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The driving environment of intelligent vehicles often has high uncertainty and complexity, which can lead to accidents and injuries to passengers. In order to improve the safety of intelligent vehicles, three major research methods are currently used to evaluate driving risks, including deterministic methods, probabilistic methods, and machine learning methods. Deterministic methods are traditional binary prediction methods, probabilistic methods can model various uncertainty, and machine learning methods can automatically learn driving behavior, making more accurate assessments of the risk of driving. Future research should combine the advantages of the three approaches to develop safer and more reliable autonomous driving systems.
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智能汽车的驾驶环境具有高度不确定性和复杂性等特点,容易发生碰撞事故,导致乘员受伤或死亡。为了提高智能汽车的安全性,总结了当前用于评估其行驶风险的研究方法,包括基于确定性的方法、基于概率的方法和基于机器学习的方法。基于确定性的方法是一种传统的二分类预测方法,基于概率的方法可以对各种不确定性进行建模,基于机器学习的方法可以自动学习驾驶行为,从而更准确地评估行驶风险。未来的研究方向应该是结合3种方法的优点从而开发出更加安全、可靠的自动驾驶系统。
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未能及时检测出风险事件而导致的碰撞事故[4], figureFileSmall=IJ0zOPcqaa3p8TpYJ/bNFQ==, figureFileBig=cRSy20ZmxrwDiid51sv46g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200410574749298964, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1200389106640474739, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=UiPSazQBpjmbFhVJez88VA==, figureFileBig=B4cHNx46cu4BP7nnaLTkRQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200410574942236953, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1200389106640474739, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
风险因素分类, figureFileSmall=UiPSazQBpjmbFhVJez88VA==, figureFileBig=B4cHNx46cu4BP7nnaLTkRQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200410575055483165, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1200389106640474739, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=dtaLzK2ylFGKYHH2b79kog==, figureFileBig=StLBg780BUHEeBmtcWsdLA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200410575164535072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1200389106640474739, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
带有IVT的防撞方法[8], figureFileSmall=dtaLzK2ylFGKYHH2b79kog==, figureFileBig=StLBg780BUHEeBmtcWsdLA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200410575294558500, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1200389106640474739, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=Vli3theKdqQRIdcngp2xDQ==, figureFileBig=FibApPoC62ZbL36klvdfdA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200410575378444583, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1200389106640474739, language=CN, label=图4, caption=
考虑环境、车辆、驾驶员因素的贝叶斯网络模型[14], figureFileSmall=Vli3theKdqQRIdcngp2xDQ==, figureFileBig=FibApPoC62ZbL36klvdfdA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200410575462330668, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1200389106640474739, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=J0uYcRnDlHIvlrDgNe8XVA==, figureFileBig=ctwEJ8HuizAOeMCTK2TzuQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200410575533633839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1200389106640474739, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
使用粒子量化被视线遮蔽的其他车辆带来的风险[18], figureFileSmall=J0uYcRnDlHIvlrDgNe8XVA==, figureFileBig=ctwEJ8HuizAOeMCTK2TzuQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200410575613325619, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1200389106640474739, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=I3/LyLGVpdAIZcdk0zTkog==, figureFileBig=Z8KlFAMuIb5OYKsv17s9DA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200410575718183222, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1200389106640474739, language=CN, label=图6, caption=
CNN-LSTM编码器/解码器网络模型[24], figureFileSmall=I3/LyLGVpdAIZcdk0zTkog==, figureFileBig=Z8KlFAMuIb5OYKsv17s9DA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200410575781097785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1200389106640474739, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=FAkudRuwX/jJXGL1kPaYWA==, figureFileBig=T2KBqXSDp2BLuuCfkHh6rA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200410575894343996, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1200389106640474739, language=CN, label=图7, caption=
LSTM-CNN并行组合方式的神经网络[25], figureFileSmall=FAkudRuwX/jJXGL1kPaYWA==, figureFileBig=T2KBqXSDp2BLuuCfkHh6rA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200410576003395904, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1200389106640474739, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=Grro0+vvvPueuo2m9NYtsg==, figureFileBig=z8wKA75D2aHdWc/RRHg9/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200410576070504771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1200389106640474739, language=CN, label=图8, caption=
通过空间模型和时间模型相结合的风险评估模型[27], figureFileSmall=Grro0+vvvPueuo2m9NYtsg==, figureFileBig=z8wKA75D2aHdWc/RRHg9/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200410576146002247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1200389106640474739, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=OWtd5Kja/iavuytZopyJfA==, figureFileBig=RaAVZm3fiEwbdNQOih3pSQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200410576225694027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1200389106640474739, language=CN, label=图9, caption=
TSSAT-Net[31], figureFileSmall=OWtd5Kja/iavuytZopyJfA==, figureFileBig=RaAVZm3fiEwbdNQOih3pSQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200410577404293452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1200389106640474739, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
算法 指标
| 确定性方法 | 概率方法 | 机器学习方法 |
| 准确率 | 低 | 中 | 高 |
| 实时性 | 高 | 中 | 低 |
| 泛化性 | 低 | 中 | 高 |
| 算法复杂程度 | 低 | 中 | 高 |
| 适用场景 | 低 | 中 | 高 |
), ArticleFig(id=1200410577483985231, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1200389106640474739, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
3种方法优劣势对比
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
算法 指标
| 确定性方法 | 概率方法 | 机器学习方法 |
| 准确率 | 低 | 中 | 高 |
| 实时性 | 高 | 中 | 低 |
| 泛化性 | 低 | 中 | 高 |
| 算法复杂程度 | 低 | 中 | 高 |
| 适用场景 | 低 | 中 | 高 |
), ArticleFig(id=1200410577580454225, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1200389106640474739, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 应用 | 评价 |
场景 复杂度 | 对于场景比较简单的情况,基于确定性方法具有较好的表现,可以较为精准地评估风险。但对于场景比较复杂的情况,基于概率的方法和基于机器学习的方法可以更好地考虑多变量交互作用,从而更好地评估风险。因此,基于概率的方法和基于机器学习的方法在处理复杂场景时具有优势。 |
场景 泛化性 | 对于需要在不同场景中进行风险评估的情况,基于机器学习的方法具有较好的泛化性能,可以通过学习大量数据和特征,在不同场景中进行预测和评估。基于概率的方法也可以在不同场景中进行适应,但需要根据具体情况进行调整和校准。基于确定性方法的泛化性较差,需要对不同的场景进行适当的调整和校准。 |
| 适用性 | 基于确定性方法适用于简单的交通场景,例如高速公路上的车辆跟驰。基于概率的方法适用于更复杂的场景,例如城市中的交通拥堵。基于机器学习的方法适用于需要考虑更多因素和变量的复杂场景,例如交叉口或道路施工区域。 |
| 实用性 | 基于确定性方法通常具有较高的实时性和可操作性,可以较快地进行计算和评估。基于概率的方法和基于机器学习的方法可能需要更长的计算和处理时间,但可以通过优化算法和采用更高效的硬件来提高实时性和可操作性。 |
), ArticleFig(id=1200410577676923221, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189645257101713411, articleId=1200389106640474739, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
3种方法在风险评估应用中的表现
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| 应用 | 评价 |
场景 复杂度 | 对于场景比较简单的情况,基于确定性方法具有较好的表现,可以较为精准地评估风险。但对于场景比较复杂的情况,基于概率的方法和基于机器学习的方法可以更好地考虑多变量交互作用,从而更好地评估风险。因此,基于概率的方法和基于机器学习的方法在处理复杂场景时具有优势。 |
场景 泛化性 | 对于需要在不同场景中进行风险评估的情况,基于机器学习的方法具有较好的泛化性能,可以通过学习大量数据和特征,在不同场景中进行预测和评估。基于概率的方法也可以在不同场景中进行适应,但需要根据具体情况进行调整和校准。基于确定性方法的泛化性较差,需要对不同的场景进行适当的调整和校准。 |
| 适用性 | 基于确定性方法适用于简单的交通场景,例如高速公路上的车辆跟驰。基于概率的方法适用于更复杂的场景,例如城市中的交通拥堵。基于机器学习的方法适用于需要考虑更多因素和变量的复杂场景,例如交叉口或道路施工区域。 |
| 实用性 | 基于确定性方法通常具有较高的实时性和可操作性,可以较快地进行计算和评估。基于概率的方法和基于机器学习的方法可能需要更长的计算和处理时间,但可以通过优化算法和采用更高效的硬件来提高实时性和可操作性。 |
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