Article(id=1210313828391326169, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, issueId=1210313826461938263, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19620/j.cnki.1000-3703.20230933, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766490903231, onlineDateStr=2025-12-23, pubDate=1713888000000, pubDateStr=2024-04-24, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766490903231, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766490903231, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766490903231, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1210313826461938263, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, year='2024', volume='', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='62', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766490902772, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766493660540, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210325393450595104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, issueId=1210313826461938263, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210325393450595105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, issueId=1210313826461938263, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=30, endPage=39, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1210313828622012894, articleId=1210313828391326169, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, language=EN, title=Frontal Crash Injury Study of Typical Non-Standard Seated Occupants in Intelligent Vehicle, columnId=1210313827376296538, journalTitle=Automobile Technology, columnName=Selected Papers of International Forum of Automotive Traffic, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to investigate the effects of diverse occupant out-of-position postures on occupant crash injuries, a variety of typical occupant out-of-position postures were considered, and 1 800 frontal crash simulations were conducted with the help of a mature occupant compartment model and dummy model. The results show that the occupant will suffer more injury in typical out-of-position posture than the standard posture; the increase of seatback angle leads to the increase of occupant head and neck injury level, while the decrease of thorax injury level; the increase of braking intensity of Automatic Emergency Braking (AEB) system increases the occupant thorax injury level, while decreasing the head and neck injury level; the occupants’ head and thorax injury level is greater in the rightward offset condition than in the leftward offset condition.

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为探究多样化的乘员离位姿态对乘员碰撞损伤的影响,综合考虑多种乘员典型离位姿态,借助成熟乘员舱模型和假人模型进行了1 800次正面碰撞仿真,结果表明,相对于标准姿态工况,典型离位姿态下的乘员损伤均有一定程度的增加:座椅靠背角度增大会导致乘员头颈部损伤水平提高,而使胸部损伤水平下降;自动紧急制动(AEB)系统制动强度的增大会提高乘员胸部损伤水平而降低头颈部损伤水平;乘员向右偏移工况均比向左偏移工况有更大的头胸部损伤水平。

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损伤部位 损伤指标
头部 头部伤害指数HIC
头部3 ms合成加速度
颈部 伸张弯矩My
颈部损伤基准Nij
胸部 胸部压缩量Thcc
粘性指数VC
大腿 膝盖滑移量
大腿压缩力
小腿 小腿压缩力
胫骨指数TI
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损伤部位及指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
损伤部位 损伤指标
头部 头部伤害指数HIC
头部3 ms合成加速度
颈部 伸张弯矩My
颈部损伤基准Nij
胸部 胸部压缩量Thcc
粘性指数VC
大腿 膝盖滑移量
大腿压缩力
小腿 小腿压缩力
胫骨指数TI
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智能车辆典型非标准坐姿乘员正面碰撞损伤研究*
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运伟国 1 , 王国杰 2 , 何恩泽 2
汽车技术 | 2023 国际汽车交通安全学术会议优秀论文专题 2024,(4): 30-39
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汽车技术 | 2023 国际汽车交通安全学术会议优秀论文专题 2024, (4): 30-39
智能车辆典型非标准坐姿乘员正面碰撞损伤研究*
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运伟国1, 王国杰2, 何恩泽2
作者信息
  • 1 浙江吉利远程新能源商用车集团有限公司,杭州 310018
  • 2 中国汽车工程研究院股份有限公司,汽车噪声振动和安全技术国家重点实验室,重庆 401122
Frontal Crash Injury Study of Typical Non-Standard Seated Occupants in Intelligent Vehicle
Weiguo Yun1, Guojie Wang2, Enze He2
Affiliations
  • 1 Zhejiang Geely Farizon New Energy Commercial Vehicles Group Co., Ltd., Hangzhou 310018
  • 2 State Key Laboratory of Vehicle NVH and Safety Technology, China Automotive Engineering Research Institute Co., Ltd., Chongqing 401122
出版时间: 2024-04-24 doi: 10.19620/j.cnki.1000-3703.20230933
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为探究多样化的乘员离位姿态对乘员碰撞损伤的影响,综合考虑多种乘员典型离位姿态,借助成熟乘员舱模型和假人模型进行了1 800次正面碰撞仿真,结果表明,相对于标准姿态工况,典型离位姿态下的乘员损伤均有一定程度的增加:座椅靠背角度增大会导致乘员头颈部损伤水平提高,而使胸部损伤水平下降;自动紧急制动(AEB)系统制动强度的增大会提高乘员胸部损伤水平而降低头颈部损伤水平;乘员向右偏移工况均比向左偏移工况有更大的头胸部损伤水平。

离位乘员  /  数值模拟  /  正面碰撞  /  损伤风险

In order to investigate the effects of diverse occupant out-of-position postures on occupant crash injuries, a variety of typical occupant out-of-position postures were considered, and 1 800 frontal crash simulations were conducted with the help of a mature occupant compartment model and dummy model. The results show that the occupant will suffer more injury in typical out-of-position posture than the standard posture; the increase of seatback angle leads to the increase of occupant head and neck injury level, while the decrease of thorax injury level; the increase of braking intensity of Automatic Emergency Braking (AEB) system increases the occupant thorax injury level, while decreasing the head and neck injury level; the occupants’ head and thorax injury level is greater in the rightward offset condition than in the leftward offset condition.

Occupant out-of-position  /  Numerical simulation  /  Frontal crash  /  Injury risk
运伟国, 王国杰, 何恩泽. 智能车辆典型非标准坐姿乘员正面碰撞损伤研究*. 汽车技术, 2024 , (4) : 30 -39 . DOI: 10.19620/j.cnki.1000-3703.20230933
Weiguo Yun, Guojie Wang, Enze He. Frontal Crash Injury Study of Typical Non-Standard Seated Occupants in Intelligent Vehicle[J]. Automobile Technology, 2024 , (4) : 30 -39 . DOI: 10.19620/j.cnki.1000-3703.20230933
乘员的姿势显著影响其在车辆碰撞中受伤的风险。Bose等[1]使用多刚体人体模型研究了身材、体重、姿势和肌肉支撑水平等特征对乘员在车辆正面碰撞中伤害风险的影响程度,发现乘员姿势影响最大。Hwang等[2]的分析表明,在侧面碰撞中,身体姿势是预测乘员碰撞反应的重要因素。
同时,乘员在乘车时可能出现各种姿势。Zhang等[3]开展的基于志愿者偏好姿势的调查发现,前排乘员在行驶中仅45%的时间以标准姿势乘坐。Reed等[4]对车内视频数据进行分析发现,前排乘员头部在33%的时间中向左或向右旋转,躯干在10%的时间里向左或向右旋转且在10%的时间内前倾。自动驾驶汽车的发展扩大了未来汽车驾乘人员的姿势和活动选择[5-6],如休息、娱乐,或与其他乘员交流,这对车内布置提出了新的需求,包括设置灵活的座椅朝向[6-9]、高度倾斜的座椅[10-13]等,此时,车内人员的姿态也更加多样化。
然而,传统的乘员约束系统均针对标准坐姿乘员设计,其对非标准姿态乘员的保护性能引起了研究人员的关注。Ji等[14]、Rawska等[15-16]分析了倾斜座椅靠背条件下的乘员损伤,发现靠背倾斜可能导致乘员下潜,增加胸腹部损伤风险。Kang[17]开展了尸体试验,亦发现向后倾斜座椅的乘员将面临更大的损伤风险。灵活的座位朝向也可能给乘员保护带来新的挑战:Wu等[18]模拟了56 km/h车速且座椅不同旋转角度条件下的正面碰撞过程,结果表明,在座椅旋转角度为90°和135°时损伤风险更高。此外,智能汽车上搭载的主动安全系统在触发时,也可能导致乘员出现非标准姿态,如:自动紧急制动(Automatic Emergency Braking,AEB)系统的作用会使乘员的上躯干产生大幅前向位移导致离位,从而引起乘员碰撞损伤,尤其是胸部损伤风险增加[19-20];自动紧急转向会使乘员产生明显的横向位移,且肩带脱落,导致头部、胸部损伤风险增大[21]
可见,乘员坐姿显著影响乘员整体运动学响应和损伤风险,但当前主流研究[22-23]大多针对单一因素引起的乘员离位,尚未综合考虑多样化乘员离位坐姿对乘员损伤的影响。本文旨在综合考虑多种乘员离位姿态,采用数值仿真方法探究乘员离位因素对典型部位损伤的影响规律。
本文使用的车辆模型是美国国家公路交通安全管理局(National Highway Traffic Safety Administration,NHTSA)的丰田雅力士(Toyota Yaris)2010款车型的乘员约束系统MADYMO模型。假人模型使用MADYMO自带的Hybrid-Ⅲ假人。将Hybrid-Ⅲ假人模型置于Yaris约束系统模型中,最终建立的仿真模型如图1所示。
随着自动驾驶汽车的引入,乘员的姿态将更加多样化,本文总结了文献[5]、文献[23]~文献[25]中的乘员离位姿态,并以其中几种典型的乘员离位姿态参数作为边界条件。
本文中车辆的碰撞速度根据文献[26]设置为50 km/h,加载在假人模型X向,重力加速度场的作用则施加在假人模型的Z向。
本文对AEB系统的设置参考文献[24]建立主被动一体化模型,该集成模型主要包括预碰撞阶段和碰撞阶段,在预碰撞阶段加载AEB减速度曲线模拟制动效果,碰撞阶段加载碰撞速度为50 km/h的碰撞加速度曲线,如图2a所示,其中0.7 g和1.0 g的制动减速度曲线如图2b所示。
本文所使用的假人模型均为Hybrid-Ⅲ假人模型,包括第5百分位女性假人、第50百分位男性假人及第95百分位男性假人,如图3所示。参考文献[14]、文献[25]、文献[27]将座椅靠背倾斜角度范围设置为23°~63°,间隔10°,如图4所示。根据文献[1]、文献[23]中的设置,乘员左、右倾斜角度设置为-20°~20°,间隔10°,其中0°为中间标准坐姿,如图5所示。本文驾驶员姿势的调整主要参考文献中所述方法并进行综合[5],共设置8种,分别为双手平放(姿势1)、左手持手机(姿势2)、右手持手机(姿势3)、双手抱胸(左手在前,姿势4)、双手抱胸(右手在前,姿势5)、左腿屈曲(姿势6)、右腿屈曲(姿势7)、双腿屈曲(姿势8),如图6所示。
本文将8种乘员上下肢姿势分为8类,每一类中对AEB制动强度(无AEB、0.7 g、1.0 g)、乘员左、右偏移角度(-20°~20°,间隔10°)、不同体型乘员(第5百分位、第50百分位、第95百分位)及座椅靠背倾斜角度(23°~63°,间隔10°)进行全因子分析,共计进行了1 800次正面碰撞仿真。
本文正面碰撞中乘员各部位损伤评价指标参照《C-NCAP管理规则(2021年版)》[28]和《中国保险汽车安全指数规程 第2部分:车内乘员安全指数 整体评价规程(2020版)》[29]中各项规定,其中常用的乘员损伤指标如表1所示。
其中头部、颈部、胸部造成的损伤是主要的致命性损伤[30],因此本文主要研究乘员头部、颈部、胸部损伤。
为便于表述,在结果分析与讨论中,均用“工况”表示乘员上、下肢姿势变化后的各仿真案例。图7~图9描述了8种工况下乘员各部位的碰撞损伤分布情况,由底部、第25百分位数、中位数、第75百分位数和顶部数值构成,其中每个数据组包括225个数据点,代表不同姿势下乘员的碰撞损伤结果。
总体来说,相对于标准姿态工况的损伤,姿势改变工况下乘员各部位损伤均有不同程度的增加,尤其是头部损伤。
图7图8可知,相比于工况1,乘员上肢姿势改变情况下头部和颈部损伤更严重,尤其是工况4和工况5。而且与下肢姿势改变的工况对比,乘员上肢姿势的改变对乘员头颈部损伤的影响更大,乘员上肢姿势的改变影响了乘员头部与安全气囊的接触性质与接触时间,从而削弱了安全气囊对乘员头部的保护效果,使乘员头部的损伤增大。
图10~图12描述了不同座椅靠背倾斜角度下乘员各部位碰撞损伤的分布情况,图中每个数据组包括360个数据点。
对比图10中离位乘员头部损伤的中位线与标准姿态乘员的损伤可以发现,随座椅靠背角度增大,头部3 ms加速度和HIC15超出标准姿态乘员损伤的案例比例分别从61.4%(221个)和44.2%(159个)增加到96.1%(346个)和93.3%(336个)。这一现象也出现在乘员颈部损伤中,见图11。而从图12中可以看出,随座椅靠背角度增大,胸部损伤超出标准姿态乘员的损伤的案例减少。
对比图10中不同座椅靠背倾斜角度下头部损伤均值,可以观察到大倾角座椅靠背条件下乘员头部损伤水平普遍高于23°座椅靠背条件下头部损伤水平,且随着座椅靠背倾斜角度增大,头部损伤水平也增大。同样的现象在乘员颈部损伤中也能观察到,见图11。对于胸部损伤,大倾角座椅靠背条件下的胸部损伤水平普遍低于23°座椅靠背条件下,且随着座椅靠背倾斜角度增大,胸部损伤水平降低,见图12
总体而言,座椅靠背角度增大时,乘员头颈部损伤水平也随之提高,而胸部的损伤水平随之下降。
图13~图15描述了不同AEB工况下乘员各部位碰撞损伤分布情况,图中每个数据组包括600个数据点。
对比图13图14中离位乘员头、颈部损伤的中位线与标准姿态乘员的损伤可以发现,AEB作用工况中头、颈部损伤超出标准姿态乘员的损伤的案例减少。而从图15中可以看出,AEB作用工况中胸部损伤超出标准姿态乘员的损伤的案例增加。
通过对比3种工况下的乘员头、颈部损伤均值可知,相比于无AEB工况,AEB作用的工况中的乘员头颈部损伤水平下降,且1.0 g制动强度工况下乘员头颈部损伤水平最低,见图13图14。对于乘员胸部损伤,胸部压缩量与胸部粘性指数VC表现出相反的情况:相比于无AEB工况,AEB作用工况中胸部压缩量的均值增大,而胸部粘性指数的均值下降,见图15
总体而言,AEB的作用使乘员胸部损伤水平提高,头颈部损伤水平下降,一定程度上对乘员起到保护作用,而且这种保护效果在1.0 g制动强度工况下更为明显。
图16~图18描述了不同乘员左、右偏移角度下乘员各部位碰撞损伤分布情况,图中每个数据组包括360个数据点。
对比图16中离位乘员头部损伤的中位线和标准姿态乘员的损伤,在乘员偏移-20°的工况下头部损伤超出标准姿态乘员损伤的案例最多。图18中的胸部损伤也表现出这一现象。
通过对比图16~图18中的损伤均值水平,乘员偏移-20°的工况下乘员的头、胸部损伤水平最大,这种极限工况下安全带不经过乘员锁骨中心,而是贴合在乘员肩膀外侧,甚至是左手部位,此时安全带无法有效约束乘员且容易从左肩滑落,碰撞过程中乘员的加速度更大,导致乘员损伤增加。相反,在乘员偏移20°的工况中,由于安全带与乘员的贴合处靠近颈部,发生碰撞时,安全带更容易与头颈部发生相互作用,而对胸部的挤压作用减弱,从而导致乘员头颈部损伤水平上升、胸部损伤水平下降。此外,乘员的左、右偏移角度会影响碰撞过程中乘员头、胸部与安全气囊的接触部位,导致安全气囊作用效果减弱,更容易撞击转向盘,驾驶员头颈部损伤更大。
图19~图21描述了不同体型乘员离位姿态下各部位碰撞损伤分布情况,图中每个数据组包括600个数据点。通过对比图19~图21中各损伤的均值水平可以观察到,相对于第50百分位男性乘员的碰撞损伤,第5百分位女性乘员头部及大腿损伤水平下降,颈部及胸部损伤水平提高,而第95百分位男性乘员头颈部、胸部及小腿损伤水平则不同程度提高,大腿损伤水平下降。
本文采用经验证的乘员舱模型进行了离位乘员的正面碰撞仿真,并探索离位因素对乘员各部位损伤的影响规律。结果表明,非标准坐姿下乘员各部位损伤均不同程度增加,且乘员上肢姿势的改变对乘员头颈部损伤的影响更大。这一发现与Leledakis等[5]的研究结论略有差异,Leledakis等[5]认为下肢姿势变化对下肢、骨盆和全身反应的总体影响最大。产生这种差异可能是由于本研究综合考虑了乘员不同的离位坐姿对乘员损伤的影响。
座椅靠背角度增大时,乘员头颈部损伤增大,而胸部损伤风险降低。产生这种趋势的原因可能是座椅靠背倾角增大导致乘员上躯干与转向盘距离增大,进而导致乘员头部与安全气囊的接触时间推迟,使头部加速度增大,HIC15增大。在大倾角座椅靠背下乘员和安全带无法有效贴合,导致碰撞时发生下潜现象。这些现象与现有研究[14,27,31]中观察到的现象一致。
AEB制动强度的增大使得乘员胸部损伤水平提高、头颈部损伤水平下降,一定程度上对乘员有保护作用,而且这种保护效果在1.0 g制动强度工况中更为明显。这与Wen等[32]的结论略有差异,其研究表明,相同碰撞速度下,碰撞前采取紧急制动措施,将增大胸部加速度和颈部损伤。本文乘员颈部损伤存在一定程度的降低,这可能是由于本文考虑了座椅靠背倾斜的工况,AEB的介入导致乘员的前向离位增大,会减小座椅靠背倾斜工况导致的离位。
乘员向右偏移工况均比乘员向左偏移工况有更大的乘员头胸部损伤,尤其是乘员偏移-20°工况。这种极限工况下安全带不经过乘员锁骨中心,而是贴合在乘员肩膀外侧,甚至是左手部位,此时安全带无法有效约束乘员且容易从左肩滑落,碰撞过程中乘员的加速度更大,导致产生更大的HIC15,这与Donlon等的研究[23]类似。
基于本文的研究结果中,可得到以下主要结论:与标准坐姿的乘员相比,离位乘员各部位损伤均不同程度增加;相比乘员下肢姿势,乘员上肢姿势的改变对乘员头颈部损伤水平的影响更大;座椅靠背角度增大会增大乘员的头颈部损伤,而降低胸部损伤风险;乘员向右偏移比向左偏移会导致更大的头胸部损伤。
  • *重庆市科学技术局重庆市博士“直通车”项目(CSTB2023NSCQ-BSX0011)
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2024年第卷第4期
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doi: 10.19620/j.cnki.1000-3703.20230933
  • 首发时间:2025-12-23
  • 出版时间:2024-04-24
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*重庆市科学技术局重庆市博士“直通车”项目(CSTB2023NSCQ-BSX0011)
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    1 浙江吉利远程新能源商用车集团有限公司,杭州 310018
    2 中国汽车工程研究院股份有限公司,汽车噪声振动和安全技术国家重点实验室,重庆 401122
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
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species
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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