Article(id=1210313827623768528, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, issueId=1210313826461938263, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19620/j.cnki.1000-3703.20240028, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766490903049, onlineDateStr=2025-12-23, pubDate=1713888000000, pubDateStr=2024-04-24, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766490903049, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766490903049, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766490903049, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1210313826461938263, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, year='2024', volume='', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='62', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766490902772, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766493660540, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210325393450595104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, issueId=1210313826461938263, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210325393450595105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, issueId=1210313826461938263, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=15, endPage=23, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1210313827871232466, articleId=1210313827623768528, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, language=EN, title=Damage Analysis of Occupant in Front Collision of High Tilt Seat Based on THUMS Digital Human Body Model, columnId=1210313827376296538, journalTitle=Automobile Technology, columnName=Selected Papers of International Forum of Automotive Traffic, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Based on THUMS digital human model, this paper studied the occupant injury characteristics of rear attitude frontal collision in a large tilt seat and discussed the mechanism of occupant injury. As the result shows, compared with regular sitting posture, on the one hand, the traditional restraint system cannot realize the effective restraint on the occupant under the reclining posture, which easily causes injury of occupant’s abdomen, thorax and neck due to descending of occupant. On the other hand, the occupant’s spine is subjected to a large axial acceleration load, and there is a risk of injury due to the seat cushion. Finally, based on the characteristics and mechanism of occupant injury, the paper also discussed the strategies on occupant protection in a large seat.

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基于某大倾角座椅,利用THUMS数字人体模型,研究了座椅后倾姿态正面碰撞条件下的乘员损伤特征,并讨论了乘员损伤机理。研究结果表明,相较于常规坐姿,一方面大倾角座椅后倾姿态下传统约束系统无法实现乘员的有效约束,乘员易发生下潜而造成腹部、胸部、颈部的损伤风险,另一方面由于座椅的作用,乘员脊柱受到较大的轴向加速度载荷,存在损伤风险。最后,基于乘员的损伤特征及机理,进一步讨论了后倾姿态下乘员保护策略。

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雷飞兵,比亚迪汽车工业有限公司,
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基于THUMS数字人体模型的大倾角座椅正面碰撞乘员损伤分析
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许泽亚 , 谢金萍 , 雷飞兵 , 蔡娅妮
汽车技术 | 2023 国际汽车交通安全学术会议优秀论文专题 2024,(4): 15-23
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汽车技术 | 2023 国际汽车交通安全学术会议优秀论文专题 2024, (4): 15-23
基于THUMS数字人体模型的大倾角座椅正面碰撞乘员损伤分析
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许泽亚, 谢金萍, 雷飞兵 , 蔡娅妮
作者信息
  • 比亚迪汽车工业有限公司,深圳 518118

通讯作者:

雷飞兵,比亚迪汽车工业有限公司,
Damage Analysis of Occupant in Front Collision of High Tilt Seat Based on THUMS Digital Human Body Model
Zeya Xu, Jinping Xie, Feibing Lei , Yani Cai
Affiliations
  • BYD Automotive Industry Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518118
出版时间: 2024-04-24 doi: 10.19620/j.cnki.1000-3703.20240028
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基于某大倾角座椅,利用THUMS数字人体模型,研究了座椅后倾姿态正面碰撞条件下的乘员损伤特征,并讨论了乘员损伤机理。研究结果表明,相较于常规坐姿,一方面大倾角座椅后倾姿态下传统约束系统无法实现乘员的有效约束,乘员易发生下潜而造成腹部、胸部、颈部的损伤风险,另一方面由于座椅的作用,乘员脊柱受到较大的轴向加速度载荷,存在损伤风险。最后,基于乘员的损伤特征及机理,进一步讨论了后倾姿态下乘员保护策略。

乘员保护  /  大倾角座椅  /  数字人体模型  /  损伤机理

Based on THUMS digital human model, this paper studied the occupant injury characteristics of rear attitude frontal collision in a large tilt seat and discussed the mechanism of occupant injury. As the result shows, compared with regular sitting posture, on the one hand, the traditional restraint system cannot realize the effective restraint on the occupant under the reclining posture, which easily causes injury of occupant’s abdomen, thorax and neck due to descending of occupant. On the other hand, the occupant’s spine is subjected to a large axial acceleration load, and there is a risk of injury due to the seat cushion. Finally, based on the characteristics and mechanism of occupant injury, the paper also discussed the strategies on occupant protection in a large seat.

Occupant protection  /  High tilt seat  /  Digital human body model  /  Damage mechanism
许泽亚, 谢金萍, 雷飞兵, 蔡娅妮. 基于THUMS数字人体模型的大倾角座椅正面碰撞乘员损伤分析. 汽车技术, 2024 , (4) : 15 -23 . DOI: 10.19620/j.cnki.1000-3703.20240028
Zeya Xu, Jinping Xie, Feibing Lei, Yani Cai. Damage Analysis of Occupant in Front Collision of High Tilt Seat Based on THUMS Digital Human Body Model[J]. Automobile Technology, 2024 , (4) : 15 -23 . DOI: 10.19620/j.cnki.1000-3703.20240028
随着汽车向“移动的第三生活空间”转变,车内智能化功能需求外,智能座舱驾乘的舒适性、安全性需求大幅提升。大倾角座椅、零重力座椅可满足乘员在驾乘过程中的舒适性需求,大幅度提升驾乘体验,是当前智能座舱发展应用的热点技术领域[1]。然而,由于乘员在后倾姿态正面碰撞中受力特征和载荷传递路径均与传统姿态存在显著不同,当前的乘员约束系统无法满足后倾姿态下乘员保护的需求,限制了大倾角、零重力座椅等技术的应用场景[2-5]。目前,各整车制造商在后倾座椅的说明指南中均建议只能在驻车状态下使用,后倾姿态下的乘员保护问题是相关技术应用的痛点[6]
为了解决后倾姿态下乘员的保护问题,首先应分析乘员在大倾角、零重力座椅等后倾姿态下的损伤特征与机理。汽车碰撞假人(Anthropomorphic Test Dummies,ATD)是汽车碰撞安全试验的最主要工具之一,Yoganandan等[7]指出,以Hybrid III假人为代表的ATD可以较好地满足各种工况的需求,相关技术是否需要进一步发展取决于汽车约束系统评估的需求。近年来,智能座舱下各种复杂姿态对乘员损伤及约束系统评估提出了新的要求。数字人体模型使用有限元方法对人体建模,理论上可以分析任何工况下的乘员损伤[8]。当前,已经有多款数字人体模型广泛应用于车辆安全领域[9-11]。THUMS数字人体模型由日本丰田公司于2000年推出,2021年1月,THUMS数字人体模型无偿公开。
为分析大倾角座椅后倾坐姿下乘员损伤的特征与风险,本文基于某大倾角座椅,利用V6.1.20版本的THUMS数字人体模型,搭建副驾驶员位置某大倾角座椅的正面碰撞台车模型,研究大倾角座椅在不同后倾角度50 km/h正面碰撞下的乘员损伤风险与特征。在此基础上,进一步分析讨论造成该损伤的机理。最后,基于损伤特征和机理分析讨论大倾角座椅坐姿下的乘员保护策略,为大倾角座椅等后倾座椅姿态下的乘员保护提供参考。
THUMS数字人体模型是基于人体的组织材料和解剖结构特征开发的有限元模型。THUMS 50th数字人体模型模拟了第50百分位的美国男性,其身高174.9 cm,体重78.6 kg[12]。本研究中,选用V6.1.20版本的THUMS数字人体模型模拟大倾角座椅正面碰撞条件下乘员的损伤。本研究中使用的THUMS数字人体模型得到了丰田公司授权。
根据美国国家道路安全管理局的数据,正面碰撞是汽车碰撞中出现频次最高、造成损伤最多的伤害形式。本文选择某车型在现行的C-NCAP测评标准中50 km/h初始速度正面100%重叠刚性壁障碰撞下加速度波形作为输入波形构建台车模型,输入波形如图1所示。选用某大倾角座椅及THUMS数字人体模型,THUMS数字人体模型被三点式安全带约束在大倾角座椅上,座椅分别设置为正常姿态和后倾60°的大倾角姿态,如图2所示。
考虑到本文THUMS数字人体模型下肢并未设置约束,本研究将着重考虑模型上躯干的损伤风险。首先通过乘员的受力及运动状态分析乘员可能的受伤风险,并进一步通过脑部、颈部、胸部、腹部、脊柱等处组织器官的应力-应变、压力等状态,分析乘员的损伤风险。
图3所示为大倾角座椅不同后倾角度正面碰撞中乘员的运动情况。在正常坐姿下,碰撞发生后乘员由于惯性的作用继续向前运动。此时,乘员上躯干主要受到重力、安全带抑制其运动的力以及下躯干传递给它的力,乘员的下躯干受到重力、座椅对其的支撑力和摩擦力、腹部安全带抑制其向前运动的作用力以及上躯干的作用力。在外力作用下,下躯干率先减速并停止与座椅的相对运动,而乘员的上躯干由于惯性的作用继续向前转动。由于此模型中没有安全气囊的作用,乘员身体发生了严重的向前弯曲。
对于大倾角座椅后倾姿态的乘员,其正面碰撞下的运动与受力状态与正常坐姿产生了明显的差异。后倾姿态下,在碰撞发生前、中期,乘员由于惯性作用继续向前运动,由于此时乘员上躯干处于后倾姿态,肩部及胸部安全带在其运动方向上分力较小。此时乘员受到的外力有座椅对乘员的支撑力和摩擦力、重力、安全带对乘员的作用力。如图3b所示,后倾姿态下乘员发生明显下潜,与此同时,安全带腹带从骨盆上滑至腹部并侵入造成损伤风险。安全带拉力的状态也进一步验证了上述分析。如图4所示,后倾姿态下乘员腹部安全带的力较大,最高可达12 500 N,显著增加了腹部内脏损伤的风险。而在碰撞后期,下躯干由于外力的作用逐渐停止运动,上躯干则因为惯性发生转动导致身体发生弯曲。
为进一步表述大倾角姿态下乘员的损伤特征与机理,并分析乘员保护策略,本文结合仿真结果,对大倾角座椅下THUMS数字人体模型各部位的损伤风险、特征及损伤机理进行了分析。
头部损伤根据其特征可以大致分为颅骨损伤和脑损伤。颅骨损伤主要为骨折,以及面部、头皮等软组织较轻微的撕裂伤和挫伤。脑损伤可分为弥散性损伤和局灶性损伤两种类型。由于本文并未设置气囊、组合仪表等,头部未发生碰撞,其所受的载荷主要来源于颈部肌肉力和颈椎力的作用。在此种载荷形式下,头部发生颅骨损伤的可能性较小,因此本文仅考虑脑损伤的风险。
对大倾角座椅下正常坐姿以及后倾姿态下的乘员的颅内压力及颅内等效应力进行了分析,如图5所示。结果显示,相较于常规坐姿,后倾坐姿下乘员的颅内压力及颅内等效应变变大,颅内大片区域的最大颅内等效应变高达30%以上,有发生弥漫性轴索损伤(Diffuse Axonal Injury,DAI)的风险,而这种损伤往往会导致脑震荡[13]。Thomas等[13]的研究已经证明DAI等震荡损伤更可能是由旋转加速度而非线性加速度引起的。
由于本文中头部并未发生碰撞,这种损伤可能归因为颈部肌肉力和颈椎力传递给头部的载荷。需要注意的是,与传统坐姿不同,后倾姿态下难以通过安全气囊等的设置实现对头部的有效约束,相应的保护策略仍需进一步研究。
颈部连接着乘员的上躯干与头部,其本身承载着较大的载荷,考虑到头部和颈部共同构成一个功能实体,头部受载通常意味着颈部受载。先前的研究已经证明,在正面碰撞和低速追尾工况中,乘员颈部会产生复杂的运动学响应,往往会造成颈部软组织的损伤,这一类损伤是交通事故中脊椎最常见的损伤形式[14]。此外,更需要引起关注的是,由于大倾角座椅后倾姿态下乘员发生下潜,安全带会勒紧颈部而造成损伤风险。基于此,本文对于乘员颈部的损伤分析一方面考虑脊椎、椎间盘等的损伤,另一方面也考虑安全带和乘员颈部的相互作用。
正常坐姿下,在碰撞的中后期,颈椎出现较为明显的应力集中区域。Murer等[15]曾详细分析了后碰撞和正面碰撞过程中颈部复杂的运动状态及受到的载荷。如图6所示,正常坐姿下,在碰撞后期,乘员胸椎由于受到安全带等力的作用而停止运动,头部由于惯性继续向前运动,颈椎发生整体弯曲而形成载荷。而在大倾角座椅后倾坐姿下,乘员颈椎早期受到沿轴向的加速度载荷。而在后期,由于胸椎停止运动而头部有继续向前运动的趋势,乘员脊柱发生与正常坐姿下类似的损伤特征与风险。此外,本文还考查了颈部椎间盘的损伤风险。椎间盘是脊椎之间的软组织,其受到较大载荷时有损伤甚至压爆的风险。本研究中,正常坐姿下椎间盘的损伤风险较小。而在后倾姿态下,由于受到较大的轴向加速度载荷,颈椎椎间盘大量区域应力超过损伤阈值11 MPa,有损伤的风险。
另一方面,如前文所描述,由于后倾姿态下乘员容易发生下潜,颈部安全带可能勒紧乘员颈部,造成严重的损伤风险。如图7所示,在后倾姿态下,由于下潜的作用,安全带深深勒入乘员颈部。
胸部由胸廓及其内部的软组织组成,胸部损伤根据结果不同,可分为骨骼损伤和软组织损伤。而对于乘员腹部,其损伤多来源于腹部器官被挤压、拉伸等。本文未设置气囊、转向盘、仪表板等,乘员胸部及腹部的载荷主要来源于安全带[16-17]。根据损伤的形式不同,本文分别考查了胸部肋骨以及心脏、肺部、肝脏、胃等胸腹部内脏的损伤风险。
不论在何种坐姿下,乘员的胸部肋骨均受到较大的超出损伤阈值的载荷,具有较大的损伤风险,如图8所示。由图8可以看出,各姿态下乘员的胸部肋骨均发生了较大的变形。在后倾姿态下,乘员胸部肋骨的最大塑性应变达到13%、而在正常坐姿下高达25%,均远高于胸部肋骨的损伤阈值(3%)[18]。尽管塑性应变及最大等效应力集中区域均发生在胸前软骨的位置,但这仍造成了极大的损伤风险。值得注意的是,各姿态下乘员胸部均受到了较大的载荷并有极大的损伤风险,但其损伤特征和机理具有差异性。在正常坐姿下,乘员的胸部肋骨主要受到肩部及胸前安全带的作用,其变形区域与安全带在其胸前的位置大致重合,其塑性应变和等效应力集中也大致分布在此区域。而随着后倾角度的增加,腹部安全带对胸部肋骨由下向上勒紧的作用逐渐占据主导。此种姿态下,乘员的肋骨发生了较为明显的“上翻”,塑性应变和等效应力集中区域也主要集中在肋骨下部。
在真实事故中,胸部和腹部的内脏器官损伤多源于乘员与汽车内转向盘、仪表板或约束系统发生钝器撞击作用[16]。考虑到内脏器官复杂的结构和物理特征,传统ATD难以精准评价这些部位的伤害,往往以压缩量、受力最大值作为考查指标间接表征这些部位的损伤[19]。本文借助数字人体模型,测试了碰撞中乘员心脏、肺部、肝脏、胃等内脏器官的压力、等效应变等,更加精准地评估了乘员内脏的损伤风险,如图9~图12所示。结果显示,不论在何种坐姿下,乘员各内脏受到的载荷均超过阈值,有较大的损伤风险。值得注意的是,对于心脏、肺等位于胸腔的器官,正常坐姿下的载荷较后倾姿态下更大。这可能是由前文所述的安全带对乘员胸部的勒紧作用所致。而对于位于腹部的器官,如胃、肝脏等,后倾姿态下的载荷则远高于正常坐姿下的载荷,这是由乘员下潜过程中腹部安全带对其腹部的勒紧作用导致。
脊椎是人体头部和躯干的主要承载结构,包括7节颈椎、12节胸椎和5节腰椎[20]。在汽车碰撞领域,关于胸部及腰部脊椎损伤的研究报道并不多见,然而,对于飞行员座椅弹射等工况,胸部及腰部的脊柱损伤却是损伤风险的主要来源之一[20]。Vulcan等[21]首先解释了该工况下脊柱的损伤机理,Prasad等[22]进一步通过尸体试验证明了受到垂直加速度载荷时脊柱的损伤机理。研究结果显示,脊柱中有2条负荷路径将垂直负荷从头部向下传递到骨盆,除椎间盘所承受的负荷外,腰椎还存在小关节面负荷[22]。而在大倾角座椅后倾姿态下,座椅座垫抑制乘员继续向前运动,乘员脊柱受到垂直加速度载荷。尽管如此,与飞行员座椅弹射相比,后倾姿态下的乘员受力状态仍有所差异,这导致其脊柱受到的载荷及损伤特征也有所不同。后倾姿态下,乘员脊柱应力集中发生在碰撞初期。如图13所示,此时贯穿脊柱的中心部位仍出现了较大的应力集中区域,这是典型的轴向载荷。此时脊椎及椎间盘的等效应力均高于阈值,有较大的损伤风险。
而在正常坐姿正面碰撞条件下,乘员脊柱的损伤来源于弯曲产生的压缩载荷。此种工况下乘员脊柱应力集中区域的出现与脊柱弯曲在时间上具有一致性。如图13所示,从空间上看,脊柱的应力集中区域往往分布在腰椎弯曲内侧区域。这是由于乘员腰椎区域发生弯曲而产生压缩载荷。需要解释的是,本文所选择的碰撞波形碰撞条件相对严苛,且未设置安全气囊,因此脊柱损伤风险较大。在实际工况下,安全气囊等的设置能够显著减轻此种损伤风险。但仍需要注意的是,正面碰撞下三点式安全带的使用可能造成胸部不能向前移动而使后凸的胸椎变直,进而导致胸部及腰部的脊柱压缩载荷,从而造成损伤[23]
综上,在各后倾角度下,乘员均承受了较大的损伤风险。然而,由于不同姿态下乘员受力状态、载荷传递路径、运动状态均不相同,其损伤特征及损伤机理也存在较大差异。对于坐姿下的乘员损伤,大量的研究与实践已经证明,通过安全气囊等约束系统的设置可以有效缓解损伤。而对于后倾姿态的乘员,传统的乘员保护系统已经无法完成对其的有效保护,需对其保护策略进行研究。
研究损伤生物力学的主要动机是挽救生命和减少损伤带来的痛苦[7]。在车辆安全领域,研究乘员的损伤特征及机理的最终目的则是更好地指导约束系统设计,实现对乘员的有效保护。大倾角座椅后倾姿态下乘员的损伤风险主要有两个来源,一方面,传统的三点式安全带无法实现对大倾角座椅后倾姿态下乘员的有效约束,另一方面,由于座椅的作用,乘员脊柱受到了较大的轴向加速度载荷,引起脊柱损伤的风险。因此,研究大倾角座椅后倾姿态下的乘员保护策略,关键在于处理好上述损伤风险。
对于后倾姿态正面碰撞下的乘员损伤特征及约束策略,研究者已完成了大量重要的工作[24-27]。唐亮等[28]从运动学的角度分析了后倾乘员下潜的原因,认为向前运动的过程中上躯干运动和髋部的运动不协调导致了安全带勒入腹部。周青等[4]进一步研究并设计了均衡约束系统:在碰撞初期通过较强的膝部约束限制下肢的运动,同时允许上躯干自由转动,借助惯性力的作用,将乘员姿态调整到较为竖直的状态,之后再按照保护正常坐姿乘员进行保护。对于大倾角座椅,乘员的上躯干往往向后倾角更大,且乘员小腿由于腿托的作用也处于水平姿态,这进一步增大了乘员保护的难度。尽管如此,上述研究仍为大倾角座椅后倾姿态下的乘员保护策略开发提供了极为重要的借鉴。通过各种技术的应用,使后倾姿态乘员回归正常姿态,然后通过传统的约束系统对其进行保护是较为理想的策略。这一方面可以通过对乘员的下肢进行有效约束,另一方面也可以结合主动安全技术使后倾座椅提前回位实现。此外,从缓解乘员脊柱载荷的角度考虑,合理地设置吸能缓冲装置是减轻乘员损伤风险的另一种有效策略。航天飞机、赛车中均设置有吸能结构用以实现对于乘员脊柱的保护。对于车用大倾角座椅,也可以设置类似的吸能结构以减轻乘员损伤。
本文利用THUMS数字人体模型,分析了正面碰撞时副驾驶员位置某大倾角座椅下乘员的损伤特征及机理,并进一步讨论了可行的乘员保护策略。通过上述分析,可以得到如下结论:
a. 在大倾角座椅不同后倾角度下,乘员受到的力及载荷传递路径不同,运动状态也不相同,这造成了乘员不同的损伤特征;
b. 相较于常规坐姿,后倾姿态下传统约束系统无法实现对乘员的约束,乘员易发生下潜,造成腹部、胸部、颈部的损伤风险;
c. 大倾角座椅后倾姿态下由于座椅的作用,乘员脊柱受到了较大的轴向加速度载荷,造成脊柱损伤风险;
d. 为实现对大倾角座椅后倾姿态下乘员的保护,一方面可以考虑对后倾姿态乘员施加新的约束,另一方面也可以考虑对座椅设置缓冲吸能结构。
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doi: 10.19620/j.cnki.1000-3703.20240028
  • 首发时间:2025-12-23
  • 出版时间:2024-04-24
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    比亚迪汽车工业有限公司,深圳 518118

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雷飞兵,比亚迪汽车工业有限公司,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Genus
种数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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