Article(id=1210313827355325017, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, issueId=1210313826461938263, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19620/j.cnki.1000-3703.20230914, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766490902985, onlineDateStr=2025-12-23, pubDate=1713888000000, pubDateStr=2024-04-24, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766490902985, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-23, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766490902985, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766490902985, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1210313826461938263, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, year='2024', volume='', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='62', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766490902772, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766493660540, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210325393450595104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, issueId=1210313826461938263, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210325393450595105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, issueId=1210313826461938263, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=47, endPage=56, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1210313827623760479, articleId=1210313827355325017, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, language=EN, title=Optimal Design of Bionic Cold Plate Structure of Power Battery Based on MOPSO, columnId=1210313827376296538, journalTitle=Automobile Technology, columnName=Selected Papers of International Forum of Automotive Traffic, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To improve the cooling effect, this paper proposed a highly symmetrical bionic network channel cold plate. It firstly analyzed the influence of the cold plate’s structure parameters on its performance through single-factor analysis, then, optimized the structure parameters of the cold plate using the Multi-ObjectiveParticle Swarm Optimization (MOPSO) algorithm, with the average temperature, temperature standard deviation, and coolant pressure loss of the cold plate serving as performance indexes. The optimal channel width, channel depth, and cold plate wall thickness were found to be 9.0 mm, 1.5 mm, and 1.4 mm respectively. The corresponding average temperature, temperature standard deviation, and pressure loss were measured as 33.20 ℃, 1.33 ℃, and 65.63 Pa respectively. When compared with the initial structural parameters, the optimized mean temperature and temperature standard deviation decreased by 1.92 ℃ and 0.02 ℃ respectively, while the pressure loss increased by 27.10 Pa. Finally, the optimization results were verified using the battery module.

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为了提高锂离子电池的冷却效果,提出一种高度对称的仿生网状流道冷板。首先,利用单因子分析法分析了冷板结构参数对其性能的影响,然后,以冷板的平均温度、温度标准差和冷却液压力损失为性能指标,采用多目标粒子群优化(MOPSO)算法对冷板的结构参数进行了优化,得到性能最优时的流道宽度、流道深度和冷板壁厚分别为9.0 mm、1.5 mm和1.4 mm,对应的平均温度、温度标准差和压力损失分别为33.20 ℃、1.33 ℃和65.63 Pa,相比于初始结构参数,优化后的平均温度和温度标准差分别下降1.92 ℃和0.02 ℃,但压力损失增大27.10 Pa。最后,在电池模组层面验证了优化结果。

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张春化(1963—),男,陕西咸阳人,教授,工学博士,主要研究方向为新能源汽车,
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物理性质 冷板 冷却液
密度/kg·m-3 2 719 1 054.8
比热容/J·(kg·℃)-1 891 3 300
导热率/W·(m·℃)-1 202.4 0.384
粘性系数/Pa·s 0.003 39
冰点/℃ -36.7
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冷板和冷却液的物理性质

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物理性质 冷板 冷却液
密度/kg·m-3 2 719 1 054.8
比热容/J·(kg·℃)-1 891 3 300
导热率/W·(m·℃)-1 202.4 0.384
粘性系数/Pa·s 0.003 39
冰点/℃ -36.7
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项目 x1 x2 x3
下限 3.00 1.50 0.20
上限 9.00 3.00 1.40
初始 6.00 2.25 0.80
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各结构参数的取值范围 mm

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项目 x1 x2 x3
下限 3.00 1.50 0.20
上限 9.00 3.00 1.40
初始 6.00 2.25 0.80
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序号 冷板结构参数 冷板性能参数
x1/mm x2/mm x3/mm Tave/℃ Tstd/℃ Δp/Pa
1 3.000 1.680 0.776 35.898 1.320 235.867
2 3.240 3.000 1.400 36.744 0.958 57.418
3 3.480 2.940 0.200 36.627 1.608 52.099
26 9.000 2.280 1.112 34.193 1.336 20.992
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抽样点与冷板性能参数

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序号 冷板结构参数 冷板性能参数
x1/mm x2/mm x3/mm Tave/℃ Tstd/℃ Δp/Pa
1 3.000 1.680 0.776 35.898 1.320 235.867
2 3.240 3.000 1.400 36.744 0.958 57.418
3 3.480 2.940 0.200 36.627 1.608 52.099
26 9.000 2.280 1.112 34.193 1.336 20.992
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序号 冷板结构参数 冷板性能参数
x1/mm x2/mm x3/mm Tave/℃ Tstd/℃ Δp/Pa
1 9.00 1.63 0.20 32.39 2.13 51.03
2 3.66 3.00 1.40 36.69 0.97 43.55
3 9.00 2.34 0.41 34.04 1.82 20.53
500 9.00 2.88 0.77 34.95 1.49 12.50
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MOPSO帕累托前沿

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序号 冷板结构参数 冷板性能参数
x1/mm x2/mm x3/mm Tave/℃ Tstd/℃ Δp/Pa
1 9.00 1.63 0.20 32.39 2.13 51.03
2 3.66 3.00 1.40 36.69 0.97 43.55
3 9.00 2.34 0.41 34.04 1.82 20.53
500 9.00 2.88 0.77 34.95 1.49 12.50
), ArticleFig(id=1210323700998598853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, articleId=1210313827355325017, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
性能指标 平均温度/℃ 温度标准差/℃ 压力损失/Pa
预测值 32.60 1.25 65.20
仿真值 33.20 1.33 65.63
相对误差/% 1.8 6.0 0.7
), ArticleFig(id=1210323701082484936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, articleId=1210313827355325017, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

熵权法选择结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
性能指标 平均温度/℃ 温度标准差/℃ 压力损失/Pa
预测值 32.60 1.25 65.20
仿真值 33.20 1.33 65.63
相对误差/% 1.8 6.0 0.7
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基于多目标粒子群优化算法的动力电池仿生冷板结构优化设计*
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张荃 , 张春化 , 康渝佳
汽车技术 | 2023 国际汽车交通安全学术会议优秀论文专题 2024,(4): 47-56
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汽车技术 | 2023 国际汽车交通安全学术会议优秀论文专题 2024, (4): 47-56
基于多目标粒子群优化算法的动力电池仿生冷板结构优化设计*
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张荃, 张春化 , 康渝佳
作者信息
  • 长安大学,西安 710018

通讯作者:

张春化(1963—),男,陕西咸阳人,教授,工学博士,主要研究方向为新能源汽车,
Optimal Design of Bionic Cold Plate Structure of Power Battery Based on MOPSO
Quan Zhang, Chunhua Zhang , Yujia Kang
Affiliations
  • Chang’an University, Xi’an 710018
出版时间: 2024-04-24 doi: 10.19620/j.cnki.1000-3703.20230914
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为了提高锂离子电池的冷却效果,提出一种高度对称的仿生网状流道冷板。首先,利用单因子分析法分析了冷板结构参数对其性能的影响,然后,以冷板的平均温度、温度标准差和冷却液压力损失为性能指标,采用多目标粒子群优化(MOPSO)算法对冷板的结构参数进行了优化,得到性能最优时的流道宽度、流道深度和冷板壁厚分别为9.0 mm、1.5 mm和1.4 mm,对应的平均温度、温度标准差和压力损失分别为33.20 ℃、1.33 ℃和65.63 Pa,相比于初始结构参数,优化后的平均温度和温度标准差分别下降1.92 ℃和0.02 ℃,但压力损失增大27.10 Pa。最后,在电池模组层面验证了优化结果。

网状流道冷板  /  单因素分析  /  多目标粒子群优化算法  /  最优拉丁超立方抽样  /  熵权法

To improve the cooling effect, this paper proposed a highly symmetrical bionic network channel cold plate. It firstly analyzed the influence of the cold plate’s structure parameters on its performance through single-factor analysis, then, optimized the structure parameters of the cold plate using the Multi-ObjectiveParticle Swarm Optimization (MOPSO) algorithm, with the average temperature, temperature standard deviation, and coolant pressure loss of the cold plate serving as performance indexes. The optimal channel width, channel depth, and cold plate wall thickness were found to be 9.0 mm, 1.5 mm, and 1.4 mm respectively. The corresponding average temperature, temperature standard deviation, and pressure loss were measured as 33.20 ℃, 1.33 ℃, and 65.63 Pa respectively. When compared with the initial structural parameters, the optimized mean temperature and temperature standard deviation decreased by 1.92 ℃ and 0.02 ℃ respectively, while the pressure loss increased by 27.10 Pa. Finally, the optimization results were verified using the battery module.

Network channel cold plate  /  Single factor analysis  /  Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization (MOPSO) algorithm  /  Optimal Latin hypercube sampling  /  Entropy weight method
张荃, 张春化, 康渝佳. 基于多目标粒子群优化算法的动力电池仿生冷板结构优化设计*. 汽车技术, 2024 , (4) : 47 -56 . DOI: 10.19620/j.cnki.1000-3703.20230914
Quan Zhang, Chunhua Zhang, Yujia Kang. Optimal Design of Bionic Cold Plate Structure of Power Battery Based on MOPSO[J]. Automobile Technology, 2024 , (4) : 47 -56 . DOI: 10.19620/j.cnki.1000-3703.20230914
电动汽车因清洁高效等优点得到快速发展,但电动汽车的动力源锂离子电池对工作环境要求较为严格,最佳工作温度范围为25~40 ℃[1]
目前,动力电池热管理常采用风冷、液冷、热管冷却和相变材料冷却4种方式。其中,液冷系统具有结构紧凑、换热效率高等优点,被美国可再生能源实验室认定为电动汽车动力电池热管理的首选方案[2]。方形电池表面平整,通常使用冷板冷却,主要通过冷却液与冷板之间的对流换热实现热交换,其流道形式主要有矩形直流道[3]、蛇形流道[4]、U形流道[5]和楔形流道[6]等。冷板的结构参数对冷板的性能具有显著影响:Wang等[7]在综合考虑电池最高温度、平均温度和压力损失的情况下,采用多目标遗传算法优化了蛇形流道的结构参数和冷却液的流速;Dong等[8]在并联流道的基础上提出了一种并联流道与蛇形流道复合的新型冷却流道,使用响应面法预测了冷板结构参数对冷板性能的影响;Qian等[9]通过数值模拟的方法研究了冷板流道数量对I型并行式流道冷板性能的影响;Huang等[10]将原有的直角流道改为流线型流道,通过仿真计算发现,该方案可以减少进口歧管处的涡流,从而降低压力损失。此外,仿生流道也是一种新的设计思路,孙安梁[11]、张甫仁[12]和Liu等[13]先后提出了基于叶脉的仿生流道冷板,并利用正交试验法和遗传算法对其结构参数进行了优化。
具有多个出入口的对称网状冷板相对于常规冷板,往往具有更优的性能,但目前关于此类冷板的研究相对较少,因此,在前人研究的基础上,本文仿照蜘蛛网的结构,提出了一种具有对称结构的网状流道,以冷板平均温度、温度标准差和压力损失为评价指标,利用Fluent软件通过多目标粒子群优化(Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization,MOPSO)算法优化冷却流道的宽度和深度、冷板壁厚,获得最优的结构参数,并在电池模组层面上验证优化后的冷板的冷却性能,以期为电动汽车动力电池热管理设计提供依据。
冷板作为电池液冷系统中的重要部件,在设计过程中,需要综合考虑冷却效果、压力损失、轻量化和加工难度等因素。冷板的性能往往与冷却流道的几何形状相关。为了保证冷却液与单流道冷板的接触面积,需要设计较长的流道。这会带来两方面缺陷:过长的流道会导致冷却液在接近出口端由于温度过高而失去冷却能力,同时伴随着过高的压力损失;为了减小进、出口位置冷却液的温差,往往需要增大冷却液的流量,会导致压力损失进一步增加。如图1所示,本文设计了一种多出入口网状流道冷板,布置在电池两侧。
冷板材质为铝,具有良好的导热性能,且密度仅为铜的1/3,这对电池热管理系统的轻量化设计非常有利;冷却液选用体积分数为50%的乙二醇水溶液。表1所示为冷板和冷却液在25 ℃下的物理性质。
本文主要研究冷板的性能指标,为了简化计算模型,将单体电池在3 C放电倍率下的产热率等效为均匀热流密度的形式施加在冷板两侧,取热流密度为2 000 W/m2,则冷却液的质量流量为:
q m = Φ c c ( T o u t - T i n )
式中:qm为冷却液的质量流量,Φ为电池的产热率,cc为冷却液的比热容,TinTout分别为冷却液的入口平均温度、出口平均温度。
由式(1)估算获得冷却液的质量流量为2×10-3 kg/s。
对冷板而言,热量的传递形式只有扩散项和非稳态项,因此,冷板的能量守恒方程可以表示为:
T t = λ ρ c p 2 T
式中:T为温度,t为时间,λ为导热系数,ρ为密度,cp为比热容。
对冷却液而言,热量的传递形式除扩散项和非稳态项外,还存在对流项,其能量守恒方程为:
T t + ( T U ) = λ ρ c c 2 T
冷却液流动的质量守恒方程和动量守恒方程为:
U = 0
U t + ( U U ) = - 1 ρ p + η 2 U
式中:U为速度矢量,η为运动粘度。
图2所示,在忽略重力的情况下,本文所研究的冷板在3个方向上均对称,因此只需要对1/8模型划分网格。电池与冷板的接触面设置为第二类边界条件,热流密度为2 000 W/m2;入口边界条件设置为冷却液质量流量,本文只计算1/8区域,质量流量设置为2.5×10-4 kg/s,入口温度为25 ℃;出口边界条件设置为压力,出口背压为0 Pa;其余壁面均为绝热边界。
图3所示为冷却液温度25 ℃、质量流量2×10-3 kg/s时,冷板最高温度、温度标准差和压力损失随着网格数量的变化情况。由图3可以看出,在网格数量为212 376个时,最高温度、温度标准差和压力损失均开始趋于稳定,与网格数量为804 213个时相比,相对误差分别为0.021%、0.143%和0.231%,因此,综合考虑计算精度和成本,本文控制其他模型的网格数量在20×104个左右。
为了研究流道宽度对冷板性能的影响,在流道深度为2.0 mm、冷板壁厚为0.4 mm的基础上,对流道宽度设计了7个水平,分别为3.0 mm、4.0 mm、5.0 mm、6.0 mm、7.0 mm、8.0 mm和9.0 mm,图4所示为不同流道宽度对应的最高温度和平均温度的变化趋势。可以看出,随着流道宽度的增加,冷板的最高温度和平均温度均下降,这主要是因为增加流道宽度的同时增加了冷却液与冷板的接触面积,减小了热量从冷板表面传递到冷却液这一过程的热阻,热量传递所需要的温差也会相应减小。
图5所示为不同流道宽度所对应的温度标准差和压力损失。可以看出,随着冷却流道宽度的增加,温度标准差增加,且增加的速率逐渐加快。这可以从热阻的角度给出解释,冷板流道宽度增加,冷板中冷却液的占比增加,由于冷却液的热阻远大于铝,导致冷板y向和z向的热阻增加,冷板壁面温度分布的均匀性随之下降。此外,随着流道宽度增加,压力损失下降,但下降的速率逐渐变慢。在流体力学中,压力损失与流体流速的平方成正比,在冷却液质量流量保持不变的情况下,冷却液的压力损失与流道宽度倒数的平方成正比,这也是压力损失下降速率逐渐变慢的原因。
为了研究流道深度对冷板性能的影响,本文在流道宽度为8.0 mm、冷板壁厚为0.4 mm的基础上,对流道深度设计了6个水平,分别为1.5 mm、1.8 mm、2.1 mm、2.4 mm、2.7 mm和3.0 mm。图6所示为不同流道深度对应的最高温度和平均温度。可以看出,冷板的最高温度和平均温度均随着流道深度的增加而上升。流道深度的增加导致了冷却液的流速下降,冷却液在流动的过程中被持续加热,在靠近出口处的温度升高,导致冷板的最高温度上升。同时,冷却液对流换热的强度也随之下降,这是冷板平均温度提高的原因。
图7所示为不同流道深度下的温度标准差和压力损失。冷板的温度标准差随着流道深度的增加而下降。与流道宽度对温度标准差的影响相似,也可以从y向和z向的热阻方面解释这一现象,冷板流道深度增加,导致冷板整体厚度增加,相应地,整体热阻下降,冷板壁面温度分布的均匀性也有所提高。此外,流道深度增加导致了压力损失下降,且下降速率会被抑制。前文已经指出,冷却液的压力损失与流速的平方成正比,在冷却液质量流量保持不变的情况下,压力损失与流道深度倒数的平方也成反比。
为了研究冷板壁厚对冷板性能的影响,本文在流道宽度为8.0 mm、流道深度为2.0 mm的基础上对冷板壁厚设计了7个水平,分别为0.2 mm、0.4 mm、0.6 mm、0.8 mm、1.0 mm、1.2 mm和1.4 mm。图8所示为不同冷板壁厚对应的最高温度和平均温度。可以看出,随着冷板壁厚增加,冷板的最高温度均呈现下降趋势,而冷板的平均温度呈现上升趋势。壁厚的增加导致了y向和z向的热阻下降,冷板壁面均温能力增强,会导致冷板的最高温度有所下降,冷板的最低温度也相应上升。而导致冷板平均温度上升的原因是,冷板的壁厚增加导致x向的热阻增大,在通过同等热流条件下,需要更大的温差作为驱动力,因此,冷板的平均温度提高。
图9所示为不同壁厚对应的温度标准差和压力损失。可以看出,随着冷板壁厚的增加,温度标准差呈现下降趋势。前文已经指出,增加壁厚有利于壁面温度分布更加均匀,相应地,温度标准差也会下降。因此,在冷板的设计过程中,为保证电池表面温度分布均匀,应该适当增加冷板的壁厚,同时也可以提升冷板抵抗形变的能力,但也要考虑冷板的轻量化设计。此外,由于冷板壁厚的变化并未改变流道的结构,并且冷却液的质量流量保持恒定,故冷却液的流动状态是相同的。因此,冷却液的压力损失基本维持在33.6 Pa。
由第4章可知,冷板的结构参数对冷板各项性能指标的作用效果不尽相同,例如,减小流道深度,虽然会降低冷板的平均温度,但是会导致压力损失增大。因此,本文利用MOPSO对冷板的结构参数进行优化。
陈逸明[14]对冷板的能量方程进行无量纲化分析后,得到以下结论:冷却液温度和冷板热流的大小并不会影响冷板的最优结构参数。因此,本文以冷板的平均温度Tave、温度标准差Tstd和压力损失Δp为性能指标,对流道宽度x1、流道深度x2和冷板壁厚x3进行优化,表2所示为各结构参数的取值范围。
Zhu等[15]基于最大最小距离的思想在原有拉丁超立方抽样的基础上对其进行了改进,使新生成的样本点与已存在的样本点的最小距离最大。样本点的分布更加均匀,并且对样本空间具有较好的填充性,这意味着可以更全面地反映样本空间的信息。因此,本文选取此方法进行抽样。
图10所示为利用基于最大最小距离的最优拉丁超立方抽样所选取样本点的三维及二维分布情况,根据样本点对应的结构参数建立冷板的几何模型,设置壁面热流为2 000 W/m2,冷却液流量和入口温度分别为2.5×10-4 kg/s和25 ℃。对应的冷板性能参数如表3所示。
为了利用算法优化冷板的结构,需要构建冷板结构参数与性能参数之间的映射关系,常用的代理模型有响应面模型、神经网络模型、正交多项式模型和克里金模型等。其中,响应面模型可以通过较少的样本点建立较为精确的近似函数关系,并且具有良好的鲁棒性。本文选用三阶响应面模型,其表达式为:
F ^ ( x ) = a 0 + i - 1 n b i x i + 1 i j n n c i x i x j + i = 1 n d i x i 2 + i = 1 n e i x i 3
式中: F ^ ( x )为近似值,xi为第i个自变量,n为自变量数量,a0bicidiei为待定系数。
利用MATLAB求取最小二乘解,将系数代入式(6)可得:
T a v e = 30.697   2 - 0.594   8 x 1 + 6.535   2 x 2 + 1.067   0 x 3 +                     0.129   9 x 1 x 2 + 0.045   7 x 1 x 3 - 0.133   6 x 2 x 3 -                     0.133   6 x 2 x 3 - 0.040   8 x 1 2 - 2.092   8 x 2 2 - 0.730   5 x 3 2 +                     0.002   9 x 1 3 + 0.229   2 x 2 2 + 0.163   6 x 3 2
T s t d = 1.563   7 - 0.059   3 x 1 + 0.522   9 x 2 - 1.264   4 x 3 +                     0.000   0 x 1 x 2 - 0.031   7 x 1 x 3 + 0.021   9 x 2 x 3 -                     0.002   4 x 1 2 - 0.309   6 x 2 2 + 0.813   9 x 3 2 + 0.000   0 x 1 3 +                     0.048   7 x 2 2 - 0.233   7 x 3 2
由4.3节可知,冷却液压力损失与冷板壁厚无关。此外,根据流体力学理论,对于矩形管流动而言,压力损失往往与矩形管截面纵横比、长度和宽度的倒数相关,因此,利用上述方式得到其拟合方程为:
Δ p = - 213.987   8 + 2   745.504   5 1 x 1 - 916.439   2 1 x 2 +                   3   226.279   1 1 x 1 x 2 - 12   184.061   9 1 x 1 2 -                   151.346   9 1 x 2 2 + 15   703.486   7 1 x 1 3 + 559.707   8 1 x 2 3 +                   91.309   5 x 1 x 2 - 4.762   6 x 1 2 x 2 2
代理模型的计算值与实际值之间往往存在误差,本文采用确定性系数R2和均方根误差Erms来衡量这一误差。R2越接近1、Erms越小,表示所构建的代理模型越精确。R2Erms的计算公式为:
R 2 = 1 - i n ( F i , p - F i , s ) 2 F i , s 2
E r m s = 1 n i n ( F i , p - F i , s ) 2
式中:Fi,p为预测值,Fi,s为仿真值。
冷板平均温度、温度标准差和压力损失的R2分别为0.999 9、0.999 5和0.993 4,Erms分别为0.060 6 ℃、0.005 9 ℃和0.581 5 Pa,可以认为该模型预测精度满足要求。图11对比了冷板性能指标的预测值和仿真值。可以看出,二者间的偏差很小,3种性能指标的误差上限分别为0.097 5 ℃、0.010 8 ℃和1.184 7 Pa,对应的相对误差为0.28%、0.72%和0.97%,误差下限分别为-0.122 0 ℃、-0.011 5 ℃和-1.189 5 Pa,对应的相对误差为-0.34%、-0.66%和-0.71%,这进一步证实了该模型预测冷板性能参数的准确性和可靠性。
根据式(7)~式(9)建立带有约束条件的目标函数,其表达式为:
f i n d   m i n F ( x 1 , x 2 , x 3 ) = T a v e ( x 1 , x 2 , x 3 ) T s t d ( x 1 , x 2 , x 3 ) , Δ p ( x 1 , x 2 , x 3 )               s u b j e c t   t o     3.0   m m x 1 9.0   m m 1.5   m m x 2 3.0   m m 0.2   m m x 3 1.4   m m
目前常见的优化算法有模拟退火算法、遗传算法和粒子群优化算法。粒子群优化算法模拟鸟群觅食行为的规律而进行种群的进化,具有收敛速度快、参数少等优点,与遗传算法相比,不需要对种群中的个体进行编码,因此更适合对于连续型解空间的寻优[16]。如图12所示为MOPSO的流程。
种群中每个个体均代表一个潜在解,其下一时刻的位置由惯性方向、个体最优方向和种群最优方向共同决定,其表达式为:
v i d ( t + 1 ) = w ( t ) v i d ( t ) + c 1 r 1 ( p i d , b e s t ( t ) - p i d ( t ) ) +                                     c 2 r 2 ( p i g , b e s t ( t ) - p i d ( t ) )
p i d ( t + 1 ) = p i d ( t ) + v i d ( t + 1 )
式中:vid(t)、pid(t)分别为个体在t时刻的速度、位置;pid,best(t)、pig,best(t)分别为个体、种群在t时刻的最优位置;wc1c2分别为惯性权重系数、个体学习因子、全局学习因子;r1r2为[0,1]范围内的随机数,用于增加寻优的随机性。
利用MATLAB按照上述步骤迭代后,精英库中的个体趋于稳定。如图13所示为迭代过程中的残差,定义为:
r j = 1 n i n F i j - 1 n i n F i j - 1
式中:rj为第j次迭代的残差,Fi为第i个个体的适应度。
图13可以看出,在迭代之初,精英库中个体数量未达到500个,因此冷板性能指标的残差存在较大波动。
图14所示为粒子群优化算法所得到的帕累托前沿,是由500个非支配的帕累托最优解组成的点集。表4所示为帕累托前沿对应的结构和性能参数。当流道宽度、流道深度和冷板壁厚分别为9.00 mm、1.50 mm和0.20 mm时,平均温度最低,为32.02 ℃,但温度标准差和压力损失分别为2.15 ℃和65.20 Pa;当流道宽度、流道深度和冷板壁厚分别为3.00 mm、2.97 mm和1.40 mm时,温度标准差最小,为0.96 ℃,但平均温度和压力损失分别为36.88 ℃和74.15 Pa;当流道宽度、流道深度分别为9.00 mm、3.00 mm,压力损失最小,为11.19 Pa。
帕累托前沿中500个个体都是非支配的,因此需要在帕累托前沿中综合考虑3个指标选取一个最优的解,用于后续的研究并作为生产制造的标准。目前,最优解的常规选取方法为在帕累托前沿变化平坦的区域随机选择,或者利用层次分析法和交互式方法,这些方法具有主观性,往往受到决策者意愿和偏好的影响。本文利用熵权法计算每个指标对应的权重,根据指标信息熵衡量指标在综合评价中的重要程度,信息熵越小,数据的离散程度越大,所赋的权重越大。
熵权法确定指标权重的一般步骤为:
a. 数据归一化,以F1F2F3分别表示冷板的平均温度、温度标准差和压力损失,由于三者均为负向指标,故归一化公式为:
Y i j = m a x ( F i ) - F i j m a x ( F i ) - m i n ( F i ) ( i = 1,2 , 3 ; j = 1,2 , , 500 )
式中:Yij为第j个个体中第i个指标归一化的结果,Fij为第j个个体中第i个指标。
b. 计算各指标的信息熵Si
S i = - j = 1 500 p i j l n p i j / l n 500
式中:pij为第j个个体中第i个指标对应的概率。
pij的表达式为:
p i j = Y i j / j = 1 500 Y i j
c. 计算各指标的权重wi
w i = 1 - S i m - i = 1 3 S i
式中:m为指标数量,本文取m=3。
根据上述步骤计算得到平均温度、温度标准差和压力损失的权重系数分别为0.378 8、0.495 7和0.125 5。当流道宽度、流道深度和冷板壁厚分别为9.0 mm、1.5 mm和1.4 mm时,冷板的综合性能达到最优,对应的性能指标如表5所示。
图15所示为优化前、后冷板的温度云图、流速云图和压力损失云图。可以看出,优化后,冷板的最高温度明显下降,此外,冷板温度分布的均匀性也有所改善,但由于减小了流道深度,压力损失同步增加。最高温度由36.96 ℃下降至35.10 ℃,平均温度由35.12 ℃下降至33.20 ℃,温度标准差由1.35 ℃下降至1.33 ℃,压力损失由38.53 Pa增加至65.63 Pa。
为了在电池模组层面验证优化前、后冷板的性能变化,如图1所示,将冷板布置在电池模组中,设置冷却液流量为2.0×10-3 kg/s、入口温度为25 ℃。电池包内空隙占比小,且有隔热材料以实现低温条件下的保温效果,因此与外界空气仅存在较弱的对流换热,设置冷板与电池的外表面的对流换热系数为5 W/(m2·K)。此外,与如图16所示的I型流道冷板进行对比,以验证网状流道对冷板性能提升的影响,为了保证可比性,与上述边界条件保持一致。
由于电动汽车并不总是匀速行驶,动力电池需要根据不同的工况提供相应的电流,设置电池模组在环境温度Tamb=25 ℃的条件下分别以1 C、2 C和3 C倍率放电。如图17所示为电池模组最高温度Tmax,m和最大温差ΔTm的变化趋势,可以看出,不同放电倍率下,优化后的冷板对电池模组的冷却能力最强,优化前的冷板次之,I型流道冷板最差,优化后的冷板可以更好地降低电池模组的ΔTm。随着放电倍率的增加,优化后的冷板的优势更大:在1 C放电结束时,相对于优化前的冷板和I型流道冷板,Tmax,m分别下降0.16 ℃和0.55 ℃,ΔTm分别下降0.07 ℃和0.45 ℃;在3 C放电结束时,Tmax,m分别下降1.02 ℃和3.18 ℃,ΔTm分别下降0.38 ℃和2.62 ℃。此外,I型流道冷板的压力损失较网状流道冷板更高,为100.82 Pa。这表明,优化后的网状流道冷板在各放电倍率下综合性能均为最优。
我国四季温差很大,因此需要考虑环境温度对电池散热的影响。设置电池模组在Tamb分别为25 ℃、30 ℃、35 ℃和40 ℃的条件下进行3 C放电。如图18所示为Tmax,m和ΔTm的变化趋势。可以看出,不同环境温度下,优化后的冷板对电池模组的冷却能力最强,优化前的冷板次之,I型流道冷板最差。但对ΔTm的影响较为复杂,在整个放电阶段,I型流道冷板对应的ΔTm远高于网状冷板,在放电初始阶段,优化后的冷板对应的ΔTm略高,但在第300 s左右至放电结束的过程中,优化后的冷板对应的ΔTm较优化前低,这表明,在绝大部分时间内,优化后冷板的均温性更佳。并且随着Tamb提高,优化后冷板的优势更明显。在Tamb=25 ℃条件下放电结束时,相对于优化前的冷板和I型流道冷板,Tmax,m分别下降1.02 ℃和3.18 ℃,ΔTm分别下降0.39 ℃和2.62 ℃;而在Tamb=40 ℃条件下放电结束时,Tmax,m分别下降1.10 ℃和3.72 ℃,ΔTm分别下降0.44 ℃和3.05 ℃。这表明,优化后的网状流道冷板在各环境温度下综合性能均最优。
本文针对动力电池散热问题,提出了一种多出入口流道冷板。首先,单独分析了流道宽度、流道深度和冷板壁厚对冷板性能的影响,然后,利用MOPSO优化了冷板结构,并在电池模组层面对优化结果进行了验证。得到以下结论:
a. 流道宽度增加会导致最高温度、平均温度和压力损失下降,但同时会导致温度标准差增加。
b. 流道深度增加会导致最高温度和平均温度增加,但同时会导致温度标准差和压力损失下降。
c. 冷板壁厚增加会导致最高温度和温度标准差下降,同时会导致平均温度下降,但不会影响压力损失。
d. 经MOPSO优化的冷板相比于初始冷板,平均温度和温度标准差分别下降1.92 ℃和0.02 ℃,但压力损失增加27.10 Pa。
e. 优化后的冷板更有利于电池模组温度的控制,在高环境温度和高倍率放电的工况下,优化后的冷板表现出更明显的优势。
  • *陕西省重点研发计划项目(2019ZDLGY15-07)
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doi: 10.19620/j.cnki.1000-3703.20230914
  • 首发时间:2025-12-23
  • 出版时间:2024-04-24
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*陕西省重点研发计划项目(2019ZDLGY15-07)
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    长安大学,西安 710018

通讯作者:

张春化(1963—),男,陕西咸阳人,教授,工学博士,主要研究方向为新能源汽车,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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