Article(id=1210314382836364284, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, issueId=1210314382282716156, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19620/j.cnki.1000-3703.20220945, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766491035422, onlineDateStr=2025-12-23, pubDate=1711209600000, pubDateStr=2024-03-24, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766491035422, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766491035422, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766491035422, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1210314382282716156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, year='2024', volume='', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='62', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766491035290, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766493673751, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210325448853156641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, issueId=1210314382282716156, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210325448853156642, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, issueId=1210314382282716156, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1, endPage=16, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1210314383104799743, articleId=1210314382836364284, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, language=EN, title=Research Progress of Cooperative Collision Warning of Connected Vehicles at Unsignalized Intersections, columnId=null, journalTitle=Automobile Technology, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To clarify the limitations and development direction of the research on Collaborative Intersection Collision Warning (CICW), CICW research progress was reviewed systematically. Firstly, the advantages and disadvantages of the existing intersection traffic conflict detection methods were analyzed. Secondly, the applicability of different warning levels, mechanisms, and modes was summarized. Thirdly, the effectiveness and safety evaluation indexes of CICW were identified, and a comparison was made between simulation, real vehicle and virtual-real fusion testing. Then, the influence of driver uncertainty and unreliable communication on CICW and its optimization were analyzed. Finally, the future development direction of CICW was prospected. The results show that the traffic risk field model presents a feasible solution to solve the comprehensive characterization of risk and conflict severity in the existing CICW conflict detection methods. However, further research is needed to establish appropriate environmental parameters, risk indicators, and determination. Moreover, modeling, forecasting, and online identification of driver’s behavior in CICW application scenarios and the adaptive construction of CICW warning modes offer viable solutions to designing reliable and effective CICW applications. Achieving a comprehensive objective evaluation of CICW in all aspects depends on the research and establishment of a comprehensive evaluation mechanism and a large-scale experimental platform. The unreliable Internet Of Vehicle (IOV) communication seriously affects the effectiveness of CICW, so it is necessary to further study the channel congestion control mechanism and CICW fault-tolerant mechanism based on communication failure/failure prediction.

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王润民(1989—),男,博士研究生,高级工程师,主要研究方向为车联网与智能汽车测试技术、车路协同关键技术及应用,
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无信号交叉口网联车辆协同碰撞预警研究进展*
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凡海金 1 , 王润民 1 , 张心睿 2 , 杨澜 1
汽车技术 | 2024,(3): 1-16
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无信号交叉口网联车辆协同碰撞预警研究进展*
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凡海金1, 王润民1 , 张心睿2, 杨澜1
作者信息
  • 1 长安大学,西安 710018
  • 2 同济大学,上海 201804

通讯作者:

王润民(1989—),男,博士研究生,高级工程师,主要研究方向为车联网与智能汽车测试技术、车路协同关键技术及应用,
Research Progress of Cooperative Collision Warning of Connected Vehicles at Unsignalized Intersections
Haijin Fan1, Runmin Wang1 , Xinrui Zhang2, Lan Yang1
Affiliations
  • 1 Chang’an University, Xi’an 710018
  • 2 Tongji University, Shanghai 201804
出版时间: 2024-03-24 doi: 10.19620/j.cnki.1000-3703.20220945
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为明晰无信号交叉口网联车辆协同碰撞预警研究的局限性及发展方向,系统梳理了协作式交叉口碰撞预警(CICW)的研究进展。首先,分类梳理了现有交叉口行车冲突检测方法的优势与不足;其次,总结了不同预警级别、机制和模式的适用性;再次,归纳了CICW有效性及安全性评价指标,对比了仿真、实车以及虚实融合测试的技术特征;然后,分析了驾驶人不确定性与通信不可靠对CICW的影响及优化思路;最后,对CICW的发展方向进行了展望。结果表明:行车风险场模型是解决现有CICW冲突检测方法中综合交通风险、冲突严重程度表征问题的可行方案,但仍需进一步研究适当的环境参数、风险指标及阈值的设定;CICW应用场景下的驾驶人驾驶特征的建模、预测和在线识别,以及CICW预警模式的自适应构建是设计可靠有效CICW应用的可行解决思路;实现对CICW的全方面客观评估,有赖于研究搭建综合评价机制及大规模试验平台;车联网通信不可靠严重影响CICW的有效性,需要进一步研究信道拥塞控制机制与基于通信故障/失效预测的CICW容错机制。
无信号交叉口  /  协同碰撞预警  /  冲突检测  /  车联网通信  /  行车风险场

To clarify the limitations and development direction of the research on Collaborative Intersection Collision Warning (CICW), CICW research progress was reviewed systematically. Firstly, the advantages and disadvantages of the existing intersection traffic conflict detection methods were analyzed. Secondly, the applicability of different warning levels, mechanisms, and modes was summarized. Thirdly, the effectiveness and safety evaluation indexes of CICW were identified, and a comparison was made between simulation, real vehicle and virtual-real fusion testing. Then, the influence of driver uncertainty and unreliable communication on CICW and its optimization were analyzed. Finally, the future development direction of CICW was prospected. The results show that the traffic risk field model presents a feasible solution to solve the comprehensive characterization of risk and conflict severity in the existing CICW conflict detection methods. However, further research is needed to establish appropriate environmental parameters, risk indicators, and determination. Moreover, modeling, forecasting, and online identification of driver’s behavior in CICW application scenarios and the adaptive construction of CICW warning modes offer viable solutions to designing reliable and effective CICW applications. Achieving a comprehensive objective evaluation of CICW in all aspects depends on the research and establishment of a comprehensive evaluation mechanism and a large-scale experimental platform. The unreliable Internet Of Vehicle (IOV) communication seriously affects the effectiveness of CICW, so it is necessary to further study the channel congestion control mechanism and CICW fault-tolerant mechanism based on communication failure/failure prediction.

Unsignalized intersections  /  Cooperative collision warning  /  Collision detection  /  V2X  /  Traffic risk field
凡海金, 王润民, 张心睿, 杨澜. 无信号交叉口网联车辆协同碰撞预警研究进展*. 汽车技术, 2024 , (3) : 1 -16 . DOI: 10.19620/j.cnki.1000-3703.20220945
Haijin Fan, Runmin Wang, Xinrui Zhang, Lan Yang. Research Progress of Cooperative Collision Warning of Connected Vehicles at Unsignalized Intersections[J]. Automobile Technology, 2024 , (3) : 1 -16 . DOI: 10.19620/j.cnki.1000-3703.20220945
道路交叉口是路网的节点和枢纽,由于多个方向冲突交通流的存在,交叉口处极易发生交通事故。美国有超过40%的交通事故发生在交叉口附近,我国发生在交叉口处的交通事故数量占交通事故总数的20%以上[1]。道路交叉口一般可分为信号交叉口与无信号交叉口,其中无信号交叉口由于缺乏时空隔离控制措施,导致碰撞事故频率与严重程度远高于信号交叉口。因此提升无信号交叉口的通行安全被认为是交通控制领域所面临的关键挑战之一。
交叉口碰撞预警(Intersection Collision Warning,ICW)是汽车主动安全的重要组成部分。早期ICW的解决思路多为采用雷达、摄像机等车载传感设备感知周围环境,判断碰撞风险并对驾驶人进行警告[2]。然而,车辆自主感知系统存在感知距离不足、感知范围有限等问题,难以提供全面、准确的碰撞警告信息。随着车联网(Vehicle To everything,V2X)的涌现与发展,研究人员将V2X技术应用于ICW中,提出协作式交叉口碰撞预警(Collaborative Intersection Collision Warning,CICW)方案,并成为近年来的研究热点。
CICW[3]基于V2X技术实现网联车辆间的实时信息交互,进而合理地预测风险,并通过适当的形式及时向冲突车辆驾驶人发出警告信息,驾驶人可根据警告信息采取制动等措施实现协同避碰。
目前,围绕CICW的研究重点关注冲突检测、碰撞预警、测试评价、可靠性保障等四个方面。
a. 冲突检测。冲突检测根据车辆状态与交通风险之间的关系预测碰撞风险。现有冲突检测方法多从时间或空间接近度的角度应用不同的风险指标衡量冲突严重程度,但无法综合考虑冲突严重性与综合风险。
b. 碰撞预警。碰撞预警重点关注如何依据检测到的碰撞风险合理设计预警策略,向驾驶人提供及时、准确的警报。一般需从预警级别[4-5]、预警机制[6]以及预警模式[7-8]等方面重点考虑。考虑到CICW主要面向人工驾驶环境,驾驶人特征及应对预警策略仍有待进一步研究。
c. 测试评价。测试评价是CICW应用的必要环节。目前主要从碰撞检测结果和冲突改善程度两方面对CICW进行有效性评估。按照测试环境的不同,测试方法包含仿真测试[9-10]、实车测试[11]和虚实融合测试[12-13]。然而,现有单一要素仿真平台难以满足涉及车辆、交通、通信等多个要素的测试需求。
d. 可靠性保障。CICW极易受到驾驶人行为以及通信不确定性的影响而降低可靠性。驾驶人行为难以预测,不同类型驾驶人在面临危险和预警时,会有不同的反应[12]。现有的驾驶人行为模型普遍对驾驶人行为特征进行一定程度的简化,其有效性有待于进一步研究。此外,在复杂动态交通环境下,V2X通信的丢包、时延等问题始终客观存在,给设计可靠的CICW应用带来了极大的挑战。
综上所述,近年来,在CICW技术与应用层面,虽然国内外形成了一系列研究成果,但该领域仍在风险检测、预警模式、测试方法、测试工具及可靠性保障等方面存在诸多悬而未决的技术难点。本文旨在围绕以上四个方向的研究进展与前沿挑战进行综述,并对CICW研究领域的未来发展趋势进行分析和展望。
无信号交叉口行车冲突检测是对车辆未来安全风险进行预测和评估的过程,一般采用不同的预测风险指标来量化车辆之间的冲突严重程度。现有研究多以时间[14]或者空间接近度[15]构建风险指标进行冲突检测,还有部分研究采用其他检测方法,包括基于碰撞概率[16]的冲突检测方法、基于最接近点的冲突检测方法,以及基于行车风险场(Driving Safety Field,DSF)[17]的冲突检测方法。
基于时间接近度的冲突检测方法的核心思路是根据冲突车辆在时间维度上的接近程度来量化交叉口的冲突水平。典型的检测方法包括基于碰撞到达时间的冲突检测方法和基于后侵入时间的冲突检测方法。
基于碰撞到达时间(Time To Collision,TTC)的冲突检测方法通过计算车辆在保持当前运动状态不变的情况下到达碰撞位置所需的时间来判定冲突水平。在早期的研究中,Miller[14]等提出了一种基于TTC的交叉口协同碰撞检测机制。如图1所示,将两辆车视为两个质点 ( x 1 , y 1 ) ( x 2 , y 2 ),根据两车速度(v1v2)和航向角(θ1θ2)预测交通冲突位置 ( x + , y + )。并根据车辆和冲突点的位置实时判断车辆到达冲突点的时间:
T T T C , i = r + - r i v i v i s g n ( r + - r i )
式中: T T T C , i为车辆i到达冲突点的时间,i=1,2; r +为冲突点的位置向量; r i为车辆i的位置向量; v i为车辆i的速度; s g n函数用来识别是否有车辆通过十字路口。
如果 T T T C , 1 T T T C , 2相等,说明车辆1和车辆2在交叉口存在交通冲突。由于车辆是具有一定物理尺寸的几何刚体,不能简单地等同于质点,因此当满足式(2)所示条件时,则说明在交叉口存在交通冲突:
T T T C , 1 - T T T C , 2 α
式中: α为安全时间阈值, α越大,表示交通冲突判定越保守。
上述方法中没有给出安全时间阈值 α的具体确定方法。针对这一问题,Sepulcre等[18]将车辆建模为圆形模型,安全时间阈值计算公式为:
α = L 1 V 1 + L 2 V 2
式中: L 1 L 2分别为潜在碰撞车辆1和车辆2的长度, V 1 V 2分别为车辆1和车辆2的速度。
此外,为提升冲突检测准确性,部分研究还采用矩形模型[19]、椭圆矩形模型[20]代替质点模型计算安全时间阈值,Qu等[9,21]对比分析了不同模型对碰撞预警系统有效性的影响,发现矩形模型较其他模型具有更好的检测效果。复杂的车辆几何模型建模会导致较高的计算复杂度,影响冲突检测的及时性。针对该问题,Hou等[20]提出了基于TTC的联合冲突检测算法,即首先使用圆形模型检测出潜在冲突车辆对,接着采用椭圆矩形模型判定冲突,该算法能够有效提升计算效率。
上述基于TTC的冲突检测方法只能近似地描述车辆在某一时刻的风险水平,冲突检测结果不稳定,容易产生误判的情况。针对上述问题,Minderhoud等[22]在上述研究的基础上提出了风险暴露时间(Time Exposed Time-to-Collision,TET)和碰撞时间积分(Time Integrated Time-to-Collision,TIT)用于评估特定时空范围内的行车风险水平,如图2所示。其中TET为TTC低于安全TTC阈值的时间总和,计算方法为:
T T E T , i = 0 T δ i t τ s c δ i t = 1 ,                 0 T T T C , i t T T T C * 0 ,                 e l s e
式中: T T E T , i为车辆i的风险暴露时间, T T T C *为安全TTC阈值, δ i t为开关变量(0或1), τ s c为时间间隔,T为碰撞时间曲线的总时间长度, T T T C , i t为车辆it时刻的TTC。
TET方法的不足之处在于只给出了风险时段,忽略了车辆在不同时刻风险水平的变化。针对这一问题,TIT方法通过对危险时段的TTC进行积分求和,较好地描述了特定时段的风险水平变化,如图2中深色阴影部分。TIT的计算方法为:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l} T_{\text {TTT }, i}=\int_{0}^{T}\left[-T_{\text {TTC }, i}(t)\right] \mathrm{d} t \\ 0 \leqslant T_{\text {TTC }, i}(t) \leqslant T_{\text {TTC }}^{*} \end{array}\right.$
式中: T T I T , i为车辆i的碰撞时间积分。
与TET方法相比,TIT方法能够更好地描述特定时段内的风险水平变化,但TIT方法计算较为复杂,在实时应用和大规模数据处理时可能存在挑战。
基于后侵入时间(Post Encroachment Time,PET)的冲突检测方法通过一个明确的冲突区域来区分碰撞和非碰撞事件。如图3所示,PET为A车离开冲突区域(图中阴影部分)和B车进入同一区域之间的时间差,PET越接近0,冲突风险越高,PET的计算方法为:
T P E T A , B = t A , l e a v e - t B , a r r i v e
式中: T P E T A , B为车辆A和车辆B的后侵入时间, t A , l e a v e为车辆A离开冲突区域的时间, t B , a r r i v e为车辆B到达冲突区域的时间。
当PET超过安全时间阈值时,即判定冲突存在[23-24]。相较于TTC方法,基于PET的冲突检测方法在计算风险指标时考虑了车身尺寸带来的影响。但PET方法的应用场景较为单一,只适用于车辆垂直相交行驶以及跟车行驶等场景。
基于空间接近度的冲突检测方法根据冲突车辆的空间接近程度来描述冲突的严重性,较为典型的是基于相对距离的冲突检测方法。
基于相对距离的冲突检测方法通过车辆的位置信息计算相对距离并进行冲突判定。相对距离D的计算方法为:
D = x A - x B 2 + y A - y B 2 1 2
式中: ( x A , y A ) ( x B , y B )分别为车辆A与车辆B的位置坐标。
在早期的研究中,一般选用固定安全距离阈值进行冲突检测[25],这种取值方法没有考虑多样的交通环境以及车辆类型。针对这一问题,Wang[4]等基于时间窗方法实现对交叉口冲突车辆之间时变距离的动态预测。该方法中,最小相对距离的确定过程为:
D k i = x k S V i - x k P V i 2 + y k S V i - y k P V i 2 1 2
D m i n k = m i n D k 1 , , D k i , , D k T h / d T
式中: x k S V i , y k S V i x k P V i , y k P V i分别为车辆SV与车辆PV在第 i时间步的位置;k为当前时间步;i为预测时间步, i = 1,2 , . . . , T h / d T T h为预测时间窗口;dT为时间步长; D m i n k为当前时间步为k时的最小相对距离。
该方法结合车辆实时状态和道路几何条件,根据航向和速度预测值定义两级动态安全阈值,实现在不同碰撞场景(同车道同方向、相邻车道相同方向、相邻车道相反方向、相交行驶)下的冲突检测。
然而,上述方法忽略了车辆制动能力差异。针对这一问题,Cheng等[23]提出一种安全距离阈值的计算方法,将最大制动加速度、制动反应时间以及系统生效时间纳入考虑范围:
D t h   r e   s h   o u l d = v 2 2 a m a x + v t s y s
式中: D t h   r e   s h   o u l d为安全距离阈值;v为车辆当前速度; a m a x为最大制动加速度; t s y s为延时,包括驾驶人制动反应时间以及驾驶人踩下制动踏板到制动系统生效所耗费的时间。
前述冲突检测方法多假设车辆保持匀速或匀变速直线运动,但在实际驾驶场景中,车辆加速度和偏航速率会随着时间发生变化,需要将上述因素纳入冲突检测过程中。针对这一问题,学者们提出基于碰撞概率的冲突检测方法以及基于最接近点的冲突检测方法。
基于碰撞概率的冲突检测方法根据车辆按照当前的状态继续行驶发生碰撞的可能性来判定冲突。Joerer等[26]将加速度因素纳入考虑范围,首先定义了加速度概率分布,进而通过预测车辆所有可能轨迹的碰撞发生可能性来判定冲突。碰撞概率 P C定义为:
P C = a m i n a m a x p a B a m i n a m a x p a A × c o l l a A v A d A , a B v B d B d a A d a B
式中: p ( a A ) p ( a B )分别为车辆A和车辆B在区间 [ a m i n , a m a x ]内的所有可能取值的加速度的概率; c o l l函数为车辆A和车辆B以当前速度和位置,且加速度取 [ a m i n , a m a x ]范围内任一值时的碰撞逻辑值(发生碰撞为1,否则为0);aAaB分别为车辆当前加速度;vAvB分别为车辆当前速度;dAdB分别为车辆当前到达潜在碰撞点的距离。
上述方法考虑了加速度因素对冲突检测的影响,验证了与均匀概率分布模型相比,将加速度建模为三角概率分布模型能够更真实地模拟驾驶人的行为。然而,驾驶人驾驶行为风格化和交通环境多样性会对加速度模型构建产生影响,如何构建合适的加速度概率模型有待进一步研究。
基于最接近点(the Closest Point of Approach,CPA)的冲突检测方法通过车辆相对运动状态预测冲突风险,冲突检测方法示意如图4所示。VAVB分别为车辆A和车辆B的速度向量;D0为车辆A与车辆B之间的直线距离;PVAVB矢量和的终点。CPA由两车直线距离与速度矢量和计算得到。车辆A中心点与CPA之间的距离记为最小会遇距离(Distance to Closest Point of Approach,DCPA)。车辆到达预期最接近点所需要的时间记为最小会遇时间(Time to Closest Point of Approach,TCPA),此时两车的位置状态如图5所示。Chang等[27-28]根据TCPA与DCPA进行冲突判定,当两车之间的DCPA小于预定义的标准时,碰撞将会在TCPA后发生。
然而,上述方法只适用于沿直线路径行驶的车辆。在此基础上,Huang等[29]通过引入加速度参数来修正由速度和方向变化引起的误差,实现了车辆在变速及变向场景下的碰撞冲突检测,较固定速度和航向角的冲突检测方法具有更高的准确度。
上述方法的关键问题之一是如何对加速度进行准确合理的预测,Dabbour等[30]在研究中引入了一个加速曲线的回归模型,采用线性递减模型,计算车辆任意时刻的加速度:
a = d v / d t = α - β v ± G g
式中:a为与速度v相对应的加速度, α为加速开始时的加速率, β为加速度随速度增加而减少的速率,G为坡度,g为重力加速度(约为9.81 m/s2)。
该模型能够精确地估计车辆达到指定速度所需要的时间和距离,可以有效提升碰撞预警系统的可靠性。基于式(12),任意时刻速度 v的计算方法为:
v = [ ( α ± G g ) / β - [ [ ( α ± G g ) / β ] - v 0 ] · e - β t
式中:t为加速开始的时间, v 0为车辆初始速度。
任意时刻车辆行驶的距离 d为:
d = t α ± G g β - α ± G g β - v 0 × [ ( 1 - e - β t ) / β ]
上述行车冲突检测方法在一定驾驶条件下实现了交叉口冲突车辆碰撞风险的检测,但仍然存在一些局限性。一方面,现有的冲突检测方法大多只判定了冲突的可能性,却没有体现冲突的严重性。在风险指标相同的情况下,车辆速度越高、质量越大,冲突严重性等级越高,意味着其碰撞风险水平越大。另一方面,交通风险受到许多因素的影响,包括驾驶人、车辆以及道路环境,而现有的冲突检测方法仅考虑了有限的因素,难以全面表征车辆在道路上遇到的综合风险。
王建强等[17]提供了一种新的思路,即构建基于DSF的冲突检测方法。基于DSF的冲突检测方法利用物理学中的场论表示由驾驶人、车辆、道路条件和其他交通因素引起的风险因素,适用于复杂交通场景中的潜在驾驶风险评估,如图6所示。
DSF分为静态势场、动态势场以及行为势场,分别表示道路静止物体、运动物体以及驾驶人行为特征对驾驶安全影响的物理场。DSF的场强矢量 E S计算方法为:
E S = E R + E V + E D
式中: E R为静态势场的场强矢量, E V为动态势场的场强矢量, E D为行为势场的场强矢量。
基于上述DSF模型,Li等[31]在研究中提出势场指标(Potential Field Indicator,PFI)来表征车辆的综合风险,但PFI的参数取值依赖于仿真实现,指标的有效性需进一步进行实车验证。PFI的定义为:
I F P j = ω L S L j + ω B S B j + ω V S V i j
式中: I F P j为车辆j的PFI; ω L ω B ω V为不同类型势能对应的权重系数, S L j为作用于车辆 j的车道标记势场的场强, S B j为作用于车辆 j的道路边界势场的场强, S V i j为作用于车辆 j的车辆 i所在势场的场强。
DSF模型为构建一种能够全面考虑交通因素并体现冲突严重性的综合风险指标提供了新的思路。然而,由于交通环境的复杂多样性,DSF模型中需要考虑针对不同场景设计对应的环境参数。此外,DSF模型在CICW冲突检测领域的应用相对较少,如何基于DSF构建综合风险指标,并设置合适的阈值进行合理准确的冲突检测值需进一步研究。
合格的CICW应用不仅依赖于风险指标阈值的经验知识,更取决于易被接受的预警形式。因此在CICW预警方法的设计过程中,需要对预警级别、预警机制以及预警模式进行考虑。
成功预警的关键在于确定合适的预警时机,一方面保证驾驶人对预警的信任度,另一方面确保驾驶人有足够的时间采取措施避免碰撞。根据现有研究,预警级别可以分为单级预警和多级预警两类。
Chen等[32]在ICW系统中设计了单级预警机制,并根据驾驶人反应时间以及警告持续时间确定预警时机,其中,驾驶人反应时间根据专家经验知识确定。Lyu等[33]同样采用了单级预警机制,在确定预警时机时,综合考虑了从预警触发到车辆完全停止这一过程中驾驶人反应与系统特性的影响,提升了预警模型的准确性和实效性。然而,单级预警形式过于单一,很容易被驾驶人错过或者误解,从而导致预警失效。
考虑到单级预警的不足,目前更多采用多级预警。Wang等[4]定义紧急-普通两级预警机制,基于驾驶人的反应时间和车辆制动系统生效所需的时间,使用不同的动态阈值来定义两级预警的激活条件。Han等[16]同样采用两级预警机制:一阶段预警用于提醒驾驶人前方存在碰撞风险,二阶段预警为紧急警告,需要驾驶人采取措施以避免碰撞;在确定预警时机时,考虑了从制动开始到车辆完全停止所需要的时间与驾驶人反应时间。Huang等[28-29]采用三级预警机制,并基于风险指标经验知识,选取固定阈值来触发不同级别的预警。Shen等[34]同样采用三级预警机制:一阶段不提供任何警告,因为当前碰撞概率较低;二阶段预警触发时,车辆之间具有较高的碰撞概率;三阶段预警表示碰撞可能立即发生,驾驶人需要采取措施避免碰撞。不论是单级预警还是多级预警,在确定紧急级别的预警时机时,都需要考虑驾驶人的反应过程、制动效果累积过程以及制动减速过程。
多级预警较单级预警更符合一般驾驶人的驾驶习惯,但仍难以满足多样化驾驶特性的现实需求。部分研究通过考虑驾驶人行为,设计一系列动态预警阈值的辨别方法。Yang等[35]提出一种考虑驾驶人行为反应的碰撞警戒阈值概率计算方法,采用对数正态概率函数描述驾驶人反应时间的分布。Wang等[36]考虑到驾驶人的反应减速在不同的情况下会有所不同,通过线性函数与非线性函数结合的分段函数对驾驶人期望减速率进行预测,并针对运动学条件计算合适的预警时机,该方法能够提升驾驶人预警接受率。Wang等[37]基于递推最小二乘法设计了预警阈值的实时辨识算法,该算法能够匹配驾驶人在长时间驾驶条件下的行为波动和个体差异,并且随着时间的推移,对驾驶人行为的适应性逐渐提高,从而降低了预警误报率。
预警机制是指当检测到潜在冲突存在时,CICW根据当前情况选取合适的车辆进行预警。如果同时对双方冲突车辆发出预警,有可能会出现两车同时加速或同时减速的情况,无法从根本上实现冲突消解。卢涛等[6]为了避免出现两车同时预警的情况,通过信号干预的方式,仅对低优先权车辆进行预警。基于上述预警机制,CICW能够在避免交叉口车辆碰撞的同时,实现车辆协同通行。此外,基于自动驾驶的ICW以自车感知及自车预警为主要技术手段,CICW的应用为他车预警提供了技术支撑,即除自车检测、预警外,检测到冲突风险的车辆可以依赖V2X通信将风险信息传输至对方车辆进行预警,实现碰撞预警的冗余设计。
预警模式是指向驾驶人传递警告信息的形式,预警模式设计重点关注预警的效用及其对驾驶人主观负荷的影响。现有的预警模式主要包含视觉预警、听觉预警和触觉预警等多种形式,具体可以分为单模态警告与多模态警告两类。
a. 视觉警告。视觉警告是指利用显示单元向驾驶人呈现与危险信息相关的文字或者画面。Ruscio等[7]在基于车辆的碰撞警告系统中,通过不同颜色的视觉警告标志向驾驶员呈现不同含义的预警信息,有效减少了驾驶人危险感知和反应时间。Kim等[8]研究发现利用保真图形的单视场或立体显示器呈现的视觉警告能够对驾驶人的行为表现产生相当积极的影响。然而,视觉警告经常会与驾驶任务争夺视觉资源,例如,当驾驶人的注意力离开前方道路场景转向后视镜时,视觉警告很有可能被忽视。
b. 听觉警告。听觉警告以音调或者声音的形式向驾驶人传递信息。有研究表明,驾驶人对听觉刺激的反应比视觉刺激的反应更快,且听觉警告的有效性不受驾驶人视觉方向的影响[38]。Zhang等[39]研究发现,包含方向信息的语音预警信号能够促进驾驶人更快地将注意力集中在冲突车辆上,从而更容易在避碰过程中做出正确的反应。Yang等[40]提出一种与交通标志相匹配的两级车内语音预警系统,具有良好的适用性。Wu等[41]通过改变听觉警告强度对驾驶人避碰行为和预警有效性的影响,研究发现,低强度的警告容易被忽略,而过高强度的警告反而对驾驶人产生负面影响。此外,听觉警告容易受周围环境噪声的影响,且仅依赖听觉信息难以帮助驾驶人在视觉上快速定位潜在碰撞目标。
c. 触觉警告。通过视觉或听觉呈现的警告信号可能会导致驾驶人注意力资源过载,而触觉警告提供了一种可行的替代解决方案。触觉警告一般是通过振动来实现,如转向盘、座椅、安全带的振动等。Murata等[42]研究发现,与听觉警告相比,触觉警告对噪声水平的鲁棒性更高。Li等[43]通过一种装有网格振动传感器的触觉显示器检验了触觉警告的产生位置、频率以及持续时间对驾驶人感知紧迫性的影响。
对于上述单模态警告,现有研究通常没有考虑警告持续时间对驾驶人适应性以及预警有效性的影响,如何调整警告参数并建立与严重程度相匹配的警告系统以促进驾驶人对潜在碰撞及时反应是预警设计的研究重点。
采用单一感官通道为驾驶人传递警告信息虽然能够产生较好的预警效果,但是驾驶人容易受到周围环境的影响,从而忽略警告信息。针对上述问题,研究人员考虑采用多种感官通道对驾驶人进行预警,即多模态警告。多模态警告的优势在于提供了冗余信息,增强驾驶人对警告信息的感知与反应能力。现有的多模态警告主要包含视觉-听觉与视觉-触觉两种警告模式。视觉-听觉警告模式有助于驾驶人空间注意力的重定向,Large等[44]研究发现,听觉和视觉相结合的警告形式明显增加了驾驶人的信心,并且有效缩短了驾驶人反应时间。视觉-触觉警告在空间上存在高水平的刺激-反应兼容性,Lylykangas等[45]的研究结果表明,驾驶人对不同警告模式的反应存在显著的差异,视觉-触觉警告具有明显的多感官增强效应。此外,还有少部分研究将预警级别和不同预警模式组合使用,如:Shen等[34]采用的三级预警中,一阶段不提供警告信息,二阶段显示黄色灯光的视觉警告,三阶段触发语音预警;Han等[16]设置一阶段预警为微弱语音警告,二阶段预警为强烈语音警告伴随转向盘振动。然而,哪种多模态设计对道路安全具有最优效益,目前还没有形成共识。还有部分研究指出,多模态预警会使得驾驶人主观负荷增加,进而导致预警效用降低,因此在设计多模态预警策略时应当考虑其对驾驶人主观负荷的影响[46]。此外,刘锴等[47]研究发现不同警示方式对高龄和非高龄驾驶人产生的预警效果具有明显差异,随着人口老龄化加深,未来还需要考虑不同年龄驾驶人的适应性。
为了评估CICW的有效性,需要设计评价指标对其功能及性能进行验证。CICW评价指标可分为基于碰撞检测结果的评价指标和基于冲突改善程度的评价指标。
一些研究通过将CICW预警结果与真实结果进行比较,评价CICW的有效性[4-5,28]。常用的评价指标包括正确预警率、虚假预警率以及失败预警率等。
正确预警表示CICW成功触发预警且碰撞实际会发生。正确预警率 R e f t的计算方法为:
R e f t = N s u s N c o l
式中: N s u s为预警成功触发的案例数, N c o l为发生碰撞的案例数。
虚假预警是指CICW预警触发,但实际并不会发生碰撞。虚假预警率 R f a l s e的计算方法为:
R f a l s e = N f a l s e N c o l
式中: N f a l s e为虚假预警的案例数。
此外,Tu等[48]采用虚假预警案例数与安全案例数的比值计算虚假预警率。
失败预警是指实际发生碰撞,但是CICW没有成功触发警报。失败预警率 R f a i l的计算方法为:
R f a i l = N f a i l N c o l
式中: N f a i l为失败预警的案例数。
基于碰撞检测结果的评价指标能够直观地评估CICW在测试场景中触发和反应的正确性,但这类指标难以对CICW给交叉口带来的整体安全效益进行评价。
基于冲突改善程度的评价指标从交叉口整体安全水平的角度对CICW的有效性进行评估,主要评价指标包括碰撞概率、碰撞率以及冲突指数等。
基于碰撞概率的评价指标是根据交叉口各车辆与其对应冲突车辆在接近过程中的碰撞概率制定的,采用Z型隶属函数估计每辆车的碰撞概率:
P i = 1 ,                                                                                                                                       x a 1 - 2 m i n j M i T T T C , m i n i , j - a b - a 2 ,                   a x a + b 2 2 m i n j M i T T T C , m i n i , j - b b - a ,                                   a + b 2 x b 0 ,                                                                                                                                       x b
式中: P i为车辆 i的碰撞概率, M i为车辆 i的所有冲突车辆集合, T T T C , m i n i , j为车辆 i和车辆 j产生冲突的最小TTC,ab分别为分级预警阈值。
平均碰撞概率是对交叉口内所有车辆的碰撞概率加权求和的平均值:
P a v g i = 1 c a r d ( S ) i S P i
式中: P a v g i为车辆i的平均碰撞概率,S为通过交叉口的所有车辆集合,card(S)为集合S的数量。
临界碰撞概率定义为交叉口处车辆发生碰撞的最小概率:
P c r i i = m i n i S P i
式中: P c r i i为临界碰撞概率。
碰撞率是指在所有案例中,发生碰撞的车辆数占车辆总数的比例,能够反映CICW应用有效避免碰撞的效能:
C R = j = 1 N i = 1 n v e h j C i j j = 1 N n v e h j
式中: C R为碰撞率, N为总试验次数, n v e h j为在第 j次试验中的车辆总数, C i j为车辆 i在第j次试验中的碰撞逻辑值(发生碰撞为0,否则为1)。
上述评价指标分别从微观和宏观角度对车辆通过交叉口的安全性进行了评价,但没有考虑冲突严重程度。针对这一问题,Alhajyaseen等[49]基于PET和潜在碰撞前后的动能变化,定义冲突指数评价指标,其计算方法为:
C I i = m i n j M i α Δ K e i , j e β T P E T i , j
式中: C I i为车辆 i的冲突指数; Δ K e i , j为车辆 i与车辆 j潜在碰撞前、后总动能的变化; e β P E T i , j为根据碰撞发生的概率对冲突进行加权,当PET缩短时,发生碰撞的可能性增大; T P E T i , j为车辆 i与车辆 j的PET; α β均为调整参数, α为释放的能量中影响车内人员的百分比, β用来反映冲突类型对碰撞概率的影响。
对CICW进行测试是验证其有效性的必要环节。目前常用的测试方法可以分为仿真测试、实车测试以及虚实融合测试三类。
CICW仿真涉及车辆仿真、无线通信仿真、交通仿真等多个方面。常用的车辆仿真工具有PreScan[10,25,32]、VIRES VTD[9]、CarSim[16]等。交通仿真工具有SUMO[31]、VISSIM[50]等。关于无线通信仿真的研究进展可以参考文献[51]。CICW应用的测试涉及车辆、交通、通信等多个要素的仿真建模,因此现有的仿真测试的难点在于缺少车辆-交通-通信一体化大规模仿真平台。
除仿真平台构建外,通过动态交通场景的重构技术快速、有针对性地自动生成大批量测试场景,以完成智能驾驶应用的加速测试,也是仿真测试评价领域的关键技术之一。针对该问题,Xia等[52]建立了一种涵盖场景复杂度指标的测试用例随机组合重构算法,首先分析场景复杂度的组成要素,然后确定各要素值及其对应的复杂度指标,通过不同组成要素的随机组合生成有效的测试用例场景。舒红等[53]提出一种基于组合推理和场景筛选规则的场景构建及测试用例设计方法,该方法能够快速构建具有测试价值的测试场景库,且场景覆盖面广。但现有关于测试场景构建方面的研究,更多针对自动驾驶测试进行场景构建与生成,车路协同、车车协同领域测试场景重构与生成技术仍有待突破。
现有的实车测试方法一般可分为封闭场地和开放道路测试两类。
封闭场地测试是指在受控可封闭的真实场地搭建各类受控可重复的交通场景进行测试[54]。利用封闭场地可以实现在受控的风险中对CICW进行最贴近开放交通环境的测试[55]。封闭场地测试虽然属于实车测试,但是缺少真实的其他交通参与者的动态变化要素,难以复现真实交通环境。
开放道路测试是指在社会道路上直接利用真实的交通场景进行测试,测试结果具有较高的可信度。如Huang[11]等在真实道路上展开一系列实车测试,并构建了交叉口碰撞预警、前向碰撞预警等多个应用场景。然而,测试安全风险较高、测试场景难以再现等问题,均制约了开放道路实车测试的可行性。
与仿真测试和实车测试相比,虚实融合测试既可以保留部分实车测试真实性的优势,又可以快速构建复杂交通场景,提升测试效率。驾驶模拟器测试是一种较为典型的虚实融合测试方法。如Zhang等[56]基于多用户驾驶模拟器研究了碰撞预警系统在不同能见度条件下的效能。Abe等[12]采用利兹高级驾驶模拟器研究了报警时间对驾驶人行为的影响。Zhang等[13,39]使用驾驶模拟器进行试验研究了驾驶人在避碰过程中的行为机制。与仿真和实车测试相比,虚实融合测试具备低成本、高效率以及可重复等多方面优势,成为目前研究及应用的热点。
CICW极易受到驾驶人行为以及通信不确定性的影响而降低可靠性。本章围绕这一问题阐明驾驶人行为不确定性与通信不可靠对CICW的影响,并总结梳理这2种不确定性因素的优化方法。
受驾驶人性别、年龄、心理素质等方面差异的影响,驾驶人行为表现出一定程度的不确定性和异质性,主要体现在预警触发后驾驶人的反应过程以及避碰行为机制两方面[13]。上述现象一方面会影响交通冲突的演化过程[57],并影响CICW应用对潜在冲突的判定结果,另一方面,也会影响CICW应用预警机制的有效性。
Li等[13]的研究表明,不同驾驶人在面临危险时会出现不同反应,并证明了驾驶人制动反应时间对避碰减速度、避碰后位置以及避碰结果有显著影响。因此有效的CICW应用须考虑驾驶人风险认知和行为反应的不确定性并进行针对性的优化设计。主要解决思路是构建驾驶人决策模型或驾驶意图识别模型进行驾驶行为建模、短期预测,然后对预警策略进行适应性优化。
常见的驾驶人决策模型包括基于三分量轨迹的决策模型、基于可接受间隙的决策模型、基于占先度水平的决策模型以及基于博弈论的决策模型等。
a. 基于三分量轨迹的驾驶人决策模型。车辆穿过道路交叉口通常会经历减速、匀速、再加速三个阶段,可以通过三分量驾驶轨迹模型模拟驾驶人在交叉口的驾驶行为。三分量轨迹模型中,车辆在第一、三阶段具有恒定加速度,在第二阶段具有恒定的速度。模型如图7所示,构建方法为:
t 1 + t 2 + t 3 = T     d 1 + d 2 + d 3 = D v 1 2 - v 0 2 = 2 a 1 d 1   v 1 t 2 = d 2                               v 3 2 - v 1 2 = 2 a 3 d 3   v 1 = v 0 + a 1 t 1           v 3 = v 1 + a 3 t 3          
式中:t1t2t3分别为车辆减速、匀速和加速运动所经历的时间,T为车辆到达交叉口的时间,D为车辆到达交叉口的距离,d1d2d3分别为车辆减速、匀速、加速阶段行驶的距离, v 0为车辆初始速度, v 1为减速阶段结束时车辆的速度, v 3为加速阶段结束时车辆的速度, a 1为减速阶段的加速度, a 3为加速阶段的加速度。
Li等[58-59]基于上述模型模拟交叉口处的车辆通行行为,研究了交叉口通行效率优化方法。然而,上述模型能够合理地模拟车辆在交叉口的一类常规行为,没有考虑驾驶人的风格差异性。
b. 基于可接受间隙的驾驶人决策模型。该模型是指在由主、次车道相交形成的交叉口中,假设主车道交通流正常通行,而次车道交通流必须利用主车道交通流的间隙通过,即当满足式(26)所示条件时,第n辆车可以顺利穿过交叉口:
t c + n - 1 t f t g t c + n t f
式中: t c为次车道驾驶人穿过交叉口所能接受的最小时间间隙, t f为次车道车头时距, t g为主车道空挡时距。
因此,基于可接受间隙的决策模型在一定程度上可以描述驾驶人通过交叉口期间的决策行为。其研究关键是确定临界间隙值以及分析间隙接受行为的影响因素。Raff[60]最早定义临界间隙值为接受间隙的累计分布函数与拒绝间隙的累计分布函数的相交值,但确定的临界间隙值难以适应动态的交叉口环境和不同的驾驶人风格。因此,一些研究通过概率方法预测不同可接受间隙的可能性[61-62]。此外,有研究发现主交通流速度、驾驶人年龄和性别、次车道车辆等待时间等因素对驾驶人间隙接受行为有显著影响[63-64]。Chan等[65]观察分析了交叉口碰撞预警系统中由驾驶人行为所表现出的不同可接受间隙,研究表明驾驶人的间隙接受行为对于构建有效的预警系统至关重要。
然而,在我国,由于道路优先权并不明显,并且缺乏对无信号交叉口的路权控制措施,可接受间隙模型的适用性有待进一步研究[66-67]
c. 基于占先度水平的驾驶人决策模型。基于占先度水平(Pre-emptive Level,PL)的决策模型不依赖于区分主、次车道优先权,而是通过建模驾驶人对冲突车辆双方的占先地位的评估机制,实现对冲突车辆驾驶人通过交叉口期间的决策行为进行预测。其研究关键在于如何量化占先程度以及如何判定占先状态。占先度的计算方法为[68]
L P p r i o r = L p a s s L p r i o r         L P l a t e r = - L p a s s L p r i o r
式中: L P p r i o r为高优先权车辆的PL, L P l a t e r为低优先权车辆的PL, L p a s s为高优先权车辆经过潜在碰撞点的长度, L p r i o r为高优先权车辆的长度。
上述方法在分析车辆占先状态时,没有考虑车辆宽度。针对这一问题,Liu等[69]为了提高模型精度,在量化PL时考虑了车辆宽度带来的影响。冲突车辆是否处于占先状态,取决于客观占先度(PL)和驾驶人的心理临界占先度(Psychological Critical PL,CPL)之间的关系,只有当PL大于CPL时,驾驶人才会认为自己处于占先状态。肖永剑等[67]通过对真实数据进行统计分析,发现驾驶人的心理临界占先度服从正态分布 N ( 0,0 . 2 2 )
卢涛等[6]在构建的行车避碰预警方法中,基于PL模拟了非网联车辆驾驶人在交叉口的通行行为。类似地,Liu等[69]基于PL对驾驶人行为进行建模,对比分析了不同市场渗透率下两种具有代表性的无信号交叉口碰撞预警算法的效能。然而,上述模型虽然能够产生合理的仿真结果,但将驾驶人在交叉口的决策描述为抢行和让行两种,过分简化了驾驶人行为特征,与真实驾驶人行为仍有一定偏差。
d. 基于博弈论的驾驶人决策模型。博弈论(Game Theory,GT)可以研究在受制约的对抗或者合作过程中,多个决策参与者采取不同决策方案时的个体及整体收益,广泛应用于冲突车辆驾驶人决策行为建模[70]。基于GT的驾驶人决策过程为:定义GT关键参数,包括由冲突车辆构成的参与者集合 { C i , C j }、参与者在每一时刻可能采取的措施构成的决策集合 { S 1 , S 2 , S 3 , },以及冲突车辆驾驶人在每一时刻博弈的收益集合 { F 1 , F 2 };构建驾驶人博弈收益函数,计算博弈收益值,并将其作为每一时刻驾驶人的决策依据。
基于博弈论的决策模型研究关键在于如何构建博弈效益函数。刘小明等[71]考虑了安全因素和效率因素,建立了基于动态重复博弈的无信号交叉口驾驶人插车行为分析模型,能够在一定程度上反映不同条件下的交通冲突演化结果,构建的博弈效益函数为:
F i k = σ F [ Δ T k ( L - m a x   { L 1 k , L 2 k } / L ] + δ F ( Δ V i k )
式中: F i kk时刻冲突车辆驾驶人i在某种策略组合下的博弈收益, Δ T kk时刻两车到达交叉口的时间差,L为交叉口半径, L 1 k L 2 k分别为两车在k时刻到达交叉口的空间距离, Δ V i kk时刻驾驶人i做出某种变速决策前、后的速度改变量, σ δ分别为安全因素和效率因素的影响系数,F为对计算结果的归一化处理。
Cheng等[23]在上述研究的基础上,考虑了驾驶人舒适度因素,在博弈效益函数中增加了舒适度指标来限制加速度的变化率。Chen等[72]基于GT提出一种智能车辆冲突决策模型,该模型可以有效帮助车辆避免冲突,并提升了15%的通行效率。Yang等[73]基于GT提出一种驾驶模型,能够同时考虑3辆以上的车辆从不同方向驶入无信号交叉口时的潜在碰撞风险。
基于GT的驾驶人决策模型可以量化驾驶人的决策过程,确保在每个时刻驾驶人都能选择最佳行动。但现有的基于GT的决策模型将驾驶人行为描述为加速、匀速、减速3种,只关注了来自正交方向的两直行车辆,忽略了所有转弯车辆,适应性有限。
驾驶人意图是一段时间内的稳定驾驶操作序列所表现出的思维活动,驾驶人行为直接受驾驶意图驱使,因此构建驾驶意图识别模型有助于在CICW应用中对驾驶人行为进行建模和预测。
驾驶意图虽然是不可观测的隐含状态,但是可以通过已知状态观测输出。基于贝叶斯决策理论的隐马尔可夫模型(Hidden Markov Model,HMM)能够根据可观察的参数确定随机过程的隐含参数,因此可以用于驾驶人意图预测。如Zou等[74]利用HMM特性对驾驶人在交叉路口所表现的多样行为进行建模,构建的HMM模型如图8所示,通过计算事件序列发生概率来识别驾驶意图。D为来自真实世界的车辆动力学数据(可观测变量),如车辆速度、加速度等;An为不可观测的驾驶人意图(隐含变量),包括加速、减速、匀速以及各种转向运动或它们的组合;T为当前时刻;(T-i)为过去第i个时刻,i=1,2,…;T+i为未来第i个时刻。该模型能够模拟驾驶人在交叉口的交互过程,在历史观测数据的基础上实现对不同驾驶人驾驶风格的识别,并预测其驾驶意图。王江锋等[75]借助HMM模型建立驾驶人驾驶意图与车辆相对行驶状态序列之间的隐含关系,并将驾驶意图作为特征因子集成到安全距离模型中,提出基于驾驶意图共享的碰撞预警算法。
基于HMM的驾驶意图识别模型能够将驾驶人的转弯意图纳入考虑范围之内,提升了模型的适用性。但该模型的参数更新受道路交通环境变化(如车辆密度、卫星信号强度等)影响较大,且现有驾驶意图识别模型均基于车辆速度、加速度等数据预测驾驶人意图,未来也可考虑将驾驶人动作作为观测节点(如转向盘转角、油门及制动踏板数据等)。
受无线通信多径传播、路径损失、阴影衰落等因素的影响,车辆间建立的V2X通信始终存在通信时延及数据丢包等问题[76-77]。特别是在交叉口环境下,受建筑物遮蔽、车辆密度、传播距离等因素影响,通信不可靠问题更为显著。V2X网络固有的通信时延和丢包问题将会降低网联车辆对周围交通环境的监控能力,并影响CICW应用的有效性[10,78]
除针对V2X通信协议底层设计进行通信可靠性传输优化外,现有的通信不确定的优化方法多从改善信道拥塞的角度考虑,比如自适应传输功率控制方法[79]以及自适应传输速率控制方法[80-81]。为了防止信道过饱和,同时优化安全应用的接收性能,Tielert等[82]推导出一种用于车辆安全通信的自适应传输功率-速率联合控制策略,在最优化目标距离和信道负载目标的同时,无需依赖精细的自适应传输功率调节粒度。然而,上述研究均假设所有车辆公平共享信道,可能会导致在危急情况下冲突车辆无法交换足够的信息以满足安全应用。Joerer等[83]针对这一问题提出一种基于情境的速率自适应算法,其主要思路是选择性地提高紧急车辆的消息传输速率,重点保障行车风险较大车辆的通信服务优先级,进而改善通信负载。该方法能够有效缓解信道拥塞,是改善通信不可靠问题的一种可行的研究思路。未来可以在此基础上,考虑如何基于通信故障/失效预测构建面向不可靠通信的CICW容错机制。
除上述方法外,在自动驾驶环境下,从车辆控制直接进行补偿也是对通信不可靠影响进行优化处理的可行技术手段。常雪阳等[84]的研究表明,车联网的通信时延与丢包会导致车辆控制性能下降。针对该问题,许庆等[85]基于车辆动力学模型,提出一种考虑时延、丢包等因素的网联车辆控制器设计方法,能够在一定的丢包率及量化密度范围内,保证车辆控制系统的稳定性与安全性。上述工作为设计CICW应用环境下面向人机共驾或自动驾驶的智能网联汽车控制策略提出了新的研究思路。
冲突检测、碰撞预警、测试评价、可靠性保障是目前在无信号交叉口网联车辆协同碰撞预警应用研究领域形成的四个主要研究方向。虽然目前各国学者对上述问题进行了广泛的研究,并取得了一定的成果,但目前的研究水平仍难以满足CICW落地应用的实际需求。未来,需在如下方面重点开展进一步的研究:
a. CICW冲突检测生效的关键在于构建综合风险指标以及选取合适的风险指标阈值。现有的冲突检测方法大多不同程度地对CICW应用场景下人-车-路协同环境进行了理想性建模或假设,难以精确表征冲突车辆面临的实际冲突风险,此外,大多数冲突检测模型只能实现冲突可能性的判定,难以衡量风险的严重程度。DSF模型的提出与应用为解决上述问题提供了一种新的研究思路,但如何确定DSF模型中的众多交通环境相关参数,构建基于DSF的冲突风险指标,并设计合适的冲突判定阈值仍有待进一步研究。
b. CICW碰撞预警策略设计的关键在于如何向驾驶人提供及时准确的警告信息,并最大化驾驶人对预警系统的接受度。考虑到CICW以人工驾驶为主要应用环境,驾驶个性、心理特征的客观存在对CICW应用的有效性及可靠性设计带来了极大的挑战,因此,需在大量实车验证的基础上,重点对CICW应用场景下的驾驶人驾驶特征进行详细研究与精确建模,实现基于当前车辆运动状态、交通风险及交通环境对驾驶员意图和行为进行短期预测,进而完成多级预警诱导。此外,随着车辆智能化程度的不断提高,利用自车感知、决策模块进行驾驶人驾驶特征的在线识别,实现CICW预警模式的自适应有望成为可行的优化思路。
c. 对CICW进行评价是验证预警策略有效性、加快其落地应用的必要环节。当前的评价方法多从CICW应用成功实现预警的能力、成功避免碰撞发生的能力等行车风险消解程度等安全因素进行评估。但是在实际的交通环境中,交通效率、行车舒适性也受到交通参与者重点关注,因此在下一步的研究中需要研究搭建具备交通-车辆-通信三维一体模拟能力的大规模试验平台,依赖虚拟融合测试、仿真测试、测试场景重构与生成等技术手段对CICW策略在交通风险缓解能力、交通效率保障能力以及在乘坐舒适性方面的表现进行综合考虑。
d. 受无线通信多径传播、路径损失、阴影衰落以及网络拥塞、设备质量等因素的影响,车辆间建立的V2X通信始终存在通信时延及数据丢包等问题,是CICW安全应用有效性的关键挑战之一。除针对V2X通信协议底层设计进行通信可靠性传输优化外,目前CICW应用设计多从信道拥塞缓解机制,如自适应信标传输模式等方面进行考虑。但如何基于通信故障/失效预测构建面向不可靠通信的CICW容错机制,如重点保障行车风险较大车辆的通信服务优先级,从CICW策略对不可靠通信的自适应优化仍有待进一步研究。
冲突检测方法与碰撞预警策略是CICW应用设计的关键,测试评价与可靠性优化则是保障CICW有效性、加速其落地应用的必要环节。本文对CICW在上述四个领域的研究进展、发展方向进行了详细综述。从冲突车辆间的时间与空间关系、相对运动趋势等角度总结了目前较为典型的CICW冲突检测方法,对比分析了其优点与不足;明确了CICW碰撞预警研究的重点,比较了不同预警级别、预警机制以及预警模式对于驾驶人个体差异的适用性;归纳了CICW有效性及安全效益相关的评价指标,阐明了仿真测试、实车测试以及虚实融合测试方法的适用性;分析了驾驶人不确定性和通信不可靠因素对CICW的影响,从驾驶人决策行为和驾驶意图两方面剖析了现有的驾驶人不确定性优化方法的优点与不足,总结了现有的通信不可靠优化方法;对基于DSF的CICW冲突检测方法、考虑驾驶人个性驾驶特征的CICW碰撞预警策略、考虑安全-效率-舒适性的综合评价方法、基于故障/失效预测构建CICW容错机制等问题进行了展望。
  • *国家自然科学基金重点项目(52232015)
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFB2501200)
  • 陕西省“两链”融合新能源与智能汽车重点专项(2021LLRH-04-01-03)
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2024年第卷第3期
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doi: 10.19620/j.cnki.1000-3703.20220945
  • 首发时间:2025-12-23
  • 出版时间:2024-03-24
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基金
*国家自然科学基金重点项目(52232015)
国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFB2501200)
陕西省“两链”融合新能源与智能汽车重点专项(2021LLRH-04-01-03)
作者信息
    1 长安大学,西安 710018
    2 同济大学,上海 201804

通讯作者:

王润民(1989—),男,博士研究生,高级工程师,主要研究方向为车联网与智能汽车测试技术、车路协同关键技术及应用,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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