Article(id=1210313829251150472, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, issueId=1210313826461938263, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19620/j.cnki.1000-3703.20240024, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766490903437, onlineDateStr=2025-12-23, pubDate=1713888000000, pubDateStr=2024-04-24, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766490903437, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766490903437, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766490903437, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1210313826461938263, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, year='2024', volume='', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='62', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766490902772, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766493660540, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210325393450595104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, issueId=1210313826461938263, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210325393450595105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, issueId=1210313826461938263, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=7, endPage=14, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1210313829494420112, articleId=1210313829251150472, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, language=EN, title=Construction Test Set and Risk Assessment of Cut-in Scenarios for Autonomous Vehicles under Highway Congestion Conditions, columnId=1210313827376296538, journalTitle=Automobile Technology, columnName=Selected Papers of International Forum of Automotive Traffic, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To assess the safety risks of autonomous vehicles during cut-in scenarios on congested Chinese highways, 64 cut-in samples were extracted from a natural driving dataset. Employing a six-level model and correlation analysis, the static and dynamic factors of the scenarios were defined. Subsequently, 1 000 test cases were randomly generated through sampling, and a safety assessment index system was established to analyze the safety of vehicle operations. Lastly, the random forest algorithm was applied to identify the key factors triggering risks. Results indicate that risk scenarios account for 5.3% of the total, with longitudinal relative velocity identified as the crucial factor. Under congested conditions, a high-risk cut-in scenario is formed when the speed of surrounding vehicles is 23% lower than that of autonomous vehicles, this indicator serves as a crucial predictive measure for identifying collision risks in congested cut-in scenarios for autonomous vehicles and may be applied in determining liability of accident in such scenarios.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Shuaikun Shi, Dan Zhao, Mingyue Ma, Zelin Miao, Xiaoji Zhou), CN=ArticleExt(id=1210313832312992470, articleId=1210313829251150472, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, language=CN, title=高速公路拥堵工况下自动驾驶车辆切入场景测试集构建与安全性评估*, columnId=1210313827531485789, journalTitle=汽车技术, columnName=2023 国际汽车交通安全学术会议优秀论文专题, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=为评估中国高速公路拥堵工况下自动驾驶汽车在切入场景中的安全风险,从自然驾驶数据集中提取64个切入样本,采用六层次模型和相关性分析方法确定场景要素范围,通过抽样生成1 000个测试用例并构建安全评估指标体系分析车辆运行安全,运用随机森林算法确定引发风险的关键因素。结果表明:在1 000个测试用例中,风险场景占比5.3%,纵向相对速度是导致风险的关键要素;拥堵工况下,环境车辆速度低于自动驾驶车辆速度23%时形成高风险切入场景,该指标可作为拥堵切入场景下自动驾驶汽车识别风险的预测指标,亦可用于该场景下的事故责任认定。, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=0gLvW5upa7XZRCey/94GFg==, magXml=1lwQ+fBuYXkCsK6syCV1DA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=qBOU9O7KBGwMCfrldKljxw==, pdfFileSize=1007601, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=cNfh6i5AWbtUqZ1Brc6qqA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=DIvavgJSI2qwiRKHxxOQzA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=石帅坤, 赵丹, 马明月, 苗泽霖, 周孝吉)}, authors=[Author(id=1210323695650861120, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, articleId=1210313829251150472, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, 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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1210323699870331054, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, articleId=1210313829251150472, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
字段 含义 单位 字段 含义 单位
x x方向坐标 m LaneId 车道线编号
y y方向坐标 m Fid 前车编号
xVelocity x方向速度 m/s Lid 左方车辆编号
yVelocity y方向速度 m/s
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AD4CHE数据集车辆轨迹主要字段描述

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字段 含义 单位 字段 含义 单位
x x方向坐标 m LaneId 车道线编号
y y方向坐标 m Fid 前车编号
xVelocity x方向速度 m/s Lid 左方车辆编号
yVelocity y方向速度 m/s
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运动状态参数 Ve0/m·s-1 Vx/m·s-1 dx/m Vy/m·s-1
参数值 12.06 2.51 3.99 0.22
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切入场景数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
运动状态参数 Ve0/m·s-1 Vx/m·s-1 dx/m Vy/m·s-1
参数值 12.06 2.51 3.99 0.22
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层次 名称 性质 内容 本文取值
道路模型 静态 道路类型等 高速公路、平直路段、三车道
道路基础设施 静态 交通标志等 限速标志
临时操作 静态 施工等
对象 动态 运动特性等 Ve0VxVydx
环境条件 静态 天气等 晴天
数字信息 动态 车车通信等
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基于六层次模型和ISO 34502标准的场景要素定义

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层次 名称 性质 内容 本文取值
道路模型 静态 道路类型等 高速公路、平直路段、三车道
道路基础设施 静态 交通标志等 限速标志
临时操作 静态 施工等
对象 动态 运动特性等 Ve0VxVydx
环境条件 静态 天气等 晴天
数字信息 动态 车车通信等
), ArticleFig(id=1210323700335898809, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, articleId=1210313829251150472, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 统计 自由度 显著性
Ve0 0.977 69 0.219
Vx 0.980 69 0.346
dx 0.984 69 0.509
Vy 0.992 69 0.937
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动态要素分布正态性Shapiro-Wilk检验

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参数 统计 自由度 显著性
Ve0 0.977 69 0.219
Vx 0.980 69 0.346
dx 0.984 69 0.509
Vy 0.992 69 0.937
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参数 斜率 截距
参数值 t 参数值 t
μ -0.407 8.698 5.984 2.901
σ -0.059 -1.388 1.437 3.198
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回归参数

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参数 斜率 截距
参数值 t 参数值 t
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σ -0.059 -1.388 1.437 3.198
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参数 Ve0 Vx dx Vy
斜率 截距
/m·s-1
斜率 截距
/m·s-1
斜率 截距
/m·s-1
斜率 截距
/m·s-1
Ve0 μ+3σ 0.332 3.604 0.131 10.085 -0.007 0.286
μ-3σ 0.332 -6.674 0.131 -1.783 0.071 -1.016
Vx μ+3σ 0.380 15.499 -0.407 12.821 0.433
μ-3σ 0.380 1.825 -0.407 -0.853 -0.665
dx μ+3σ 0.578 13.13 -0.768 10.969 0.433
μ-3σ 0.578 -0.544 -0.768 0.691 -0.665
Vy μ+3σ 6.793 17.497 7.189 7.329
μ-3σ 6.793 3.823 -3.833 1.947
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场景动态参数范围

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参数 Ve0 Vx dx Vy
斜率 截距
/m·s-1
斜率 截距
/m·s-1
斜率 截距
/m·s-1
斜率 截距
/m·s-1
Ve0 μ+3σ 0.332 3.604 0.131 10.085 -0.007 0.286
μ-3σ 0.332 -6.674 0.131 -1.783 0.071 -1.016
Vx μ+3σ 0.380 15.499 -0.407 12.821 0.433
μ-3σ 0.380 1.825 -0.407 -0.853 -0.665
dx μ+3σ 0.578 13.13 -0.768 10.969 0.433
μ-3σ 0.578 -0.544 -0.768 0.691 -0.665
Vy μ+3σ 6.793 17.497 7.189 7.329
μ-3σ 6.793 3.823 -3.833 1.947
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要素类型 获取方法 要素名称 要素取值
静态 直接确定 道路类型 高速公路
道路线性 平直路段
道路路面 沥青
车道数量/条 3
天气情况 晴天
动态 组合抽样 Ve0/m·s-1 9.53
Vx/m·s-1 -1.27
Vy/m·s-1 0.44
dx/m 6.61
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切入场景测试用例随机生成结果示例

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要素类型 获取方法 要素名称 要素取值
静态 直接确定 道路类型 高速公路
道路线性 平直路段
道路路面 沥青
车道数量/条 3
天气情况 晴天
动态 组合抽样 Ve0/m·s-1 9.53
Vx/m·s-1 -1.27
Vy/m·s-1 0.44
dx/m 6.61
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阶段 行为标准 指标
开始前 保持稳定运动 与所在车道中心的横向距离L
变道时 避免碰撞风险 切入时刻碰撞时间tTTCLI
开始至结束 避免碰撞风险 时段碰撞时间tTTC
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评价指标

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阶段 行为标准 指标
开始前 保持稳定运动 与所在车道中心的横向距离L
变道时 避免碰撞风险 切入时刻碰撞时间tTTCLI
开始至结束 避免碰撞风险 时段碰撞时间tTTC
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高速公路拥堵工况下自动驾驶车辆切入场景测试集构建与安全性评估*
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石帅坤 1 , 赵丹 1 , 马明月 2 , 苗泽霖 2 , 周孝吉 3
汽车技术 | 2023 国际汽车交通安全学术会议优秀论文专题 2024,(4): 7-14
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汽车技术 | 2023 国际汽车交通安全学术会议优秀论文专题 2024, (4): 7-14
高速公路拥堵工况下自动驾驶车辆切入场景测试集构建与安全性评估*
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石帅坤1, 赵丹1, 马明月2, 苗泽霖2, 周孝吉3
作者信息
  • 1 中国人民公安大学,北京 100038
  • 2 公安部道路交通安全研究中心,北京 100062
  • 3 中国汽车工程研究院股份有限公司,重庆 401122
Construction Test Set and Risk Assessment of Cut-in Scenarios for Autonomous Vehicles under Highway Congestion Conditions
Shuaikun Shi1, Dan Zhao1, Mingyue Ma2, Zelin Miao2, Xiaoji Zhou3
Affiliations
  • 1 People’s Public Security University of China, Beijing 100038
  • 2 Research Institute for Road Safety of the Ministry of Public Security, Beijing 100062
  • 3 China Automotive Engineering Research Institute Co., Ltd., Chongqing 401122
出版时间: 2024-04-24 doi: 10.19620/j.cnki.1000-3703.20240024
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为评估中国高速公路拥堵工况下自动驾驶汽车在切入场景中的安全风险,从自然驾驶数据集中提取64个切入样本,采用六层次模型和相关性分析方法确定场景要素范围,通过抽样生成1 000个测试用例并构建安全评估指标体系分析车辆运行安全,运用随机森林算法确定引发风险的关键因素。结果表明:在1 000个测试用例中,风险场景占比5.3%,纵向相对速度是导致风险的关键要素;拥堵工况下,环境车辆速度低于自动驾驶车辆速度23%时形成高风险切入场景,该指标可作为拥堵切入场景下自动驾驶汽车识别风险的预测指标,亦可用于该场景下的事故责任认定。
高速公路  /  拥堵工况  /  自动驾驶汽车  /  切入场景  /  运行安全  /  随机森林

To assess the safety risks of autonomous vehicles during cut-in scenarios on congested Chinese highways, 64 cut-in samples were extracted from a natural driving dataset. Employing a six-level model and correlation analysis, the static and dynamic factors of the scenarios were defined. Subsequently, 1 000 test cases were randomly generated through sampling, and a safety assessment index system was established to analyze the safety of vehicle operations. Lastly, the random forest algorithm was applied to identify the key factors triggering risks. Results indicate that risk scenarios account for 5.3% of the total, with longitudinal relative velocity identified as the crucial factor. Under congested conditions, a high-risk cut-in scenario is formed when the speed of surrounding vehicles is 23% lower than that of autonomous vehicles, this indicator serves as a crucial predictive measure for identifying collision risks in congested cut-in scenarios for autonomous vehicles and may be applied in determining liability of accident in such scenarios.

Highway  /  Congested conditions  /  Autonomous vehicles  /  Cut-in scenario  /  Operational safety  /  Random forest
石帅坤, 赵丹, 马明月, 苗泽霖, 周孝吉. 高速公路拥堵工况下自动驾驶车辆切入场景测试集构建与安全性评估*. 汽车技术, 2024 , (4) : 7 -14 . DOI: 10.19620/j.cnki.1000-3703.20240024
Shuaikun Shi, Dan Zhao, Mingyue Ma, Zelin Miao, Xiaoji Zhou. Construction Test Set and Risk Assessment of Cut-in Scenarios for Autonomous Vehicles under Highway Congestion Conditions[J]. Automobile Technology, 2024 , (4) : 7 -14 . DOI: 10.19620/j.cnki.1000-3703.20240024
自动驾驶汽车行驶过程中,相较于跟车等场景,切入场景被视为高风险场景之一[1-3]。在切入场景中,拥堵工况下风险更为显著[4-5]。根据UN R157《装备自动车道保持系统的车辆核准的统一条款》对高速公路拥堵工况的定义,当平均车速低于60 km/h时,通常可以认为道路处于拥堵状态,自动驾驶汽车需要更加谨慎地处理切入场景,以确保行驶安全[6]
目前,场景组合方法[7]作为国内外常用的场景构建方法,更关注基于本体论结构化描述场景和组合关键要素。在场景结构化描述方面:Geyer等[8]在控制模块中引入本体论进行场景结构化表达;Ulbrich等[9]提出知识库模型,层次化分类场景要素;Menzel等[10]根据要素类型,使用5个独立分层实现了场景描述;Sauerbier等[11]增加数字信息层,提出了更完整的六层次模型。在关键要素组合方面,周文帅等[12]通过组合基元场景实现关键要素组合,郭柏苍等[13]、Xia等[14]分析要素与场景危险性或复杂度的关系并基于此构建了关键要素组合。以上方法均实现了生成场景的高覆盖度,且将要素与场景危险性等特性相关联,但组合关键要素时,未考虑要素间的相关性。
为提高仿真结果的准确性,在构建与评估自动驾驶拥堵状态下的切入场景过程中,需增强对要素间相关性的分析[15]。本文旨在针对自动驾驶车辆在拥堵状态下的切入场景,基于中国某高/快速路拥堵场景自然驾驶数据集,使用六层次模型和相关性分析方法对该场景下的场景要素及要素间的相关关系进行分析。
场景的要素取值依赖于实际数据集[16],相较于高风险场景的事故数据集[17-18],自然驾驶数据集包含的场景覆盖度更广,可满足多工况测试需求[19-23]
中国高/快速路拥堵场景航测数据集(Aerial Dataset for China’s Highways and Expressways,AD4CHE)针对中国典型交通拥堵场景,采用无人机悬停航测,采集了中国部分城市的快速路和高速路的车辆轨迹数据。该数据集轨迹长度为6 540 km、数量为53 761条,精度为5 cm,最大误差为10 cm[24]。其轨迹数据主要字段如表1所示,其中x方向为车辆的行驶方向,即车道的延伸方向,y方向为车道的横向方向。
本文取其中两段限速为120 km/h的高速公路路段,记录车辆3 042辆,轨迹数量3 112条,平均运行车速为33.12 km/h,车速的最大、最小值分别为68 km/h、1.08 km/h,方差为1.71 (km/h)2。因此,根据交通流平均运行车速,两路段在记录时段内交通流为拥堵状态。
需要指出,该数据集并不包含自动驾驶车辆运行轨迹,本文旨在采用该数据获取环境车辆切入动作的运动学参数,自动驾驶车辆运动学参数通过构建其车辆动力学模型完成。因此,本文建立的切入场景更适用于自动驾驶车辆与传统车辆的混合流。
切入场景的构成需满足有车辆变道,且在变道车辆换道后,其后的紧随车辆运动发生显著变化。根据相关研究[25],车辆运动发生明显变化时加速度随车速提高而减小,为避免提取换道行为数据发生遗漏,将数据集中最大车速(19 m/s)对应的加速度(-0.45 m/s2)设为阈值,而未导致紧随车辆运动发生明显变化的变道不构成切入场景,如分流匝道驶出。
同一编号的车辆在某时刻的车道线编号发生变化即认为进行了换道。当换道车y方向速度的绝对值达到最小值时,开始换道,速度再次减小至最小值时,换道结束,如图1所示。
分析所取路段的3 112条轨迹,每条轨迹车辆变道次数为0~4次,其分布情况如图2所示。其中,18.1%存在变道,即563条轨迹可能包含切入场景。
切入场景由变道车和其换道之后的紧随车组成,其中变道车(Lane Change Vehicle,LCV)变道后紧随车为自动驾驶车(Ego)。ISO 34502[2]提出,影响Ego安全的4个关键变量为:Ego初始纵向速度Ve0、LCV与Ego纵向相对速度Vx=Vc0-Ve0、LCV与Ego横向相对速度Vy、LCV与Ego纵向相对距离dx,如图3所示。其中,Vc0为LCV初始纵向速度。
计算换道过程中紧随车辆的平均加速度变化情况。按图4所示的流程筛选563条换道数据,最终提取切入场景样本64例构建切入场景数据集,如表2所示。
变道车辆切入时可能保持匀速,也可能伴随加、减速的情况,故在切入场景数据集构建完成后,需对切入场景数据进行分析,进一步确定切入场景的特征。通过分析切入场景数据集64例样本切入过程中x方向速度的平均值、离差、标准差、离散程度对变道车辆切入时的速度状态进行确定,如图5所示。
样本的离差、标准差远小于样本速度均值,且离差平均值为0.3 m/s,离差标准差为0.19 m/s,样本离散程度约为0。因此,样本数据相对集中,变道车切入自动驾驶车辆所在车道的过程中,x方向速度无显著变化,即构建的拥堵状态下自动驾驶切入场景数据库中64例样本属于变道车匀速切入场景。
依据ISO 34502[2]的场景要素取值方法,确定六层次模型[11]根据6个独立分层描述事件的动、静态要素,如表3所示。静态要素由第一、二、三、五层定义,各测试场景中取值一致;动态要素由第四、六层定义,场景间差异主要在于动态要素的取值[26]。通过量化各要素取值,将动、静态要素值组合,生成切入具体场景,最终得到包含若干场景的测试场景集。
六层次模型中,得到静态、动态要素值后,即可生成具体的测试场景。因此,要素取值是场景构建的关键环节,动态要素取值尤为重要。
静态要素取值根据行驶环境确定。结合AD4CHE数据集,确定静态要素为高速公路、平直路段、沥青路面、三车道、晴天、限速120 km/h标志。因数据集中不存在临时管控措施,故本文不对第三层赋值。
因仿真环境中感知数据精度不足,虚拟仿真一般不考虑车车通信,故本文未对第六层赋值。第四层要素取值可分为确定关键要素、分析各要素分布特性、检验要素间是否存在相关关系、确定要素取值范围及抽样提取动态要素值。
a. 关键要素确定。参考ISO 34502[2],确定切入场景动态要素Ve0VxVydx
b. 关键要素统计分布估计。对动态要素进行初步估计,拟合要素分布曲线,如图6所示,假定能够服从的分布类型后,使用非参数检验法检验要素分布。对各项动态要素分别假设:原假设,要素与正态分布无显著性差异;备择假设,要素与正态分布有显著性差异。
由于本文样本量属小样本范畴,故选取夏皮罗-威尔克(Shapiro-Wilk)指标为检验标准,如表4所示,置信区间为95%,4项动态要素的显著性均超过0.05,故通过检验,4项动态要素均服从正态分布。
c. 动态要素间相关性分析。要素间相关性会对要素取值产生影响,需考虑要素间相关性,使其取值更为合理,如:高速路上行驶时,Vx越大,保障安全所需距离越小,dx随之减小。
Vx为自变量、dx为因变量,用于相关性分析的样本应为自变量的5~10倍[27],综合考虑各区间用于计算均值μ和标准差σ的样本数量至少为2个,故将自变量划分为6个区间进行相关性分析,建立因变量μσ关于自变量的回归方程:
μ = - 0.407 V x + 5.984
σ = - 0.059 V x + 1.437
以式(1)中斜率的t检验[28]值作为判断因变量与自变量是否存在相关性的标准(取置信区间为95%,即|t|≥1.96时,存在线性关系),如表5所示。dxμVx线性相关,对应方程μ=-0.407Vx+5.984,dxσVx无相关性,取σ为样本整体标准差,σ=2.279。
d. 动态要素取值范围确定。结合3σ原则[29]和要素间相关性确定参数范围,由c可得,Vx为自变量时,dx范围为(-0.407Vx-0.853,-0.407Vx+12.821),如图7所示。
根据上述方法可得所有动态要素参数范围,如表6所示,描述了范围上下限(μ±3σ[29]的线性表示。其中:Vy-VxVy-dxVx-Vydx-Vy在双变量关系中,无线性关系;Vx-Ve0dx-Ve0Ve0-VxVe0-dxVe0-Vy在双变量关系中,呈正相关线性关系;dx-VxVx-dx在双变量关系中,呈负相关线性关系;Vy-Ve0上、下限对应斜率不同,并非单纯正相关或负相关,在双变量关系中,存在复杂关联关系。
综上,在Ve0VxdxVy的多变量关系中,不仅存在双变量间的直接相关,还存在由其他变量导致的变量变化的间接相关。因此,动态要素取值前,应使用联合分布表征要素间的复杂相关关系,再以要素组合的形式进行抽样取值。
e. 要素抽样取值。因要素间存在复杂相关性,故在抽样时需将要素视为变量,建立多个变量的联合分布概率密度函数,再使用抽样方法实现动态要素组合抽样,生成切入测试用例。
由动态要素分布估计结果可知,4项动态要素符合正态分布,且要素间存在相关性,可构成协方差矩阵。由此,假设动态要素联合分布符合多元高斯分布:
f ( x ) = 1 ( 2 π ) 2 Σ 1 2 e x p - 1 2 ( x - μ ) ' Σ - 1 ( x - μ )
参数方差(以Vx为例)为:
σ ( V x , V y ) = 1 63 i = 1 64 ( V x i - V x ¯ ) 2
联合分布协方差(以Vxdx为例)为:
σ ( V x , d x ) = 1 63 i = 1 64 ( V x i - V x ¯ ) ( d x i - d ¯ x )
协方差矩阵为:
Σ = σ ( V e 0 , V e 0 ) σ ( V e 0 , V x ) σ ( V e 0 , d x ) σ ( V e 0 , V y ) σ ( V x , V e 0 ) σ ( V x , V x ) σ ( V x , d x ) σ ( V x , V y ) σ ( d x , V e 0 ) σ ( d x , V x ) σ ( d x , d x ) σ ( d x , V y ) σ ( V y , V e 0 ) σ ( V y , V x ) σ ( V y , d x ) σ ( V y , V y )
式中:Σ为协方差矩阵,μ为均值向量,σ为方差,i为变量的第i个观测样本。
计算Ve0VxdxVy均值及方差,可得:
μ = 9.478       1.624       5.462       - 0.102 T
Σ = 5.269 1.318 - 1.229 0.168 1.318 2.979 - 1.110 - 0.050 - 1.229 - 1.110 1.456 - 0.003 0.168 - 0.050 - 0.003 0.039
多元高斯分布需满足每项参数的正态性以及协方差矩阵的正定性。前文已证实,4项参数均为正态分布,且Σ为实对称阵并且特征值均为正数,故Σ为正定矩阵。因此,切入场景下4项动态要素的联合分布符合多元高斯分布。
确定联合分布函数后,使用蒙特卡洛抽样,获得符合联合分布的1 000组要素组合抽样取值。结合确定的静态要素取值,即获得1 000个完整的切入测试用例,表7所示即为一个完整用例。
可靠的安全性评价是自动驾驶推广的前提,通常使用通过性指标或平均接管次数指标对其评价[30-32]。平均接管次数注重体现真实驾驶情况,而通过性指标更适用于反映车辆的仿真测试场景。因此,本文使用通过性指标进行安全性评价,参考UN R157[6],将切入场景分为切入开始前、变道时、开始后至结束3个阶段,设置不同阶段的通过性评价指标对完整切入场景进行安全性评估,如表8所示。
参考UN R157[6]评价指标阈值,为避免碰撞风险,Ego需满足以下指标:
a. 切入开始前,车道宽3.5 m时,应保持L<1.75 m。
b. 切入变道时,LCV前车轮外边缘超过Ego所在车道线外边缘0.3 m时,有:
t T T C L 1 V v r e l / ( 2 × 6   m / s 2 ) + 0.35   s
式中:Vvrel为Ego与LCV间的相对纵向速度,Ego速度大于LCV时,Vvrel>0。
c. 切入开始后至结束,tTTC最小值大于2 s。
使用VTD(Virtual Test Drive)仿真软件构建仿真模型实现车辆安全性分析,并基于分析结果判别导致风险的主要动态要素。首先,使用VTD现有动力学模型,输入切入初始状态参数Ve0VxVydx,使Ego维持切入初始运动状态直到切入结束;其次,运行测试环境,生成测试数据;再次,分析测试数据,计算车辆在3个阶段的评价指标,判别该场景下车辆运行安全性;最后,根据指标阈值将场景分为风险场景与无风险场景,通过随机森林[33]模型分析动态要素对产生风险的影响程度。
设置4.1节中的3项安全指标阈值,分析1 000例用例,其中,947个场景通过测试,仅53个场景存在风险,占比5.3%,如图8所示。例如,表7所示随机测试场景对应阈值为L<1.75 m、tTTCLI>0.355 s、tTTC>2 s,仿真测试结果为L≈0 m、tTTCL=2.8 s,tTTC过程最小值为0.3 s,说明车辆在此场景下存在风险。
图8a中,所有测试用例的Ego均符合L的安全性要求,说明Ego在车道保持方面表现出高度可靠性;图8b中,53个测试用例未满足tTTC要求,表明在整个切入过程中,Ego在dx等方面的规划控制还需进一步优化;图8c中,6个测试用例未满足tTTCLI安全性要求,表明在拥堵状态下,Ego在被切入时行为规划方面仍存在改进空间。
根据风险性对场景进行分类,并分析要素影响。由于数据间存在相关性,选择机器学习分析特征的重要性。而随机森林[33]模型具有准确率高、鲁棒性和抗过拟合能力强的特点,采用分类与回归决策树(Classification And Regression Tree,CART)[34]算法,基于要素对降低基尼不纯度[33]的贡献大小,衡量要素的重要性。
试验使用准确率、召回率、F1分数对随机森林模型进行评价[33]。构建的随机森林模型准确率为99%,召回率为86%,F1分数为0.92,说明该模型能够分析动态要素重要性,结果如图9所示。
4项动态要素中,导致风险的主要要素为Vx,重要性评分为0.831,dxVyVe0是次要要素,重要性评分分别为0.074、0.064、0.031。
进一步分析风险场景要素Vx,根据53例风险场景数据统计分析,Vxμ为-1.73,σ为0.55。根据3σ原则[29],导致风险的Vx范围为(-3.88,-0.08),即运行车速低于60 km/h(16.6 m/s)的交通状态下,LCV以较Ego低3.88 m/s的纵向速度切入时,会产生碰撞风险。
综上所述,本文研究的拥堵状态下变道车匀速切入场景中,风险的主要致因为LCV激进的切入行为。具体而言,高速公路拥堵工况下,当LCV在其纵向速度低于Ego纵向速度的23%时切入,极易形成高风险切入场景,引发Ego避撞策略失效,从而导致碰撞风险。
本文基于中国高/快速路拥堵场景航测数据集,在考虑要素相关性的前提下,构建了拥堵状态变道车匀速切入仿真场景,提高了生成场景的准确性与真实性。Ego可将Vx用于拥堵工况切入场景的碰撞风险规划,也可用于该场景下交通事故的车辆责任判定标准。
当前,本文仅考虑了LCV车辆匀速变道切入导致Ego减速,且不存在其他环境车辆复杂影响的场景。未来,可进一步研究在周围其他环境车辆影响下,LCV变速切入以及Ego不同响应行为的场景,以应对各种复杂的驾驶情况。
  • *国家重点研发计划项目“自主式道路交通系统安全保障技术”(2023YFB4302703)
  • 自动驾驶准入仿真测评技术研究与工具研发1032课题(0001KTCP20230340)
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2024年第卷第4期
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doi: 10.19620/j.cnki.1000-3703.20240024
  • 首发时间:2025-12-23
  • 出版时间:2024-04-24
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*国家重点研发计划项目“自主式道路交通系统安全保障技术”(2023YFB4302703)
自动驾驶准入仿真测评技术研究与工具研发1032课题(0001KTCP20230340)
作者信息
    1 中国人民公安大学,北京 100038
    2 公安部道路交通安全研究中心,北京 100062
    3 中国汽车工程研究院股份有限公司,重庆 401122
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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