽车,打造动力电池、电机、电控系统、动力总成、配套零部件及整车研发生产的新能源汽车全产业链
青海 2021年2月 《青海省国民经济和社会发展第十四个五年规划和二〇三五年远景目标纲要》 加强锂系细分领域产业布局,构建从资源-初级产品碳酸锂-锂电材料-电芯-电池应用产品的全产业链及废旧锂电池回收利用基地,提升锂电产业品牌影响力和国际市场份额
湖南 2021年1月 《湖南省先进储能材料及动力电池产业链三年行动计划(2021-2023年)》 力争到2023年,全产业链年产值突破1 000亿元。电芯制造企业产能突破30GWh;泡沫镍、钻酸锂的国内市场占有率超过60%;三元材料、四氧化三钻等材料国内市场占有率稳后第一
广西 2021年4月 《广西壮族自治区国民经济和社会发展第十四个五年规划和2035年远景目标纲要》 新能源汽车领域重点支持电池、电机、电控等核心零部件技术攻关。重点发展新能源电池材料、稀土新材料、新型合金材料
甘肃 2021年2月 《甘肃省国民经济和社会发展第十四个五年规划和二〇三五年远景目标纲要》 积极发展锂离子动力电池、储能电池、消费电池和电池原材料,发展薄膜太阳能电池、新能源电池、燃料电池等。建设锂离子电池正极材料和电池回收绿色利用基地
云南 2021年2月 《云南省国民经济和社会发展第十四个五年规划和二〇三五年远景目标纲要》 加快推动以先进锂离子电池为核心的锂全产业链发展
山东 2021年6月 《关于促进全省可再生能源高质量发展的意见(征求意见稿)》 开展电化学储能示范试点,完善储能商业盈利市场机制
), ArticleFig(id=1190333024442093786, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1190332966124490802, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

各省市新能源发展相关政策汇总

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
省市 发布时间 政策名称 重点内容
北京 2020年5月 《关于加强自由贸易试验区生态环境保护推动高质量发展的指导意见》 推动新型储能产业化、规模化示范,促进储能技术装备和商业模式创新。支持海南建设清洁能源岛。开展绿色能源供应模式试点,在确保安全的前提下,研究试点建设一批兼具天然气、储能、氢能、快速充换电等功能的综合站点
上海 2021年1月 《上海市国民经济和社会发展第十四个五年规划和二〇三五年远景目标纲要》 加快发展新能源汽车,形成动力电池、驱动电机、电控及燃料电池电堆系统等关键总成的产业链条
天津 2021年7月 《天津市制造业高质量发展“十四五”规划》 加快开发固态电池生产关键装机及配套工艺、高功率电极的制备工艺、低成本石墨烯材料生产工艺等,研发退役动力电池异构兼容利用与智能拆解技术,加快锂离子电池与新能源汽车产业深度融合
福建 2021年3月 《福建省国民经济和社会发展第十四个五年规划和二〇三五年远景目标纲要》 重点推进新能源汽车全产业链发展,打造知名汽车品牌,支持研发应用新一代长寿命、高安全性动力电池,打造东南沿海最具竞争力的新能源汽车产业基地。重点发展省内急需的金属复合材料、半导体材料、锂电池正负极材料等关键基础材料
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), ArticleFig(id=1190333024525979868, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1190332966124490802, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法 具体内容
基于模型的预测方法 经验模型
电化学模型
等效电路模型
基于数据驱动的预测方法 基于人工智能
基于统计分析
基于信号处理
特征信号分析方法 增量分析法
差分电压分析法
差分热伏安法
), ArticleFig(id=1190333024601477342, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1190332966124490802, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

SOH预测方法

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法 具体内容
基于模型的预测方法 经验模型
电化学模型
等效电路模型
基于数据驱动的预测方法 基于人工智能
基于统计分析
基于信号处理
特征信号分析方法 增量分析法
差分电压分析法
差分热伏安法
), ArticleFig(id=1190333024660197599, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1190332966124490802, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
算法 健康指数 优点 缺点
SVM 容量、内阻
能量效率、
温度
能处理局部最小值、非线性和小样本量问题 内核函数需要满、Mercer定理缺乏稀疏性
RVM 容量
主电压降
更好的稀疏性、不受Mercer约束、有效避免过拟合和欠拟合 计算负载高(基于大型数据集)、不适合长期预测、缺乏稳定性
GPR 容量 处理高维和小样本数据集 计算负载高(基于大型数据集)、缺乏稀疏性
ANN 容量、内阻
放电曲线
端电压曲线
学习能力强、非线性处理能力强、能整合多种信息 需要足够的训练数据
结构复杂、计算复杂、计算负载高
LSTM 容量
放电率、
温度
避免消失梯度问题、方便序列建模、具备长时记忆的能力 计算量大、不利于并行化
), ArticleFig(id=1190333024769249504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1190332966124490802, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

基于人工智能的SOH预测方法[34]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
算法 健康指数 优点 缺点
SVM 容量、内阻
能量效率、
温度
能处理局部最小值、非线性和小样本量问题 内核函数需要满、Mercer定理缺乏稀疏性
RVM 容量
主电压降
更好的稀疏性、不受Mercer约束、有效避免过拟合和欠拟合 计算负载高(基于大型数据集)、不适合长期预测、缺乏稳定性
GPR 容量 处理高维和小样本数据集 计算负载高(基于大型数据集)、缺乏稀疏性
ANN 容量、内阻
放电曲线
端电压曲线
学习能力强、非线性处理能力强、能整合多种信息 需要足够的训练数据
结构复杂、计算复杂、计算负载高
LSTM 容量
放电率、
温度
避免消失梯度问题、方便序列建模、具备长时记忆的能力 计算量大、不利于并行化
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碳中和视角下的锂离子动力电池健康状态管理综述
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王文彬 1 , 陈思言 2, 3 , 孙宇 1 , 姜大力 1
汽车文摘 | 动力电池SOH/SOC状态估计与协同管理技术专题 2025,(7): 1-13
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汽车文摘 | 动力电池SOH/SOC状态估计与协同管理技术专题 2025, (7): 1-13
碳中和视角下的锂离子动力电池健康状态管理综述
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王文彬1, 陈思言2, 3, 孙宇1, 姜大力1
作者信息
  • 1 中国第一汽车股份有限公司研发总院,长春 130013
  • 2 吉林大学汽车工程学院,长春 130022
  • 3 吉林大学汽车仿真与控制国家重点实验室,长春 130022
Review on the State of Health Management of Lithium-Ion Power Batteries under Carbon Neutrality
Wenbin Wang1, Siyan Chen2, 3, Yu Sun1, Dali Jiang1
Affiliations
  • 1 Global R&D Center, China FAW Corporation Limited, Changchun 130013
  • 2 College of Automotive Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130022
  • 3 State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and Control, Jilin University, Changchun 130022
出版时间: 2025-07-05 doi: 10.19822/j.cnki.1671-6329.20230204
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为了提升动力电池健康状态管理能力并增强其对减少碳排放的贡献,围绕电动汽车核心部件锂离子动力电池,详细综述了车载动力电池产业概况、支持政策、面临挑战、电池的健康状态管理以及后续发展。研究表明,动力电池健康状态管理呈现以下趋势:(1)强化SOH管理能有效提升电池性能与寿命,降低整车碳排放;(2)基于SOH最优的电池精细化管理技术(如状态估计、优化控制)是未来发展的核心方向;(3)结合梯次利用的电池全生命周期管理策略,能显著提升锂离子电池的整体碳减排能力。

碳中和  /  锂离子电池  /  电动汽车  /  电池健康状态

To enhance the management capabilities for the State of Health (SOH) of power batteries and strengthen their contribution to carbon emission reduction, this paper conducts a detailed review centered on lithium-ion power batteries—a core component of electric vehicles. The review encompasses the industry overview, supportive policies, existing challenges, SOH management of in-vehicle power batteries, and future developments. The study demonstrates that SOH management of power batteries exhibits the following key trends: (1) Strengthening SOH management can effectively improve battery performance and lifespan, thereby reducing the carbon emissions of the entire vehicle; (2) Refined battery management technologies based on SOH optimization (e.g state estimation, optimal control) represent the core direction for future development; (3) Battery full-lifecycle management strategies incorporating cascade utilization can significantly enhance the overall carbon reduction capability of lithium-ion batteries.

Carbon neutrality  /  Lithium-ion batteries  /  Electric vehicles  /  State of Health (SOH)
王文彬, 陈思言, 孙宇, 姜大力. 碳中和视角下的锂离子动力电池健康状态管理综述. 汽车文摘, 2025 , (7) : 1 -13 . DOI: 10.19822/j.cnki.1671-6329.20230204
Wenbin Wang, Siyan Chen, Yu Sun, Dali Jiang. Review on the State of Health Management of Lithium-Ion Power Batteries under Carbon Neutrality[J]. Automotive Digest, 2025 , (7) : 1 -13 . DOI: 10.19822/j.cnki.1671-6329.20230204
在碳达峰、碳中和背景下,汽车电动化转型已成为降低碳排放的关键路径。锂离子电池作为电动汽车的储能装置,凭借其高能量密度和高功率密度的优势被广泛应用于电动汽车储能单元[1-4]。然而,在电动汽车使用过程中,由于受到温度、湿度、振动等环境因素影响,锂电池存在明显的容量衰减问题[5],不仅导致电动车性能下降、安全风险增加,还阻碍了电动汽车推广应用[6]。此外,锂离子电池在生产过程中会产生较高的碳排放,且电池组份含有潜在污染性的重金属元素,使锂电池的生产与退役都承担着较大的环境风险。为了提高锂电池性能,在锂电池制造过程中需要使用部分我国储量丰度较低的稀有金属,这对降低锂电池成本与保证我国的能源安全都提出了挑战。
随着新型锂基储能材料不断涌现与高性能电解质成功开发,锂基动力电池的性能不断提高,工作电压区间不断扩大[7]。以全固态锂电池为代表的新型锂电池有巨大的发展潜力,加大对锂电池的开发投入,抢占锂电池的技术高地成为我国实现汽车全面电动化的关键[8-9]。同时,车载/云端电池状态估计法能更为精确地估计电池状态,有利于实现动力电池的精细化管理,延长动力电池车端应用寿命,提高电动汽车减排能力。据此,十四五规划和《2035年远景目标纲要》指出,开展动力电池与管理系统技术攻关,提升电池管理的安全技术水平,加强高安全、低成本、长寿命的电池技术攻关对我国电动汽车进一步推广具有重要意义[6,10]
本文以新能源汽车动力电池的健康状态管理为核心,分别从新能源汽车发展现状、支持政策、面临挑战以及锂离子动力电池状态估计、电池精细化管理等多个角度进行系统综述,并对锂离子电池未来的发展进行展望。
锂离子电池具有高电压区间、高能量密度的优点,被广泛应用在车载动力电池领域。锂元素具有相对较低的原子质量,以及强大的电子得失能力和高比例的电子转移,成为仅次于氢元素的车载能源载体。在锂离子电池中,正极材料作为锂元素的主要载体,包括钴酸锂、镍酸锂、锰酸锂、磷酸铁锂,以及混合比例的三元锂等。锂电池的负极材料主要用于存储转移后的锂离子,包括石墨、硬碳等。锂离子电池因其显著优势,成为新能源汽车动力电池技术升级的关键焦点。在同样的体积质量情况下,锂电池的能量密度约为镍氢电池的2倍,且随着电池制造技术的进步与新材料的应用,未来还有进一步提升的空间。此外,锂电池的应用不易造成环境污染,有着较好的应用前景与潜力。
动力电池是新能源汽车基础部件之一,确保动力电池与新能源汽车协调发展,能更好地推动新能源汽车行业的繁荣发展。目前,我国已拥有上百家动力电池生产企业。2022年全球动力电池装机量前10的阵营中,中国企业稳固占据6席,中国在全球电动汽车动力电池市场继续保持领先水平。然而,目前锂离子电池成本较高,存在热失控等潜在风险。
在“碳中和”背景下,以交通运输行业为代表的相关产业纷纷在政策上做出了响应,通过多个维度加速电动汽车推广。各省市均推出了符合地方发展需求的政策,促进新能源产业进一步发展,见表1
各省为了实现上述目标,在新能源汽车与动力电池政策制定及推广中都有清晰的优先级定位。例如,以江西、福建等以动力电池及其原料制造的省份,在制定发展政策时倾向于电池制造环节,注重电池上游相关配套产业链的发展。上海、北京等汽车制造业发达的城市更强调电动汽车产业的发展,更重视动力电池下游应用环节。总体来看,在“碳中和”的背景下,动力电池成为各省市的政策扶持的重点之一,未来动力电池将进一步高速、高质量发展。
由于锂电池的能量密度上限远低于传统燃油与氢燃料,目前动力电池的主要问题是续驶里程不足[11]。以市面上标称续驶里程最高的小鹏P7与蔚来ET5为例,在NEDC工况下满电续驶里程700 km,接近于燃油车的续驶里程。但是,在真实的使用情况中,由于使用单一动力源,行驶工况的动态不确定性与车载附件的能量消耗(如空调与电池包恒温系统)会使电动汽车的实际续驶里程衰减到标称的60%~80%[12]。当电动车在寒带与亚寒带地区使用时,因电池的低温性能衰减和电池恒温系统能耗增加,实际续驶里程将进一步衰减[13]。此外,在电动汽车的电量处于低电量区间内或处于使用寿命周期末期时,由于电池性能的非线性衰减与电池管理系统状态估计模块的边缘失真,电动汽车的续驶里程会出现“跳水”情况[14]。这会降低消费者对电动汽车信任感,同时还使电动汽车驾乘人员处于不必要的安全风险之中,限制了电动汽车进一步推广。
与燃油车快速补充能源不同,纯电动汽车补能效率低是导致电动汽车用户里程焦虑的重要原因[15]。电动汽车充电问题主要包括3个方面:充电桩安装成本高、充电桩数量不足与充电速度慢[16]。纯电动车主可以选择在住所固定停车位安装充电桩,但其安装成本并不包括在电动汽车售价中,需要额外付费,同时部分区域由于基础设施条件或者相关规定不允许住户私自安装充电桩。由于电动汽车市场发展时间较短,公共充电桩数量相对不足,尤其是在高速公路服务区,常常出现纯电动车主排队充电的情况[17,18]。电动汽车车主往往要提前规划充电时间,或者在夜间用私人充电桩进行慢充[19]
由于能量密度与功率密度的要求,虽然以三元材料为代表的新型锂电池降低了贵金属的使用量,但复杂的制造工艺与钴材料价格限制了锂电池成本降低[20]。虽然有聚阴离子型锂电池作为廉价替代品,但由于性能局限,难以作为纯电动汽车的动力源。经过近二十年的技术发展与产业化,动力电池的成本已经下降了约90%,但同级别的燃油车价格依然比新能源车更有优势。为了以低成本的方式提高电池的电导率,在低温环境下,锂离子电池所采用的液态电解质可能由于黏度的增加而引发电导率的迅速降低[21,22]。这是因为电解液和电极之间的膜阻与电荷转移阻抗增加,降低了锂离子在活性材料中的迁移速率,导致电池的低温性能显著减弱。同时,在低温下对电池进行充电时,电池负极极易产生锂沉积进一步恶化电池性能,导致电动汽车的安全风险急剧升高,动力电池循环寿命大幅度缩短[23]
作为电动汽车的重要组成部分,锂离子动力电池的安全问题已经引起了公众的普遍关注,尤其是电池热失控这一安全隐患[24]。“热失控”是指电池内部出现连锁的不可控放热反应,导致电池急剧升温的过热现象[25]。自电动汽车进入中国市场以来,因动力电池发生热失控导致的恶性安全事故频发,其中不乏群死群伤的恶性事故,这严重降低了消费者对纯电动汽车的信心[26]。本质上,锂电池热失控的发生是“电动汽车高动力性对动力电池材料高化学活性的要求与电动汽车高安全性对动力电池材料高稳定性要求的两难困境”的具体表现[27,28]。研究表明,热失控通常由极端滥用工况条件触发,但在电动汽车的实际使用中,仍发生多起正常使用过程中电动汽车“自燃”事故[29,30]。由于热失控的极端高温,车载电池管理系统的控制与存储单元会在事故发生的极早期被优先焚毁,给事故原因调查带来了巨大困难,导致这种自燃现象的发生原因在工业和学术界尚无定论[31,32]。然而,学术界普遍认为,可燃性电解液与电极材料的分解是锂离子电池发生热失控的关键因素。因此,开发高稳定性的电极材料与低可燃性电解液,已成为目前降低锂离子电池热失控风险的主要技术手段[33]
锂离子电池单体的性能进步缓慢,因为其电极材料性能逼近理论性能最优点,继续在电极材料上投入研究获取的边际效益不断降低,并且电池材料的研发突破对于整车企业成本很高。从电池管理角度出发,通过优化动力电池管理来提高集成后电池包性能的方法,成为研究新趋势。
电池管理系统(Battery Management System, BMS)的基本功能为电池状态检测、充放电管理、电池安全保护、电池均衡管理与热管理,与车辆的动力性、安全性息息相关。在整个电池使用过程中,电池老化是影响车辆安全性,降低汽车动力性的主要因素之一。因此,车载动力电池健康管理十分重要,而实现高水平的电池健康管理,首先需要准确获取电池的健康状态(State of Health, SOH)。
电池SOH估计是利用历史和当前信号数据来预测电池未来状态,并在电池性能无法满足使用场景时,或者发生故障之前提供警告。可靠、准确的SOH预测对于保证电池供电系统的性能、安全性和经济性具有重要意义。
目前对于SOH的预测方法主要分为基于模型的方法、基于数据驱动的方法以及特征信号分析方法,如表2所示。
构建模型的方法主要利用能反应电池老化行为的数学模型,来观察电池性能衰减和影响电池老化的性能指标之间的对应关系。可以分为经验模型、电化学模型、等效电路模型等[34]
在经验模型SOH预测方法方面,He等[35]使用证据理论(Dempster-Shafer’s Theory, DST)和粒子滤波器方法预测电池的SOH。DST用于初始化模型参数,粒子滤波器用于更新模型参数并根据可用数据预测电池容量。Yu等[36]基于贝叶斯推理概率实现了一种新的电池健康评估标准,并利用由逻辑回归和粒子滤波器组成的状态空间模型实现了对锂离子电池寿命的估计。
电化学模型考虑组成电池的电化学材料,对电池充放电过程中的热现象以及内部老化现象进行仿真预测。Morris等[37]研究了在BMS中使用了伪二维(Pseudo Two-Dimensional, P2D)技术对锂电池进行仿真,对比粒子滤波器与卡尔曼滤波器的效果。Lotfi等[38]在单粒子(Single Particle, SP)锂离子电池模型的基础上,提出了一种改进的降阶电化学模型,准确预测电池在宽工作电流区间下的性能。
相对于电化学模型,等效电路模型需要识别的参数较少,更容易实现车载应用,但其SOH的估计能力较弱。Sihvo等[39]使用快速的伪随机序列(Pseudo Random Sequence, PRS)阻抗测量技术快速获取电池阻抗,用于等效电路模型(Equivalent Circuit Model, ECM)的参数拟合,实现电池SOH估计。Xia等[40]构建了一个ECM,通过将ECM与0.01 Hz~7.928 kHz频率范围内的实验测量电化学阻抗谱(Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy, EIS)数据拟合,来表征电池的老化行为。
尽管近年来基于模型的SOH预测方法取得了重大进展,但仍然在以下2方面存在不足。
(1)模型构建复杂参数众多:构建精准的模型非常困难,因其涉及大量的物理、化学原理,以及多种电池内部反应机理。以电化学模型为例,其最显著的缺点就是模型参数可辨识性较低、多种参数物理意义尚不明确,在参数无法准确辨识的情况下使用电化学模型进行电池性能状态评估的可信度较低,故电化学模型多用于研究电池老化的机理过程,而非定量估计电池SOH。
(2)数据质量对预测精度影响大:数据的质量对基于模型的预测结果的精度有很大影响。例如主要用电阻和电容模拟电池中化学反应过程的等效电路模型,由于其高度依赖模型特征参数的选择,这与训练数据高度相关。若标定数据的工况域狭窄,将会对等效电路模型的预测结果产生较大干扰。即使可以通过高保真的电池模型来有效提高边缘工况估计精度,但仍会使相关矩阵运算复杂化,使车载微控制器承受大量计算负荷[41]。其次,基于最广泛使用的粒子滤波器模型算法对SOH估计精度也会受到粒子退化问题的限制[42]
基于数据驱动的方法直接通过历史观测数据进行预测,数据驱动的方法针对非线性数据具有更高的拟合能力和更广泛的应用领域。如今,随着计算机技术的飞速发展,机器学习和神经网络已经成为预测电池状态方法的主流。例如基于机器学习的方法多通过支持向量机(Support Vector Machine, SVM)的方法估计电池SOH。
SVM适合解决非线性、小样本问题。电池老化数据是小样本数据,并且电池的老化是非线性过程,因此SVM可以用来预测SOH。Chen等[43]使用SVM模型预测SOH,以径向基函数为核函数,使用电池的部分充电数据进行特征提取,进行SOH在线预测,最终预测误差小于2%。Qin等[44]使用改进的SVM进行SOH的预测,使用粒子群优化算法获得SVM模型最优参数,得到的PSO-SVM模型可以很好地拟合电池老化趋势,最终模型的预测误差小于1%。Yang等[45]提出了一种基于最小二乘法的改进SVM模型(LSSVM),并且使用PSO算法进行参数选择。相比于传统的支持向量机算法,改进的模型具有更高的预测精度和更快的计算速度,预测均方根误差(Root Mean Square Error, RMSE)小于2%。
高斯过程回归(Gaussian Process Regression, GPR)适合处理小样本和非线性问题。GPR与其他机器学习算法相比不仅能给出预测结果,还能通过置信区间给出预测结果的不确定性。由于电池老化过程是非线性的,因此GPR适合进行电池SOH预测。Feng等[46]提出了一种基于改进的GPR电池SOH预测模型,改变了GPR的方差函数,并且使用NASA数据集验证,最终得到的预测误差小于2%。Feng等[47]使用改进的GPR(MTGP)进行电池SOH预测,并对MTGP进行了改进,减少了MTGP的训练时间,同时保持了预测精度,最终预测误差小于1%。
极限学习机(Extreme Learning Machines, ELM)与其他机器学习算法相比,计算速度更快、泛化能力更强,适合预测电池SOH。Liu等[48]提取电压的变化量作为健康特征,使用ELM算法进行电池SOH预测,基于3个开放的数据集进行算法的测试,最终预测误差小于0.5%。Chen[49]等提出了一种改进的ELM模型,为了使算法模型更符合电池的老化机制,在原有的ELM基础上引入代谢机制,使用少量数据进行SOH预测,最大预测误差小于1.93%。
循环神经网络(Recurrent Neural Networks, RNN)对时间序列化数据具有很强的预测能力,但是普通的RNN在长时间预测时会出现梯度消失和爆炸的问题,而RNN的改进LSTM可以选择性的记忆历史信息,能够避免出现上述问题,因此更适合电池SOH预测。较为直观的LSTM结构如图1a所示,在普通RNN的记忆单元用来存储所有信息的基础上,LSTM网络引入了门(Gate)机制用于控制特征的流通和损失。每一时刻从输入层输入的信息会首先经过输入门,输入门的开关决定这一时刻是否会有信息输入到记忆单元。接着每一时刻记忆单元里的值都会经历一个被遗忘的过程,该过程由遗忘门控制,即图1b所示。最后输出门决定每一个时候是否有信息从记忆单元里输出。由此,LSTM网络能够解决RNN的长期依赖问题,更好地完成对电池老化时序过程的预测。
Chen等[50]提取了电池老化时间序列数据,进行了RNN、LSTM建模,使用NASA数据集进行验证,试验结果表明,LSTM模型预测结果最佳。Gong等[51]使用充电电压曲线作为SOH的健康特征,建立LSTM-BP算法模型,在公开数据集上进行测试,最大预测误差小于3.08%。
表3列举了基于人工智能的SOH预测方法及其优缺点。通过对比各个方法的优缺点,鉴于电池衰减数据时间序列的特性,LSTM方法更适用于电池SOH预测。
基于电化学分析技术,提出了如增量分析法(Incremental Capacity Analysis, ICA)、差分电压分析法(Differential Voltage Analysis, DVA)和差分热伏安法(Differential Thermal Voltammetry, DTV)等特征信号分析方法。
ICA和DVA是2种常用的基于信号特征的差分分析方法。这2种方法通过区分容量/电压与电压/容量,将电压曲线中的平台区域转换为增量容量(Incremental Capacity, IC)/差分电压(Differential Voltage, DV)曲线中可识别的峰值。IC和DV曲线中峰值分别代表电极中相变和相平衡位置,相应峰值信息的演变表明了电池老化期间的电极材料的老化机制[52]
但容量分析法和差分电压分析法存在以下问题:首先,ICA与DVA方法中容量-电压曲线施加了微分电压的倒数,DV可能趋向于零,导致结果无穷大,放大了采样数据的噪度。其次,即便运用曲线拟合的方法,ICA与DVA方法仍存在数据“失真”的问题,且算法复杂度高,难以集成到实时电池管理系统中。此外,上述研究过多关注电压电流特性,忽略了其他可用于表征电池老化过程的重要信息特征,而这些特征无法从单纯的电压电流曲线中直接观察得到[53]
在电池充电与放电的过程中,电化学反应会使电池出现明显的自放热升温现象,导致温度升高。而温度变化又会反过来影响电池内部的电化学反应,进而改变电池的充放电性能。因此,研究电池温度与寿命的关系十分重要。
差分热伏安法(DTV)通过对锂离子电池在恒定电流充电(放电)条件下的电压-温度(V-T)曲线进行一阶导数运算,得到电压-温度变化(V-dT/dV)曲线。Wu等[54-56]提出了一种DTV方法,通过监测电池表面的温度变化和端电压变化,实现对运行中电池老化情况的寿命预测。研究结果表明,DTV方法能够在短时间内获取电池老化信息,并且更适用于电池管理系统(BMS)。
此外,DTV曲线中的峰值参数可以量化估计电池的健康状况(SOH),Shibagaki等[57]首次将DTV技术应用于磷酸铁锂电池的寿命预测中,通过提取DTV峰值信号,发现DTV曲线峰值高度与磷酸铁锂电池的循环老化容量存在显著的相关性。
因此,DTV分析可以作为现有RUL预测技术的补充工具。在DTV曲线中,衰老电池的熵值变化显示了与IC/DV谱相似的峰值及峰值坐标的变化。曲线上的峰值参数如峰高度、峰值坐标及峰宽度等与电池的容量衰减直接相关,且随着电池老化而显著变化。同时,差分热伏安法并不需要严格的等温条件,良好的DTV信号需要周围环境热通量低于产热速率(dT/dV),这意味着没有必要必须在试验过程中对电池进行高效冷却,这样的分析试验更贴近于车辆的运行工况,更具有实用价值。
动力电池管理系统由多种传感器、执行器以及固化算法后的控制器等部件组成,其主要职责是确保动力电池系统的安全可靠性,提供汽车运行和车辆能量管理所需的状态信息,并在动力电池出现异常情况时采取适当的干预措施,以保障系统的正常运行。基于健康状态最优的电池管理是一种高级的电池管理策略,旨在最大限度地延长电池的使用寿命和性能。这种管理方式主要依赖于精确的电池状态监测和智能算法,以优化充放电策略,并在电池出现潜在问题时采取适当的保护措施。
动力电池作为一个复杂的非线性实变系统,涵盖多个实时变化的系统状态量。因此,精确而高效地监测动力电池的状态量成为电池管理的核心,也是电动汽车能量管理和控制的基本前提。为实现这一目标,BMS需要实时采集动力电池数据,并借助特定的算法进行电池组的状态估计,从而获得电池组的实时状态信息。其中包括动力电池电荷状态(State of Charge, SOC)、SOH、功率状态(State of Power, SOP)以及能量状态(State of Energy, SOE)等参数,为后续动力电池的管理提供必要的支持。
动力电池的充电过程对电池的寿命和安全有直接影响,合理的充电策略可显著减缓电池由老化副反应导致的容量衰减。因此,BMS通常会集成充电模块,综合考虑动力电池的实时状态、温度以及充电设备的功率输出能力,动态调整充电过程中的各项参数,以确保充电过程的安全与高效。然而,电动汽车在实际运行中面临多样化工况,如急加速、急减速等驾驶操作,这些操作会导致动态负载频繁变化,使电池工作状态变得复杂多变。为了保证车辆行驶的安全性与经济性,BMS需根据实时获取的电池数据,合理的控制动力电池的能量输出(放电)以及再生制动能量回收。
由于生产制造工艺、储存运输条件以及电子元器件误差等因素共同作用,动力电池的单体之间不可避免会存在不一致性。在保证电池组使用安全的前提下,为了充分发挥每一块单体的性能,BMS系统需要根据采集到的锂电池单体信息,采取主动或者被动的方式进行均衡操作,减小电池包中各个电池单体的不一致性,从而提高整个电池组的性能和寿命。
动力电池使用中不仅受到环境温度的影响,其工作时的自放热现象也会对电池本身的温度造成影响。所以,BMS需要集成电池热管理功能模块,根据电池包中各区域温度的差异,以及电池工作状态,对电池提供主动的散热或者加热,使电池在最优温度区间下工作,充分发挥电池的性能,避免出现钝化膜过度生长、锂枝晶等副反应,延长电池使用寿命。
通过采集传感器信号以及相应的诊断算法,能够对动力电池进行在线故障诊断,从而及时做出预警。动力电池管理系统通常会诊断多种故障,如过充、过放、烟雾、过电流、高温、短路、连接松动、绝缘下降、电解液泄漏等问题,同时也包括传感器、控制器等电子元件的故障。BMS会提前预警并采取适当措施,及时干预,以确保电动汽车行驶的安全性。
作为电动汽车的核心部件,动力电池对电动汽车碳排放影响重大[58,59]。电池制备过程中的高能耗和排放使电动汽车在生产阶段的碳排放量高于传统内燃机汽车(Internal Combustion Engine Vehicle, ICEV)[60]。而在车辆使用阶段,电动汽车的碳排放很大程度上取决于电力的清洁程度[61,62]。如果电动汽车使用风能、太阳能等清洁能源充电,碳排放量会显著低于内燃机汽车[63]。此外,通过精细化的电池管理与电池梯次利用,可以延长电池服役周期,平摊制造阶段碳排放。
电动汽车在使用过程中,由于外部环境因素和内部发生复杂的化学反应,电池系统会产生非线性老化、容量衰减和内阻增加等现象,使电池性能大幅降低,导致电动汽车续驶里程下降,甚至引发火灾等严重的安全事故。因此,实时掌握电动汽车在使用过程中的电池状态,并通过完善的电池管理系统减缓电池老化非常重要。此外,延长动力电池车端使用寿命,为其退役后梯次利用提供指导,对减少动力电池全生命周期碳排放具有重大意义。实现动力电池服役阶段的精细化管理是“碳中和”目标下减少电动汽车全生命周期碳排放的有力措施。
达成动力电池的精细化管理,要求电池管理系统整合电池无损检测、功能维护与故障预警功能,在实现动力电池高效应用的同时为退役后梯次利用做好准备。这不仅要求电池管理系统能够在动态工况下准确预测电池衰减路径,而且能够获知预测路径上任意时刻的电池内部状态。通过非侵入手段实现动力电池无损检测,克服动态不确定性产生的预测路径边缘失真是实现上述目标的关键。由于深度学习算法对数字信号特性有较好的学习能力,能克服动态工况下传统经验算法的边缘失真问题,被广泛应用于预测电池剩余使用寿命(Remaining Useful Life, RUL)[54]。Xu等[64]基于对时序信号有良好预测能力的LSTM神经网络,融合电池老化机理开发了一种快速预测电池容量衰减的方法,能利用充电电压信号(约2分钟)估计电池SOH与RUL。Ren等[65]提出了基于改进CNN和LSTM的锂电池RUL预测方法,实现了RUL预测均方根误差小于4.8%。Zhang等[66]采用变分模态分解算法(Variational Mode Decomposition, VMD)将电池容量数据分解为老化趋势序列和残差序列,然后分别建立了粒子滤波(Particle Filtering, PF)和GPR算法的预测模型来预测老化趋势序列和残差序列,以此进一步预测电池RUL。Liu等[67]提出使用经验模式分解(Empirical Mode Decomposition, EMD)方法将原始电池容量数据分解为一些固有模式函数和残差用于LSTM+GPR网络训练,并与GPR、LSTM、GPR+EMD和LSTM+EMD模型进行对比,证明所提出模型的RUL预测性能。
实现动力电池的精细化管理,不仅要求BMS系统能更准确地估计电池状态、老化程度与一致性差异,还需要优秀的电池热管理系统、单体均衡系统对电池状态进行及时干预,将决策落实到实际管理也是精细化管理的重要研究内容。考虑到工作温度、循环深度和循环期间的平均充电状态对电池寿命的影响,有效的热管理与充放电管理可以有效延长电池寿命、维护电池基本功能,从而提高其减碳排放能力[68-70]。对于插电式混合动力汽车,电池运行中充电与放电频率高,Lunz等[71]的研究表明,通过实施智能充电策略,优化车载电池的充电频率和充电时间,可以显著延长电池寿命,减少车辆生命周期碳排放。在严寒地区,直接对低温动力电池进行充电会导致电池受损。Xiong等[72]则利用遗传算法优化电池自加热策略,将电池从-20 °C上升至0 °C的加热时间缩短至70 s,大大降低寒冷环境下对电池充电造成的容量损失,且每200次加热电池仅衰减7.72%容量。Lander的研究[73]也证明了优化电池热管理系统可以降低电池生命周期碳排放,通过表面冷却代替风冷,电池生命周期使用成本和碳足迹可以分别减少27%和25%。Hannan等[74]对储能电池热管理系统的研究中也发现了相同的结论,通过优化热管理使电池在最佳温度下的运行,可延长电池寿命,提高电池充放电效率,降低使用成本和碳排放。
随着云服务、5G通信技术的迅速发展,云端BMS成为可能。通常情况下,车载BMS可以保存部分动力电池数据,然而由于其本地存储和计算能力受限,这种存储持续时间通常较短。而云端电池管理的优势在于其具备广阔的数据存储空间,能够保存动力电池的完整生命周期信息,即从生产到报废。在拥有贯穿电池全生命周期的大数据后,利用数据驱动方式可以更好的估计电池SOH,优化充电过程以延长电池寿命,实现电池状态精细化管理。Yang等[10]提出了一个基于云的管理框架,即网络层次结构和交互网络。通过接收BMS信息及时更新数据集,并执行复杂的操作(如模型模拟和深度学习方法),以实现各种应用下的迭代优化。云端BMS技术的进步使电池管理系统在原有的能量均衡与热管理的基础功能上增加了远程故障诊断与热失控早期预警的能力,助力电池精细化管理[75]
目前,电动汽车电池管理系统向着宽温域全场景、控制一体化、节能环保化、高度集成化、云端智能化方向快速发展。以BMS中的热管理系统为例,未来智能一体化的热管理系统将包含电池温控回路、动力总成余热回收、空调采暖降温回路、车桩温控回路的智能一体化热管理架构。通过高效节能的热管理系统辅助电池能量的精细化管理,提高车辆续驶里程,同时智能一体化热管理系统能更好的调控电池工作温度,延长电池循环寿命。
梯次利用指某产品达到原生设计的寿命时,通过其他方式使其功能恢复(或部分恢复)的环节[76]。一般来说,当电池的健康状态低于特定阈值时,电池无法提供足够的电力或能量来完成其预期功能,就达到使用寿命。随着新能源车保有量不断攀升,车载动力电池会出现大规模退役潮。利用管理好大规模的废旧动力电池成为研究热点。
由于退役的电动汽车电池仍有其初始容量的70%~80%,适合要求较低的能量存储系统或低速车辆的动力源,其潜在应用领域如下。
(1)通信用备用电源使用场景:通信基站往往关注安全性,所以对电池材料提出了较高的要求,仅使用正极材料为磷酸铁锂的锂离子电池。如果车用动力电池仅是因为剩余容量不足退役,其他性能衰退不严重的情况下,只需要在容量、一致性等重要技术指标方面通过相关检测,就可以应用于通信基站备用电源[77]
(2)储能集装箱微电网使用场景:梯次电池不仅可用作应急能源,还能充当电网储能单元,在电网负荷较低时储存能量,在负荷高峰时释放能量,以实现电网的负荷平衡,降低电网波动。退役电池也可以重组为储能集装箱,接入企业园区的微电网。当规模较小时,可考虑为新能源车充电;当规模较大时,可考虑为办公楼等用电场所提供电力[78,79]
(3)低速车使用场景:包括电动自行车、电动摩托车、电动三轮车和低速电动汽车等。对用于快递服务的电动三轮车而言,某些公司已经开始推广采用梯次电池租赁模式。退役动力电池租赁模式有以下优势:减少快递公司车辆采购成本;充电柜中的充电条件适宜,利于延长电池的使用寿命;统一管理梯次利用电池,方便后续的二次退役回收,将动力电池送入再回收利用环节,防止环境污染[80]
(4)自动导引车使用场景:自动导引车(Automated Guided Vehicle, AGV)是指装备有自动导引设备的无人驾驶运输车辆,它能够按照预定路径行驶,并具备货物载运功能以及安全保护机制。AGV通常使用蓄电池作为其主要能源,目前常用的动力电池类型仍然是铅酸电池。由于AGV的特点是固定路线和频繁的浅充放循环,采用退役动力电池可以提升AGV的工作性能,同时降低使用成本[81]
研究表明,电池的二次利用可以产生积极且相当可观的环境效益[58]。通过额外的应用场景与工作时间,梯次利用可以平摊电池制造过程中的碳足迹。在非保守估计下,在固定储能中梯次利用锂电池可以降低15%碳排放;在理想的翻新和再利用条件下,可以减少70%碳排放[82]。Wilson等[83]对澳大利亚梯次利用后的动力电池和相同的非梯次利用电池产生的碳排放量进行对比,发现梯次利用的电池拥有的碳足迹更小,前提是其至少运行6年。
目前,梯次利用主要包括2条技术路线。其一,单体水平的梯次利用。首先,将退役的电池拆解成电池单体。然后,测试或估计电池的电池容量、内阻等参数,并根据上述一个或多个指标对这些电池进行分类。最后,对单体进行重组以进行二次利用[84]。其二,模块级的梯次利用。随着电池材料和制造工艺的进步,同一退役电池模块中电池的一致性几乎没有差异,使模组水平应用成为主流技术解决方案。其降低电池拆卸和重组的人力和时间成本,提高了梯次利用的经济效率。然而,即使电池一致性得到显著提高后,梯次利用仍面临以下挑战:(1)退役电池材料系统、结构和制造工艺的多样性增加了梯次利用的难度。(2)电池的历史数据通常缺失或支离破碎,难以准确评估退役电池的健康状况和剩余价值。(3)退役锂离子电池在梯次利用过程中可能处于加速老化期[85],给梯次利用带来了潜在的安全隐患。(4)新电池的价格正在下降,对梯次利用的必要性与经济性带来了挑战。
抛开梯次利用的高成本,梯次利用的主要挑战体现在电池健康状态估计与管理方面。电池在寿命末期,电池容量会进入非线性衰减期[86]。为保证二次利用场景的安全性,必须准确获取退役电池的内部状态及其可用残值。因此,先进的电池健康状态无损检测,以及精细化的电池健康状态管理能力是动力电池梯次利用的基础。
退役动力电池的梯次利用有助于最大程度地实现资源有效利用,契合绿色、循环和可持续的发展原则。动力电池的二次利用领域多样,市场前景广阔,经过适当的规划,可带来可观的经济效益。然而,该领域也面临再利用的经济可行性和运行安全性的双重挑战。只有克服这两大障碍,才能实现动力电池序列化利用产业的高质量发展,降低新能源汽车车载动力电池产业的碳排放。
本文围绕新能源汽车动力电池的健康状态管理,讨论了在“碳中和”背景下加强动力电池健康状态管理能力对减少碳排放的影响。首先,介绍了新能源汽车动力电池的发展现状,以及面向“碳中和”目标,各地市对动力电池产业的政策支持,并梳理了动力电池在车端应用所面临的挑战。然后,以动力电池健康状态管理为核心,分析了电池SOH预测方法以及基于健康状态最优的电池管理。最后,对动力电池健康状态管理进行展望,综述了电池的精细化管理技术,并引出电池梯次利用,为提高锂离子电池在全生命周期的碳减排能力提供支撑。
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2025年第卷第7期
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doi: 10.19822/j.cnki.1671-6329.20230204
  • 首发时间:2025-10-29
  • 出版时间:2025-07-05
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    1 中国第一汽车股份有限公司研发总院,长春 130013
    2 吉林大学汽车工程学院,长春 130022
    3 吉林大学汽车仿真与控制国家重点实验室,长春 130022
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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