Article(id=1210313828051587540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, issueId=1210313826461938263, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19620/j.cnki.1000-3703.20231032, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766490903151, onlineDateStr=2025-12-23, pubDate=1713888000000, pubDateStr=2024-04-24, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766490903151, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766490903151, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766490903151, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1210313826461938263, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, year='2024', volume='', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='62', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766490902772, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766493660540, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210325393450595104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, issueId=1210313826461938263, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210325393450595105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, issueId=1210313826461938263, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=57, endPage=62, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1210313828286468566, articleId=1210313828051587540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, language=EN, title=Research on Vehicle Handling Adjustable Control Method Based on the Integration of Rear Wheel Steering and Braking, columnId=1210313827376296538, journalTitle=Automobile Technology, columnName=Selected Papers of International Forum of Automotive Traffic, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To address the issue of understeer, difficulty in control effect calibration, complex controller design and difficulty in engineering application, this article proposed a novel approach to vehicle handling control by enabling adaptable rear wheel steering and braking intensity. Employing nonlinear model design and a feedforward/feedback structure, this method can adjust control intensity according to design parameters, allows for improving the vehicle’s center of mass sideslip angle according to expectation and enhancing yaw response speed. In addition, the approach also accommodates understeer mitigation and fuel economy optimization. In addition, the proposed method also has other advantages such as high accuracy, small computational complexity, no need for vehicle sideslip angle estimation, and ease of calibration. A method for vehicle handling tuning based on adjustable parameters is also provided.

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为解决后轮转向与制动协同的车辆操控性控制面临的转向不足、控制效果难以标定、控制器设计复杂难于工程应用等问题,提出一种后轮转向和制动的作用强度均可自由调节的控制方法,应用非线性模型设计与前馈/反馈结构,根据设计参数调节控制强度,达到按照期望程度降低车辆质心侧偏角、加快横摆响应速度的效果,并兼顾不足转向度、燃油经济性等指标。此外,该方法提供了基于可调参数进行车辆操控性调校的方法,具有精度高、运算量小、无需质心侧偏角估计及便于标定等优点。

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参数 取值 参数 取值
m/kg 2 700 B 12 000
Izz/kg·m2 5 200 C 6.1
lf/m 1.46 D 3.1
lr/m 1.64 E 1.4
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模型主要参数

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参数 取值 参数 取值
m/kg 2 700 B 12 000
Izz/kg·m2 5 200 C 6.1
lf/m 1.46 D 3.1
lr/m 1.64 E 1.4
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分区 转向状态 轮缸压力
r>0, Mz>0 转向不足 p3=2|Mz|/(drRkb), p1=p2=p4=0
r>0, Mz<0 转向过度 p2=2|Mz|/(dfRkb), p1=p3=p4=0
r<0, Mz>0 转向过度 p1=2|Mz|/(dfRkb), p2=p3=p4=0
r<0, Mz<0 转向不足 p4=2|Mz|/(drRkb), p1=p2=p3=0
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制动力分配策略

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分区 转向状态 轮缸压力
r>0, Mz>0 转向不足 p3=2|Mz|/(drRkb), p1=p2=p4=0
r>0, Mz<0 转向过度 p2=2|Mz|/(dfRkb), p1=p3=p4=0
r<0, Mz>0 转向过度 p1=2|Mz|/(dfRkb), p2=p3=p4=0
r<0, Mz<0 转向不足 p4=2|Mz|/(drRkb), p1=p2=p3=0
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基于后轮转向与制动协同的车辆操控性可调控制方法研究
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赵永强 1 , 关懿航 2 , 何朕 2 , 苗为为 1 , 禹真 1
汽车技术 | 2023 国际汽车交通安全学术会议优秀论文专题 2024,(4): 57-62
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汽车技术 | 2023 国际汽车交通安全学术会议优秀论文专题 2024, (4): 57-62
基于后轮转向与制动协同的车辆操控性可调控制方法研究
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赵永强1, 关懿航2, 何朕2, 苗为为1, 禹真1
作者信息
  • 1 中国第一汽车集团有限公司,长春 130013
  • 2 哈尔滨工业大学,哈尔滨 150000
Research on Vehicle Handling Adjustable Control Method Based on the Integration of Rear Wheel Steering and Braking
Yongqiang Zhao1, Yihang Guan2, Zhen He2, Weiwei Miao1, Zhen Yu1
Affiliations
  • 1 China FAW Group Co., Ltd., Changchun 130013
  • 2 Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150000
出版时间: 2024-04-24 doi: 10.19620/j.cnki.1000-3703.20231032
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为解决后轮转向与制动协同的车辆操控性控制面临的转向不足、控制效果难以标定、控制器设计复杂难于工程应用等问题,提出一种后轮转向和制动的作用强度均可自由调节的控制方法,应用非线性模型设计与前馈/反馈结构,根据设计参数调节控制强度,达到按照期望程度降低车辆质心侧偏角、加快横摆响应速度的效果,并兼顾不足转向度、燃油经济性等指标。此外,该方法提供了基于可调参数进行车辆操控性调校的方法,具有精度高、运算量小、无需质心侧偏角估计及便于标定等优点。

操控性  /  后轮转向  /  直接横摆力矩

To address the issue of understeer, difficulty in control effect calibration, complex controller design and difficulty in engineering application, this article proposed a novel approach to vehicle handling control by enabling adaptable rear wheel steering and braking intensity. Employing nonlinear model design and a feedforward/feedback structure, this method can adjust control intensity according to design parameters, allows for improving the vehicle’s center of mass sideslip angle according to expectation and enhancing yaw response speed. In addition, the approach also accommodates understeer mitigation and fuel economy optimization. In addition, the proposed method also has other advantages such as high accuracy, small computational complexity, no need for vehicle sideslip angle estimation, and ease of calibration. A method for vehicle handling tuning based on adjustable parameters is also provided.

Handling performance  /  Rear Wheel Steer (RWS)  /  Direct Yaw Moment Control (DYC)
赵永强, 关懿航, 何朕, 苗为为, 禹真. 基于后轮转向与制动协同的车辆操控性可调控制方法研究. 汽车技术, 2024 , (4) : 57 -62 . DOI: 10.19620/j.cnki.1000-3703.20231032
Yongqiang Zhao, Yihang Guan, Zhen He, Weiwei Miao, Zhen Yu. Research on Vehicle Handling Adjustable Control Method Based on the Integration of Rear Wheel Steering and Braking[J]. Automobile Technology, 2024 , (4) : 57 -62 . DOI: 10.19620/j.cnki.1000-3703.20231032
后轮转向(Rear Wheel Steer,RWS)的主要目标为减小质心侧偏角,从而提高低速行驶时汽车的转向灵活性及高速行驶时的稳定性[1-4]。通常,希望将质心侧偏角减小至0[2,5-8],但会带来驾驶员操作负担增大、汽车操控性劣化等问题[5]。此外,模型预测控制[10-11]H控制[8]等方法计算量大、难以标定,不利于工程应用。
基于制动系统的直接横摆力矩控制(Direct Yaw Moment Control,DYC)可提高瞬态横摆响应速度,直接横摆力矩越大,提升效果越明显[9-11]。然而,过大的直接横摆力矩会造成减速及拖拽感明显,影响驾驶体验[12],同时,车辆能耗增加,续驶里程下降[13]
为实现预期车辆行驶控制效果,本文针对控制强度标定需求,提出含有3个可调参数的RWS与DYC协同控制方法。
为描述车辆的横摆与侧向运动,建立非线性二自由度模型,如图1所示。
车辆动力学模型可表示为:
r ˙ = ( l f F y f - l r F y r + M z ) / I z z v ˙ = a y - r v x a y = ( F y f + F y r ) / m
式中:r为横摆率,vxvy分别为纵向速度、侧向速度,lflr分别为重心到前、后轴的距离,FyfFyr分别为前、后轴侧向力,Izz为横摆转动惯量,Mz为制动实现的直接横摆力矩,ay为侧向加速度,m为整车质量。
为保证模型精度,轮胎力模型采用魔术公式[14]

Fy=Dsin[C arctan(-E(-arctan))]

式中:BCDE为轮胎参数,α为轮胎侧偏角。
前、后轴的轮胎侧偏角αfαr分别为:
α f = δ f - a r c t a n [ ( v y + l f r ) / v x ] α r = δ r - a r c t a n [ ( v y + l r r ) / v x ]
式中:δfδr分别为前、后轮转向角。
模型的主要参数如表1所示。
后轮转向与制动协同控制器如图2所示:后轮转向控制部分为前馈结构,根据车速vx和前轮转向角δf直接计算后轮转向角δr和稳态横摆率rs,并通过车速的增益函数h(vx)调节作用强度;制动控制部分为反馈结构,使用横摆率作为反馈信号跟踪期望横摆率,输出各轮缸压力pi,并根据阻尼比ζ和上升时间τ调整作用强度。
受最大转速约束,后轮转向系统响应频率虽然不高,但可持续作用,因而其低频特性优于高频特性;制动系统响应速度较快,但持续作用会引起热衰退,因而其高频特性优于低频特性。为保证传感器频率特性,使用后轮转向控制系统的低频响应,尤其是稳态特性,使用制动控制系统的瞬态响应。
分析汽车稳态转向行为,可为控制器的设计提供思路。由于制动系统无法长时间工作,稳态分析时无需考虑Mz。令式(1)中 r ˙=0、 v ˙ y=0,得到稳态方程:
0 = ( l f F y f - l r F y r ) / I z z 0 = a y - r s v x
式中:rs为稳态值s的稳态横摆率。
对稳态方程进行分析可知,在车速vx和前轮转向角δf给定的情况下,稳态横摆率rs由稳态质心侧偏角βs和后轮转向角δr决定,如图3所示。
rsβs视为vxδfδr的函数,分别记作rs=frs(vx,δf,δf)、βs=fβs(vx,δf,δr)。求解方程0=fβs(vx,δf,δr),当βs=0时,后轮转向角为δr=g(vx,δf),如图4所示。
车辆低速行驶时,δr为负,表示前、后轮转向角方向相反;高速行驶时,δr为正,表示前、后轮转向角方向相同。同时,|δr|随δf的增大而增大,随着横摆率的饱和而饱和。进而可得到质心侧偏角为0时,对应的稳态横摆率为frs(vx,δf,g(vx,δf)),如图5所示。
后轮转向可减小质心侧偏角,在g(vx,δf)基础上引入可调系数调节作用强度,可调系数k=h(vx)为车速的函数,则后轮转向角可表示为:

δr=k·g(vx,δf), 0≤k≤1

k=0时,后轮转向角为0,转向特性相当于传统前轮转向车辆;当k=1时,质心侧偏角完全消除,稳态横摆率如图5所示。横摆增益在车辆低速行驶时过大,而高速行驶时过小,且存在严重的不足转向;当0<k<1时,质心侧偏角一定程度减小,稳态横摆率则处于0侧偏角原则和传统前轮转向车辆之间。
后轮转向控制器的结构如图6所示,其输出为后轮转向角δr和稳态横摆率rs
k分别选取0、0.25、0.5、0.75和1.00时,对应的稳态横摆率如图7所示,稳态质心侧偏角如图8所示。此时,稳态横摆率可表示为:

rs=frs(vx,δf,g(vx,δf))

根据车辆的动力学模型,将以前轮转向角为输入、横摆率为输出的动态关系近似为二阶系统。因此,利用瞬态期望横摆率构建二阶系统的传递函数。典型的二阶系统传递函数为:
P s = ω n 2 s 2 + 2 ζ ω n s + ω n 2
式中:ωn为无阻尼振荡频率。
二阶系统的上升时间可表示为:
t r = π - θ ) / ω d θ = a r c t a n 1 - ζ 2 ζ
式中:ωd为有阻尼振荡频率,且ωd=ωn 1 - ζ 2θ为二阶系统响应中极点、原点的连线与负实轴的夹角。
ζ决定二阶系统的响应特性,如图9所示,其中y为二阶系统对阶跃信号的响应。
综合考虑超调与响应速度,选取瞬态期望横摆率的阻尼比ζ=0.9,并将上升时间tr作为可调参数τ,根据τ计算出对应的ωdωn,进而决定瞬态期望横摆率的响应传递函数:
r d s r s s = 38.1 τ 2 s 2 + 11.1 τ s + 38.1
上升时间τ越小,制动作用强度越大。不同τ对应的瞬态期望横摆率rd图10所示。
制动控制用于调节车辆横摆响应动态特性,采用反馈结构,如图11所示。瞬态期望横摆率模块根据稳态横摆率rs以及可调参数ζτ得到瞬态期望横摆率rd;控制器根据瞬态期望横摆率rd与反馈信号r的偏差er得到控制量直接横摆力矩Mz;制动力分配模块根据车辆状态得到各轮缸压力pi,从而计算出Mz
控制器采用高通滤波的比例控制,其传递函数为:

Mz(s)/er(s)=s/(s+0.1)

模型摄动或外界扰动可产生横摆率的稳态误差,高通滤波可消除该稳态误差引起Mz的低频分量,有效避免制动系统的长时间作用。
利用单侧车轮制动得到直接横摆力矩Mz,从而实现制动力分配。由于制动力属于轮胎纵向力,对侧向力具有削弱作用,如图12所示,相同轮胎侧偏角条件下,纵向力越大,侧向力越小。
因此,制动力分配的基本原则为:当转向不足时,控制器制动后轮;当转向过度时,控制器制动前轮。具体的分配策略如表2所示。
其中,p1p2p3p4分别为左前、右前、左后和右后轮缸的压力,dfdr分别为前、后轴的轮距,R为轮胎半径,kb为制动摩擦因数,即制动力矩与制动压力的比值。
本文控制器引入3个可调参数,即k=h(vx)、ζτ,在工程应用中,可调整以上参数对车辆操控性进行调校,包括横摆增益特性、横摆响应时间以及横摆阻尼。
车辆的横摆增益是车辆操控性中最重要的稳态指标之一,通过调节后轮转向作用强度k调节横摆增益,对车辆转向行为的影响如图13所示。低速行驶时,前轮与后轮转向角方向相反,增大k会增大横摆增益;高速行驶时,前轮与后轮转向角方向相同,增大k则减小横摆增益。通过调节不同车速下的k,即调节函数h(vx)可实现不同车速所需的横摆增益。
其中,
k 1 = 1 k 2 = 0.4 k 3 = - 0.014   6 v x + 1.066   7
低速行驶时,令k3接近k1,此时横摆增益大,质心侧偏角接近0;而在高速行驶时,令k3接近k2,横摆增益相较于k1下降不明显。
在工程应用中,可用MAP表示函数h(vx)。调校过程中,在特定速度下进行J-turn工况转向,感受该速度下的横摆增益,据此调整该速度下的h(vx)函数值。
横摆响应时间对车辆瞬态横摆响应至关重要。通过调整控制器中参数τ可调节横摆响应时间,车速为20 m/s且转向盘转向角阶跃90°输入的工况下,不同τ对应的横摆率响应和直接横摆力矩如图14所示。
建立横摆率前期,即10.3 s以内,τ越小,横摆率上升越快,所需的直接横摆力矩越大;建立横摆率后期,即第10.3~10.6 s,控制目标是减小横摆超调,τ越大,所需的负向直接横摆力矩越大。
实际工程中,在进行J-turn工况转向时,需兼顾横摆率响应时间和拖拽感,调节参数τ以获取最优的操控性体验。
横摆响应阻尼也是衡量车辆瞬态横摆响应品质的重要指标之一。通过调节控制器中的参数ζ改变横摆响应时间,在车速20 m/s且转向盘转向角阶跃90°输入的工况下,不同ζ对应的横摆率响应和直接横摆力矩如图15所示。
图15中,曲线对应τ=0.2 s,因此,上升时间一致。ζ越大,超调越小,但为了维持相同的响应时间,前期横摆率上升得越快,所需的直接横摆力矩越大。
实际工程中,需通过调校响应时间τ和阻尼ζ优化瞬态横摆响应特性。
本文提出基于后轮转向与制动协同的车辆操控性可调控制方法,成功改善了转向过度和难以工程应用的问题,所提出方法不仅能够精细调节后轮转向和制动作用的强度,还能够通过可调参数实现车辆操控性的灵活调校。试验结果表明,该方法能够有效改善车辆的质心侧偏角和横摆响应速度,进而提升车辆的操控稳定性和安全性,同时,可根据不同的驾驶条件和驾驶者的偏好,优化车辆的操控表现。此外,该方法计算复杂度较低且无需质心侧偏角估计,为其在工程实践中的应用提供了便利。
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doi: 10.19620/j.cnki.1000-3703.20231032
  • 首发时间:2025-12-23
  • 出版时间:2024-04-24
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    1 中国第一汽车集团有限公司,长春 130013
    2 哈尔滨工业大学,哈尔滨 150000
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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