Article(id=1209910183258615934, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, issueId=1209910182134542453, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19620/j.cnki.1000-3703.20230255, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766394666732, onlineDateStr=2025-12-22, pubDate=1721750400000, pubDateStr=2024-07-24, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766394666732, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766394666732, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766394666732, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1209910182134542453, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, year='2024', volume='', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='62', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766394666465, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766482240343, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1210277493739753804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, issueId=1209910182134542453, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1210277493739753805, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, issueId=1209910182134542453, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=37, endPage=43, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1209910183493496964, articleId=1209910183258615934, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, language=EN, title=Heat Dissipation Design of Power Battery Pack Structure Based on FPTO Method, columnId=1209910182801436791, journalTitle=Automobile Technology, columnName=Feature Topic on Motion Planning and Control Techniques, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

As the battery temperature shows a high distribution in the middle and low distribution around during the operation of electric vehicles, it affects the battery service life. To this end, a steady-state heat conduction structure design method based on Floating Projection Topology Optimization (FPTO) is proposed using the geometric mean temperature as the objective function, and the maximum temperature and temperature difference of the power battery pack under single and multiple operating conditions are comparatively analyzed by means of an arithmetic example, which demonstrates that the obtained topological configuration can effectively reduce the maximum temperature and temperature difference in the heat dissipation process during the multiple operating conditions, so as to make the temperature distribution uniform. Finally, the method is applied to the power battery pack support structure, and the results show that the method effectively reduces the temperature without increasing the volume of the battery pack structure, optimizes the distribution of materials, and realizes lightweight of the overall structure of the battery pack.

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针对电动汽车运行过程中,电池温度呈现中间高、四周低的分布,从而影响电池使用寿命的问题,以几何平均温度为目标函数,提出基于浮动映射拓扑优化的稳态热传导结构设计方法,通过算例对比分析了单工况和多工况动力电池包的最高温度及温差。分析结果表明,所得到的拓扑构型在多工况时可以有效降低散热过程中的最高温度和温差,使温度分布均匀。最后将该方法运用到动力电池包支撑结构中,结果表明,该方法在有效降低温度的同时,不增加电池包结构的体积,优化了材料的分布,实现了电池包整体结构的轻量化。

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黄登峰(1984—),男,福建莆田人,博士,讲师,研究方向为汽车CAE与结构优化设计,
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二维算例最优拓扑构型及温度指标

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三维算例最优拓扑构型及温度指标

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热源 温度/℃ 热源 温度/℃
q1 35.91 q6 35.88
q2 35.91 q7 35.88
q3 35.91 q8 35.88
q4 35.91 q9 35.88
q5 35.99
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SIMP法热源处温度

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热源 温度/℃ 热源 温度/℃
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q2 35.91 q7 35.88
q3 35.91 q8 35.88
q4 35.91 q9 35.88
q5 35.99
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热源 温度/℃ 热源 温度/℃
q1 35.91 q6 35.88
q2 35.91 q7 35.88
q3 35. 91 q8 35.88
q4 35.91 q9 35.88
q5 35.99
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FPTO法热源处温度

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热源 温度/℃ 热源 温度/℃
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q2 35.91 q7 35.88
q3 35. 91 q8 35.88
q4 35.91 q9 35.88
q5 35.99
), ArticleFig(id=1210277270367891804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, articleId=1209910183258615934, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法 热源最高温度 热源最低温度 温差 平均温度
SIMP 35.99 35.88 0.13 1.02
FPTO 35.96 35.87 0.09 0.99
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温度指标对比 ℃

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方法 热源最高温度 热源最低温度 温差 平均温度
SIMP 35.99 35.88 0.13 1.02
FPTO 35.96 35.87 0.09 0.99
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基于浮动映射法的动力电池包散热结构设计*
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黄登峰 1, 2 , 周顺顺 1, 2 , 闫晓磊 1, 2 , 查云飞 1, 2
汽车技术 | 智能车辆运动规划与控制技术专题 2024,(7): 37-43
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汽车技术 | 智能车辆运动规划与控制技术专题 2024, (7): 37-43
基于浮动映射法的动力电池包散热结构设计*
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黄登峰1, 2 , 周顺顺1, 2, 闫晓磊1, 2, 查云飞1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 福建理工大学,福州 350118
  • 2 福建省汽车电子与电驱动重点实验室,福州 350118

通讯作者:

黄登峰(1984—),男,福建莆田人,博士,讲师,研究方向为汽车CAE与结构优化设计,
Heat Dissipation Design of Power Battery Pack Structure Based on FPTO Method
Dengfeng Huang1, 2 , Shunshun Zhou1, 2, Xiaolei Yan1, 2, Yunfei Zha1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1 Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou 350118
  • 2 Fujian Key Laboratory of Automotive Electronics and Electric Drive,Fuzhou 350118
出版时间: 2024-07-24 doi: 10.19620/j.cnki.1000-3703.20230255
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针对电动汽车运行过程中,电池温度呈现中间高、四周低的分布,从而影响电池使用寿命的问题,以几何平均温度为目标函数,提出基于浮动映射拓扑优化的稳态热传导结构设计方法,通过算例对比分析了单工况和多工况动力电池包的最高温度及温差。分析结果表明,所得到的拓扑构型在多工况时可以有效降低散热过程中的最高温度和温差,使温度分布均匀。最后将该方法运用到动力电池包支撑结构中,结果表明,该方法在有效降低温度的同时,不增加电池包结构的体积,优化了材料的分布,实现了电池包整体结构的轻量化。

浮动映射法  /  拓扑优化  /  动力电池包散热  /  轻量化

As the battery temperature shows a high distribution in the middle and low distribution around during the operation of electric vehicles, it affects the battery service life. To this end, a steady-state heat conduction structure design method based on Floating Projection Topology Optimization (FPTO) is proposed using the geometric mean temperature as the objective function, and the maximum temperature and temperature difference of the power battery pack under single and multiple operating conditions are comparatively analyzed by means of an arithmetic example, which demonstrates that the obtained topological configuration can effectively reduce the maximum temperature and temperature difference in the heat dissipation process during the multiple operating conditions, so as to make the temperature distribution uniform. Finally, the method is applied to the power battery pack support structure, and the results show that the method effectively reduces the temperature without increasing the volume of the battery pack structure, optimizes the distribution of materials, and realizes lightweight of the overall structure of the battery pack.

FPTO method  /  Topology optimization  /  Power battery pack, Heat dissipation  /  Light weighting
黄登峰, 周顺顺, 闫晓磊, 查云飞. 基于浮动映射法的动力电池包散热结构设计*. 汽车技术, 2024 , (7) : 37 -43 . DOI: 10.19620/j.cnki.1000-3703.20230255
Dengfeng Huang, Shunshun Zhou, Xiaolei Yan, Yunfei Zha. Heat Dissipation Design of Power Battery Pack Structure Based on FPTO Method[J]. Automobile Technology, 2024 , (7) : 37 -43 . DOI: 10.19620/j.cnki.1000-3703.20230255
锂离子电池包作为电动汽车的核心部件之一[1],在放电过程中对温度变化敏感,需保证其工作在适当的温度范围内,才能充分发挥其性能[2]
利用电池热管理系统铺设散热片的方法可以对电池进行散热,但同时也增大了其体积和质量。而采用热拓扑方法,不仅节约材料、降低成本,还能优化动力电池包的散热效果。因此,采取拓扑优化方法[3]实现实际工程中的热防护及轻量化具有重要的研究意义。
拓扑优化是在给定的设计域内寻求最佳材料分布的方法。应用较多的方法包括变密度法[4]、水平集法[5]、进化法[6]、均匀化[7]法等。Rodrigues[8]首次将拓扑优化方法应用到热传导结构中,研究了稳态热传导问题。Nishiwaki[9]以结构总体势能为目标函数,得到了最佳的稳态散热拓扑结构。王定标等[10]运用热拓扑方法,以平均温度最低为目标函数,对电子元件散热结构进行拓扑优化设计。乔赫廷等[11]引入几何平均温度作为目标函数,实现了最高温度最小化。侯丽园等[12]通过比较最优构型中的温度指标值和散热弱度值等,总结出各目标函数对不同工况的适用性。Xue等[13]将散热弱度指标应用于电池包结构散热中,以温度作为约束条件,在满足温度要求的同时,使电池包结构强度最大。Kambampati等[14]通过p范数[15]近似得出电池包结构热处的最高温度,采用水平集方法得到最高温度下的拓扑构型。以上热传导拓扑优化方法得到的结果未考虑如中间密度单元、边界不清晰、锯齿状、精度差等问题。
浮动映射(Floating Projection Topology Optimization,FPTO)法[16]能够处理得到边界清晰且光滑的拓扑构型。为此本文以FPTO法为基础,采用几何平均温度为目标函数进行热拓扑优化,开展动力电池包支撑结构散热设计,以解决动力电池放电过程中温度分布不均及热集中等问题,获得便于制造、散热效率高的结构。
基于FPTO法的结构散热设计包括确定设计变量、确定目标函数表达式和确定约束条件。图1为设计域模型,其中 Ω 1为实材料区域, Ω 0为空材料区域, Ω为边界区, Q为温度载荷向量,设计域左侧固定。
本文基于浮动映射法,通过 p范数近似模拟电池包在发热过程中的最高温度,以电池包中几何平均温度最小化为目标函数,建立优化模型如下:
f i n d       x = x 1 , x 2 , , x n m i n       T p n = 1 N i = 1 N t i p 1 p   s . t :   i = 1 n x i v i f V 0                                               K ( x i ) T = Q x i = 1                               x i Ω 1         x i = x m i n                       x i Ω 0 ;     i = 1,2 , . . . , n x m i n x i 1       x i Ω
式中:xi为设计变量,取值范围通常为[xmin,1],为避免求解矩阵奇异,xmin通常取值为0.001;K为结构的整体传热系数矩阵;Q为温度载荷向量;T为节点温度向量;n为设计域内单元总数;vi为单元体积;V0为初始状态下总体积;f为设定的体积分数;ti表示第 i个单元节点的温度;N为设计域内单元节点总数;T pn为几何平均温度;p为凝聚参数,p取值越大,越接近最高温度,在实际问题中较大的p值易引发迭代振荡、收敛困难等问题,根据数值测试结果,本文p取值为16[17]
采用浮动映射法求解散热问题时,单元材料的热传导系数与单元密度之间采用无惩罚的线性插值模型,存在如下关系:
E i = x i E 0
式中:E0为材料的热传导系数, E i为插值后的单元热传导系数。
求解以几何平均温度为目标对设计变量的灵敏度时,由于存在隐式项,无法直接求解,故构造拉格朗日向量伴随方程,其目标函数如下:
f = T p n + λ T Q - K T
式中: λ为任意值,故引入拉格朗日向量构造出的新目标函数与原来的目标函数值是等价的。
对目标函数求导得:
f x i = T p n x i + λ T ( Q - K T ) x i
其中:
T p n x i = T p n t i t i x i = 1 N i = 1 N t i p 1 p - 1 1 N t i p - 1 L i T T x i
式中: t i = L i T T L i为索引矩阵。故有:
f x i = T p n x i L i T T x i + λ T Q x i - K x i T - K T x i           = T p n x i L i T - λ T K T x i - λ T K x i T
由于温度对设计变量的偏导数是隐式项,不能直接计算得到,故采用伴随法求解灵敏度,令其为零可得:
K λ = T p n x i L i = 1 N i = 1 N t i p 1 p - 1 1 N t i p - 1 L i
故以几何平均温度为目标的灵敏度表达式为:
f x i = - λ T K x i T
求得目标函数的灵敏度后,根据热拓扑优化模型,在优化迭代的过程中需满足体积约束,故灵敏度表达式为:
V f x i = v i i = 1 n v i
式中:Vf为全局的单元体积。
求得目标函数对设计变量的灵敏度后,浮动映射采用的单元求解方法为无阻尼最优性标准(Optimality Criteria,OC)法,其更新公式如下:
x i k = 1 ,   x i k - 1 B i 1 x m i n ,   x i k - 1 B i x m i n x i k - 1 B i ,   x m i n x i k - 1 B i 1
式中: B i = - C / x i λ V f / x i λ为体积约束下的拉格朗日乘子;k为迭代次数,通过二分法计算得到。
在迭代的过程中更新单元设计变量后,由于数值不稳定,会造成棋盘格现象和网格依赖性等问题。FPTO法采用无惩罚的线性插值模型,通过Heaviside函数,删除中间密度单元,使材料中的设计变量xi趋于0/1分布,即:
x i k = t a n h β · ϕ + t a n h β x i - ϕ t a n h β · ϕ + t a n h β 1 - ϕ
式中: ϕ为投影函数的映射阈值,可以通过确保投影前后体积保持不变来确定;β值控制映射函数的陡峭程度,其初始值通常设定为趋于0的正数,本文中的取值为10-6,“浮动”映射即表示在迭代过程中β的变化过程,β取值越大,设计变量的值越趋向0/1分布。
为了便于实际工程中的应用与可制造性,浮动映射法通过构造水平集函数,以获得清晰、光滑的拓扑边界[18]。水平集函数的表达式为:
φ k = x k s , t - ϕ 0 ,     x k s , t Ω 1 φ k = x k s , t - ϕ = 0 ,     x k s , t Ω φ k = x k s , t - ϕ 0 ,     x k s , t Ω 0
针对映射后的设计变量,通过线性插值,得到整个设计域中任一点(s,t)处的设计变量xk(s,t)。
定义拓扑误差 τ表示由水平集函数通过插值得到的光滑拓扑结构与实际拓扑结构的差值,其表达式为:
τ = C v i k - C x i k C v i k
式中: C v i k为光滑设计的目标函数,通过细化变量xk(s,t)的体积加权求得; C x i k为单元设计的目标函数。
在更新迭代过程中,通过定义的拓扑误差,控制 β的更新,当 τ达到设定值时,可认为拓扑的构型边界清晰、光滑,则停止增大 β值。
本文列举单工况多热源算例和多工况多热源算例[19]。单工况多热源是指集中热源的工况相同、数值相同、无权值系数;多工况多热源是指集中热源的工况不同、数值相同、权值系数相同。基于浮动映射热拓扑方法,以几何平均温度最小化为目标,通过二维算例、三维算例得到的拓扑构型及结果,得出所提出的目标函数降低最高温度、温差的有效性,并将其应用到动力电池包支撑结构中。
图2a为单工况多热源算例,设计域尺寸为0.05 m×0.05 m。设计域内同时设置5个数值相同的集中热源q=100 W/m3,设定温度T=0℃,导热系数K0=200 W/m℃,体积约束为40%,滤波半径rmin=2 mm。
图2b所示为多工况多热源算例,设计域内设置5个数值相同的集中热源,q1q2q3q4q5表5个不同工况的热源线性叠加工况,设定四角点温度T=0 ℃,其余参数同图2a
二维算例最优拓扑构型及温度指标如表1所示。单工况多热源以及多工况多热源的情况下,拓扑构型及温度指标有着显著区别。单工况多热源算例中,各热源处的温度分别向四周进行扩散,导致中心点处温度较高;在多工况多热源算例中,各热源处的温度彼此相连后向四角低温区扩散,导致中心点处的热源温度较低,四周温度较高。图2a的热源处温差较小,为0.09 ℃;图2b最低温度在中心热源处,由此可验证浮动映射热拓扑方法的有效性。多工况多热源的情况下得到的拓扑构型可以有效解决基于人工经验铺设散热片的方法造成的热量集中分布在中心处的现象。在此基础上,将二维算例拓展到三维,以进一步验证本文方法的准确性。
三维多工况多热源算例示意如图3所示。设计域尺寸为0.06 m×0.06 m×0.01 m,设计域四边温度T=0 ℃,热源q1q2q3q4数值同为100 W/m3,且对称分布在正方体内部,q1~q4分别代表4种热源工况,导热系数K0=200 W/m℃,体积约束为40%,滤波半径rmin=1.2 mm。
三维算例最优拓扑构型及温度指标如表2所示。热源处的温度相等,温差为零,这是由于该算例的拓扑构型具有对称性且各热源与散热边界处的距离相等。在多工况多热源情况下,各热源处的温度未直接向低温区的4个散热边界扩散,而是各热源在彼此相连后向散热边界处扩散,此时降低最高温度及减小温差的效果最佳。三维算例可以得到和二维算例相同的结论,因此以几何平均温度为目标函数在降低最高温度的同时,也降低了温差,使温度分布更均匀。故将此方法运用到新能源动力电池包支撑结构中。
根据二维、三维算例得到的结果,考虑以多工况多热源几何平均温度最小化为目标,采用浮动映射热拓扑方法设计新型的电池包散热结构。
电池模型采用型号为18650的三元锂电池,根据出厂参数,将其简化为高度为65 mm、半径为9 mm的圆柱体。电池半径为10.5 mm(包含密封圈尺寸)。在理想状态下,电池作为非设计域,被看作一种特殊材料制作而成的均匀发热体。传统的电池模组支架通常是注塑件,起到固定电池包的作用,并不具备良好的散热能力。为提高电池的使用寿命,降低电池最高温度及温差,本文采用浮动映射方法设计出散热性能良好的新型支撑结构。
由于电池包具有高度的对称性,本文以3×3的模型为例,设计域尺寸为0.12 m×0.12 m。设计域内设置9个50 W/m3的多工况多热源,设定四周温度T=0 ℃,假设材料的导热系数K0=200 W/m℃,电池的导热系数K1=10 W/m℃,体积约束为50%,滤波半径rmin=3 mm。电池支架如图4所示。
将本文所提出的浮动映射方法与传统固体各向同性材料惩罚模型(Solid Isotropic Material with Penalization,SIMP)法进行对比。图5a为SIMP法多工况多热源下的最优散热拓扑构型,其中,红色代表电池材料、深蓝色表示空材料、浅绿色代表拓扑结构材料。图5b为热源扩散示意图,其中红色部分为热源的高温区,蓝色部分为低温区。图6a图6b为FPTO法多工况多热源下的最优散热拓扑构型和温度扩散示意图,其颜色分布与SIMP法相同。由图7可知SIMP法目标函数迭代曲线最终收敛值为22.62,FPTO法目标函数迭代曲线最终收敛值为22.61,降低了0.01。表3表4所示分别为SIMP法和FPTO法得到的9个热源处的温度值。通过表5中对比结果可得:热源处最高温、热源处最低温度、温度差、全域的几何平均温度与传统多工况多热源SIMP方法相比,多工况多热源的FPTO方法的温度指标值更小,故散热效果更好。因此,在多工况多热源时采用浮动映射法以几何平均温度最小化为目标得到的电池包支撑结构拓扑构型,有效降低了中心热源处的最高温度,显著降低了温差,使温度分布更均匀。
基于FPTO法设计三维动力电池支撑结构优化模型如图8所示。设计域尺寸为0.12 m×0.12 m×0.008 m。设计域内设置9个集中热源q=50 W/m3,设定4面绿色部分为动力电池包支撑结构散热区域,温度为T=0 ℃。假设材料的导热系数K0=200 W/m℃,电池的导热系数K1=10 W/m℃,体积约束为50%,滤波半径rmin=3 mm。
图8所示新能源电池包的支撑模型的基础上,采用几何平均温度最小化为目标函数的浮动映射拓扑优化方法得到的最优拓扑构型如图9a所示。根据图9a得到的最优散热拓扑构型并将其导入三维软件CATIA中进行后处理,得到整个单体电池包支撑结构如图9b所示。
本文利用浮动映射拓扑优化方法以几何平均温度最小化为目标函数,进行电动汽车电池包散热结构优化设计。二维、三维算例及动力电池包支撑结构的拓扑优化结果表明:单工况多热源、多工况多热源的情况下,以几何平均温度为目标的热拓扑结构,降低了散热过程中的最高温度和温差,使温度分布更加均匀,散热性更好。
将此方法运用在新能源动力电池包支撑结构,通过SIMP法和FPTO法的对比,可以得出:所提出的FPTO方法降低了动力电池的最高温度,使温度分布更均匀,提高了电池的使用寿命和安全性,有效地解决了传统电池热管理方法增加电池包结构体积和质量的缺陷及根据人工经验铺设散热片,散热慢、温度集中分布等问题,能够在合理分配材料的同时,减轻了电池包整体的质量。
  • *福建省自然科学基金项目(2022J01921)
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ZHUANG C G, XIONG Z H, DING H. A level Set Method for Topology Optimization of Heat Conduction Problem Under Multiple Load Cases[J]. Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering, 2007, 196(4/5/6): 1074-1084.
2024年第卷第7期
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doi: 10.19620/j.cnki.1000-3703.20230255
  • 首发时间:2025-12-22
  • 出版时间:2024-07-24
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*福建省自然科学基金项目(2022J01921)
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    1 福建理工大学,福州 350118
    2 福建省汽车电子与电驱动重点实验室,福州 350118

通讯作者:

黄登峰(1984—),男,福建莆田人,博士,讲师,研究方向为汽车CAE与结构优化设计,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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