Article(id=1209871065568899634, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, issueId=1209871062716781562, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19620/j.cnki.1000-3703.20230854, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766385340348, onlineDateStr=2025-12-22, pubDate=1727107200000, pubDateStr=2024-09-24, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766385340348, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766385340348, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766385340348, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1209871062716781562, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, year='2024', volume='', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='62', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766385339669, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766392185924, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1209899778067010242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, issueId=1209871062716781562, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1209899778067010243, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, issueId=1209871062716781562, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=51, endPage=56, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1209871065875083832, articleId=1209871065568899634, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, language=EN, title=Theoretical and Experimental Study on Electromagnetic Shielding Structure Design of Electric Vehicle Wireless Charging System, columnId=null, journalTitle=Automobile Technology, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to study the influence of shielding structure on electvical vehicles wireless charging system, based on the theory of shielding effectiveness, this paper establishes a relationship model between the thickness of the shielding material and its parameters. Firstly, the shielding effectiveness of single-layer shielding materials with different thicknesses and different shielding materials on the magnetic field is analyzed, and the numerical solutions are compared with the analytical solutions to preliminarily validate the accuracy of the established shielding material thickness model. Based on this, a composite wireless charging shielding structure with the minimum thickness is proposed under the premise of ensuring electromagnetic safety and verified by electromagnetic tests. The results show that when a combination of 0.05 mm ultra-thin silicon steel and 2.52 mm ferrite is used as a dual-layer shielding, the magnetic field intensity reaches the safety limit, and the transmission efficiency reaches 90.92%. Compared with the traditional ferrite and aluminum composite shielding structure, the thickness of the shielding structure is reduced by 1.95 mm.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Zhongying Tian, Lihua Zhu, Yuan Li), CN=ArticleExt(id=1209871068903371431, articleId=1209871065568899634, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, language=CN, title=电动汽车无线充电系统电磁屏蔽结构设计理论与试验研究, columnId=0, journalTitle=汽车技术, columnName=, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=为研究屏蔽结构对电动汽车无线充电系统的影响,基于屏蔽效能理论建立屏蔽体厚度与屏蔽体材料参数的关系模型。根据不同厚度、不同屏蔽材料的单层屏蔽体对磁场的屏蔽效果,对比数值解与解析解,初步验证了所建立的屏蔽体厚度模型的适用性,在此基础上,提出安全电磁环境下厚度最小的复合无线充电屏蔽体结构,并通过电磁试验进行了验证。结果表明,以0.05 mm的超薄硅钢和2.52 mm的铁氧体作为双层屏蔽结构时,磁场强度达到安全限值,且传输效率达到90.92%,相较于传统铁氧体和铝板复合屏蔽结构,该结构厚度减小了1.95 mm。, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=HbDWS50hw+GE+BIOkJa+Xg==, magXml=uRyIezfXVWl/n2tAFMoi7Q==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=/Iv+IRXvXZ9Xj6VsXtKUhA==, pdfFileSize=3125217, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=NH9X6iGp/Auoc3PtiHOcaA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=8040tmC/UvIVpAc9kq+qBA==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=田忠莹, 祝丽花, 李元)}, authors=[Author(id=1209899460075852266, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, articleId=1209871065568899634, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, 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参数 取值 参数 取值
外径/mm 500 线径/mm 6.26
内径/mm 160 两线圈间距/cm 10
匝数 11 电感/μH 61
匝间距/mm 7 工作频率/kHz 20
), ArticleFig(id=1209899465394229844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, articleId=1209871065568899634, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

线圈参数

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参数 取值 参数 取值
外径/mm 500 线径/mm 6.26
内径/mm 160 两线圈间距/cm 10
匝数 11 电感/μH 61
匝间距/mm 7 工作频率/kHz 20
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超薄硅钢厚度/mm 铁氧体厚度/mm 传输效率/%
0.03 4.35 97.60
0.05 2.52 90.92
0.08 1.43 86.40
0.10 0 59.50
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双层屏蔽结构的传输效率

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超薄硅钢厚度/mm 铁氧体厚度/mm 传输效率/%
0.03 4.35 97.60
0.05 2.52 90.92
0.08 1.43 86.40
0.10 0 59.50
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屏蔽结构 厚度/mm 铝板或超薄硅钢质量/kg
铁氧体+铝板 1.43+2.50 1.690
铁氧体+铝板 2.52+2.00 1.350
铁氧体+超薄硅钢 1.43+0.08 0.556
铁氧体+超薄硅钢 2.52+0.05 0.340
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双层屏蔽结构厚度及质量

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屏蔽结构 厚度/mm 铝板或超薄硅钢质量/kg
铁氧体+铝板 1.43+2.50 1.690
铁氧体+铝板 2.52+2.00 1.350
铁氧体+超薄硅钢 1.43+0.08 0.556
铁氧体+超薄硅钢 2.52+0.05 0.340
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电动汽车无线充电系统电磁屏蔽结构设计理论与试验研究
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田忠莹 1 , 祝丽花 2 , 李元 1
汽车技术 | 2024,(9): 51-56
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汽车技术 | 2024, (9): 51-56
电动汽车无线充电系统电磁屏蔽结构设计理论与试验研究
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田忠莹1, 祝丽花2, 李元1
作者信息
  • 1 天津工业大学,天津 300387
  • 2 天津市新能源电力变换传输与智能控制重点实验室,天津 300384
Theoretical and Experimental Study on Electromagnetic Shielding Structure Design of Electric Vehicle Wireless Charging System
Zhongying Tian1, Lihua Zhu2, Yuan Li1
Affiliations
  • 1 Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387
  • 2 Tianjin Key Laboratory of New Energy Power Conversion, Transmission and Intelligent Control, Tianjin 300384
出版时间: 2024-09-24 doi: 10.19620/j.cnki.1000-3703.20230854
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为研究屏蔽结构对电动汽车无线充电系统的影响,基于屏蔽效能理论建立屏蔽体厚度与屏蔽体材料参数的关系模型。根据不同厚度、不同屏蔽材料的单层屏蔽体对磁场的屏蔽效果,对比数值解与解析解,初步验证了所建立的屏蔽体厚度模型的适用性,在此基础上,提出安全电磁环境下厚度最小的复合无线充电屏蔽体结构,并通过电磁试验进行了验证。结果表明,以0.05 mm的超薄硅钢和2.52 mm的铁氧体作为双层屏蔽结构时,磁场强度达到安全限值,且传输效率达到90.92%,相较于传统铁氧体和铝板复合屏蔽结构,该结构厚度减小了1.95 mm。
电动汽车  /  无线充电  /  电磁屏蔽  /  屏蔽体厚度  /  设计理论

In order to study the influence of shielding structure on electvical vehicles wireless charging system, based on the theory of shielding effectiveness, this paper establishes a relationship model between the thickness of the shielding material and its parameters. Firstly, the shielding effectiveness of single-layer shielding materials with different thicknesses and different shielding materials on the magnetic field is analyzed, and the numerical solutions are compared with the analytical solutions to preliminarily validate the accuracy of the established shielding material thickness model. Based on this, a composite wireless charging shielding structure with the minimum thickness is proposed under the premise of ensuring electromagnetic safety and verified by electromagnetic tests. The results show that when a combination of 0.05 mm ultra-thin silicon steel and 2.52 mm ferrite is used as a dual-layer shielding, the magnetic field intensity reaches the safety limit, and the transmission efficiency reaches 90.92%. Compared with the traditional ferrite and aluminum composite shielding structure, the thickness of the shielding structure is reduced by 1.95 mm.

Electric vehicles  /  Wireless charging  /  Electromagnetic shielding  /  Shield thickness  /  Theory on design
田忠莹, 祝丽花, 李元. 电动汽车无线充电系统电磁屏蔽结构设计理论与试验研究. 汽车技术, 2024 , (9) : 51 -56 . DOI: 10.19620/j.cnki.1000-3703.20230854
Zhongying Tian, Lihua Zhu, Yuan Li. Theoretical and Experimental Study on Electromagnetic Shielding Structure Design of Electric Vehicle Wireless Charging System[J]. Automobile Technology, 2024 , (9) : 51 -56 . DOI: 10.19620/j.cnki.1000-3703.20230854
电动汽车无线充电系统的电磁屏蔽结构是实现高效率无线充电的重要模块,相关研究有助于提高充电系统的传输效率,降低环境漏磁,减少对人体的危害[1]。随着无线充电技术向高功率方向发展,在确保电磁环境安全的前提下,精确设计无线充电系统的电磁屏蔽结构厚度尤为重要。
在选材方面,目前使用最多的屏蔽材料为铁氧体[2],该材料具有较高的磁导率和较低的电导率,能够有效增强线圈间耦合,对磁场进行约束。但仅以铁氧体作为屏蔽材料,不仅成本过高,且屏蔽效能欠佳。纳米晶合金[3-4]因较高的磁饱和限值和磁导率备受关注,但需专用设备进行制造和使用,成本较高,提高了其应用难度。传统复合屏蔽结构采用的材料为铁氧体和铝板[5],但铝板的电导率较高,涡流损耗较大。因此,本文引入了超薄硅钢材料,在20 kHz时,其具有较高的饱和磁通密度和较低的损耗密度[6],满足电磁屏蔽要求。
屏蔽结构的形状一般为板状[5,7]、条状、辐射状[8-9]、网格型[10]和边缘加厚型[11]等,如图1所示,但均存在磁通密度分布不均、部分体积浪费等问题。
虽然有限元仿真计算可根据已知的屏蔽结构材料参数获得材料的屏蔽效能,但仍无法计算出满足电磁安全限制条件下所需屏蔽材料的最小厚度。因此,本文通过分析屏蔽体厚度对无线充电系统磁场分布的影响,根据屏蔽效能理论,推导出满足电磁安全的屏蔽体厚度公式。在此基础上,构建以屏蔽效能为约束条件、以屏蔽体厚度最小为目标的复合屏蔽结构,通过有限元方法计算及试验验证该结构的有效性。
屏蔽效能(Shielding Effectiveness,SE)常用于评估电动汽车无线充电系统,表示未加屏蔽时,空间中某点的磁场强度H0(电场强度E0)与增加屏蔽后该点的磁场强度HS(电场强度ES)的比值[12]
n S E = 20 l g H 0 H S = 20 l g E 0 E S
通过传输线理论[13]计算屏蔽效能,当无线充电系统产生的电磁场到达铁氧体表面时,部分电磁场发生反射,其余则在铁氧体内部发生多次反射与折射,且电磁场强度不断衰减:
n S E R = 20 l g ( Z d + Z m ) 2 4 Z d Z m n S E A = 20 l g e k t n S E M = 20 l g 1 - Z d - Z m Z d + Z m 2 e - 2 k t
其中,

Z m = j ω μ j ω ε + σ k = j ω μ ε + σ j ω

式中:nSERnSEAnSEM分别为电磁场的反射损耗、吸收损耗和多次反射损耗,ZmZd分别为屏蔽体波阻抗和空气波阻抗,k为屏蔽材料的传播系数,t为屏蔽材料的厚度,d为发射源到屏蔽体的距离,μ=μr μ0为磁导率,ε=εrε0为介电常数,σ为电导率,ω为电磁场角频率,μr为相对磁导率,μ0为真空中磁导率,εr为相对介电常数,ε0为真空介电常数。
以待测屏蔽体中心为原点建立坐标系,如图2所示,假定平面电磁波沿z轴方向传播,若只考虑x轴方向的电场Exy轴方向的磁场Hy,电场波阻抗ZEd与磁场波阻抗ZHd分别为:
Z H d = E x H y = - j ω μ d = 2 π f μ 0 d Z E d = E x H y = 1 - j ( σ + j ω ε ) d 1 2 π f ε 0 d
式中:f为电磁场频率。
根据屏蔽效能的定义可知:
n S E = n S E R + n S E A + n S E M
将式(1)与式(4)联立,可得:
H 0 H S = Z H d + Z m 2 e k t - Z H d - Z m 2 e - k t 4 Z H d Z m E 0 E S = Z E d + Z m 2 e k t - Z E d - Z m 2 e - k t 4 Z E d Z m
根据国际自动机工程师学会(SAE International)发布的规范SAE J2954[14],以车为对象将无线充电系统的安全性管理划分为3个区域,如图3所示。区域1为汽车底盘下两个线圈之间及周围区域,为危险区域,人员一旦接触,需立刻断电;区域2为汽车外部区域;区域3为汽车内部区域。其中,区域2和区域3的电场、磁场应符合安全限值。
按照国际非电离辐射防护委员会(International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiative Protection,ICNIRP)发布的时变电场和磁场(1 Hz~100 kHz)暴露指南[15],安全限值为:HS≤21.5 A/m,ES≤83 V/m。
将安全限值HS≤21.5 A/m代入式(5),电磁屏蔽厚度t1应满足:
t 1 1 k l n 2 × H 0 × Z m × Z H d + a 2 + 21 . 5 2 × ( Z H d 2 - Z m 2 ) 2 21.5 × Z H d + Z m 2
将安全限值ES≤83 V/m代入式(5),可推导出电磁屏蔽厚度t2应满足:
t 2 1 k l n 2 × E 0 × Z m × Z E d + b 2 + 21 . 5 2 × ( Z E d 2 - Z m 2 ) 2 83 × Z E d + Z m 2
确定屏蔽体材料的参数(电导率、磁导率已知),取t1t2的较大值,得到符合人体安全限值的屏蔽体最小厚度。材料特性影响电磁屏蔽效果,在满足磁场安全的情况下,系统所需材料的厚度t1变化情况如图4所示:当磁导率一定时,随着电导率的增大,屏蔽体的厚度t1减小;电导率一定时,随着磁导率增大,屏蔽体的厚度t1也同样减小;两种情况均为单调函数。
为验证屏蔽体厚度推导结果的正确性,采用有限元法对电动汽车无线充电系统的电磁场进行分析。本试验中使用的发射线圈和接收线圈均采用方形线圈,如图5所示,使用COMSOL软件搭建模型,参数如表1所示。系统的频率为20 kHz,原边线圈电流为90 A,负载阻值为12 Ω,传输距离为100 mm,根据串联谐振得到补偿电容为1 039 nF。将磁场与外部电路模块进行多物理场耦合,计算无线充电系统模型的电磁场。
在屏蔽情况下,计算接收线圈上方d=100 mm的脚掌中心P处磁场强度,测量位置如图6所示,屏蔽体材料分别使用铁氧体和超薄硅钢。为简化有限元计算,将块状拼接的铁氧体设置成方形板状,边长为550 mm,铁氧体与原边线圈的间距为2 mm,超薄硅钢与铁氧体板的间距也为2 mm(发射线圈与接收线圈的屏蔽结构相同)。同时,设铁氧体板相对磁导率为3 300 H/m、相对电导率为1 S/m,设超薄硅钢相对磁导率为7 000 H/m、相对电导率为106 S/m。
鉴于屏蔽体越厚,屏蔽后测试点P的磁场强度越小,单层屏蔽时,不同材料在不同厚度条件下,屏蔽后磁场强度理论计算的解析解与有限元计算的数值解如图7所示。
当屏蔽结构为单层时,根据式(6),在额定功率22 kW的无线充电系统中,5.663 mm铁氧体与0.098 mm超薄硅钢均可将磁场强度降低至安全限值。图7中,铁氧体屏蔽层、超薄硅钢屏蔽层的有限元与公式计算值最大误差分别为4.7%、9.23%,由此可验证式(6)推导的正确性,且屏蔽层越薄,准确性越高。
在电动汽车无线充电系统中同时使用5.663 mm铁氧体屏蔽层和0.098 mm超薄硅钢屏蔽层,线圈的磁感应强度分布如图8所示。5.663 mm铁氧体的屏蔽效果和0.098 mm超薄硅钢在P点的屏蔽效果相同,单层铁氧体屏蔽层与超薄硅钢屏蔽层的传输效率分别达到98.7%、60.5%,由于超薄硅钢的电导率高、涡流效应强,使铁氧体屏蔽层的耦合结构传输效率优于加入超薄硅钢屏蔽层的耦合结构。0.098 mm超薄硅钢屏蔽层的系统传输效率较低,而5.663 mm铁氧体屏蔽层厚度较大且成本较高,单层屏蔽厚度最小时,无法同时保证屏蔽效能和传输效率,因此,本文试验需考虑双层屏蔽。
目前,超薄硅钢主要有4种厚度规格,即0.03 mm、0.05 mm、0.08 mm和0.10 mm,如屏蔽结构为双层耦合,由式(6)计算超薄硅钢厚度固定时,铁氧体的最小厚度,如表2所示,双层屏蔽结构在远离线圈100 mm的P点处获得的屏蔽效能相同,即屏蔽后P点磁场强度相同;薄硅钢为0.03 mm且铁氧体厚度为4.35 mm时,铁氧体厚度大;当超薄硅钢为0.10 mm时,不使用铁氧体即可在远离线圈100 mm处达到相同的屏蔽效能,但该情况下,耦合结构的传输效率低。
屏蔽层为铁氧体和超薄硅钢时,耦合结构的磁感应强度分布如图9所示。0.05 mm超薄硅钢和2.52 mm铁氧体作为耦合屏蔽层时,系统的传输效率为90.92%,其传输效率高于0.08 mm超薄硅钢和1.43 mm铁氧体作为屏蔽层。
为了验证本文模型的有效性,搭建试验平台,包括高频电源、线圈、电子负载等,如图10所示。测量磁场强度时,磁场分析仪的探头需在距线圈上方100 mm处水平移动,步长为10 cm,以点测量。其中,以待测屏蔽体中心为原点,测量位置的x轴、y轴坐标均为-100~100 cm,z轴坐标为100 mm,见图6
线圈使用利兹线绕制,相关参数与有限元分析参数值一致。为了使收发线圈的谐振频率与电源频率相等,采用高频电容进行调谐,收发线圈的电感为61 μH,谐振频率为20 kHz,补偿电容为40 μF。
本文试验包含2组不同屏蔽层结构,第1组采用0.08 mm超薄硅钢和1.43 mm铁氧体作为屏蔽层,第2组采用0.05 mm超薄硅钢和2.52 mm铁氧体作为屏蔽层,排列顺序如图11所示。使用磁场分析仪测量远离接收线位置的磁场强度,结果如图12所示,增加屏蔽后,线圈正上方中心处磁场强度小于27 μT,符合ICNIRP发布的暴露指南的要求。
试验结果表明:在线圈正上方(-50 cm<x<50 cm),实际值与计算值基本吻合;当远离线圈正上方(x>50 cm或x<-50 cm)时,受环境中电磁影响,试验值与计算值存在差距,最大误差为5.92%。当线圈处于正对位置时,两组屏蔽结构在线圈上方P点的磁感应强度相较于同等厚度的单层铁氧体降低了9.85%和8.73%,结果表明,铁氧体上方加装超薄硅钢条的方式可有效抑制空间磁场,验证了复合屏蔽结构的性能,表明复合屏蔽结构可有效提升磁场屏蔽能力。实际中,磁性材料的B-H曲线受温度、生产过程等屏蔽条件影响,导致屏蔽效应降低。线圈正上方中心的2种结构屏蔽效能相同,但第1组屏蔽结构中1.43 mm铁氧体的机械强度较小,因此,以0.05 mm超薄硅钢和2.52 mm铁氧体作为屏蔽层是系统最佳屏蔽结构。
对比本文所提出的屏蔽结构与传统的铁氧体和铝板双层屏蔽结构,结果如表3所示,0.05 mm的超薄硅钢和2.52 mm的铁氧体作为双层耦合屏蔽时,相较于传统铁氧体和铝板复合屏蔽结构,该结构厚度减少了1.95 mm,屏蔽结构质量减轻66%,可见超薄硅钢作为屏蔽结构轻量化材料优势显著。
本文基于屏蔽效能理论,考虑电磁屏蔽材料电导率、磁导率对屏蔽体波阻抗的影响,从理论上确定了符合人体安全限值的屏蔽体厚度与屏蔽体材料参数的关系,并在确定材料参数的情况下,计算出电磁安全屏蔽的最小厚度,在空间受限的环境下,进一步推导出所需材料的电导率和磁导率,试验结果与仿真结果具有较好的一致性,验证了所提出计算方法的正确性和所提出结构的可行性,可为无线充电系统中屏蔽结构设计提供参考。
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2024年第卷第9期
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doi: 10.19620/j.cnki.1000-3703.20230854
  • 首发时间:2025-12-22
  • 出版时间:2024-09-24
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    1 天津工业大学,天津 300387
    2 天津市新能源电力变换传输与智能控制重点实验室,天津 300384
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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