Article(id=1209871065229161009, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, issueId=1209871062716781562, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19620/j.cnki.1000-3703.20231083, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1766385340267, onlineDateStr=2025-12-22, pubDate=1727107200000, pubDateStr=2024-09-24, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1766385340267, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-22, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1766385340267, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766385340267, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1209871062716781562, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, year='2024', volume='', issue='9', pageStart='1', pageEnd='62', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1766385339669, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1766392185924, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1209899778067010242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, issueId=1209871062716781562, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1209899778067010243, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, issueId=1209871062716781562, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=38, endPage=45, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1209871065787003445, articleId=1209871065229161009, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, language=EN, title=Life Simulation of Rubber Bush by Considering the Diameter Shrinkage Influence, columnId=null, journalTitle=Automobile Technology, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To address the cracking issue of the rear rubber bushing in the front suspension lower control arm during road testing for a specific vehicle, a life simulation method considering the influence of the diameter shrinkage is proposed. Firstly, the static stiffness of the bushing after diameters shrinkage is simulated, and combined with multi-objective optimization, hyper elastic constitutive parameters that accurately describe the force-displacement characteristics of the bushing are obtained. Then, on the basis of considering pre-strain from diameter shrinkage, crack grow algorithm methods are employed to predict bushing life, achieving a damage level of 2.01 at critical location, which replicates the cracking problem observed in road tests. Finally, through structural optimization design, damage at hazardous locations is reduced to 0.943. The road test results show that the fatigue life of the optimized bushing can be improued effectively, and the proposed scheme is proved to be effective.

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为解决某车型前悬架下摆臂后衬套在路试中出现开裂的问题,提出一种考虑缩径工艺影响的寿命仿真方法。首先,通过仿真分析获得缩径后衬套的静刚度,结合多目标优化,得到可准确描述衬套力-位移特性的超弹性本构参数;然后,在考虑缩径预应变的基础上,采用裂纹扩展法预测衬套寿命,危险位置损伤达到2.01,并复现了路试开裂问题;最后,通过结构优化设计,将危险位置损伤降低至0.943。路试验证结果表明,优化后衬套的疲劳寿命得到有效提升,证明了所提出方案的有效性。

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参数 C10 C20 C30
材料测试 0.473 -0.062 0.008
优化值 0.648 -0.109 0.009
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Yeoh模型优化参数

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参数 C10 C20 C30
材料测试 0.473 -0.062 0.008
优化值 0.648 -0.109 0.009
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序号 循环/次 起始 终止
Ry/(°) Fxy/N Ry/(°) Fxy/N
1 60 1.86 -23 289 8.88 650
2 120 6.5 -23 044 3.93 555
3 5 450 4.17 -6 930 -1.7 8 360
7 18 632 7.39 -3 982 2.03 4 796
8 150 000 4.16 -2 777 -0.85 3 701
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块谱载荷

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序号 循环/次 起始 终止
Ry/(°) Fxy/N Ry/(°) Fxy/N
1 60 1.86 -23 289 8.88 650
2 120 6.5 -23 044 3.93 555
3 5 450 4.17 -6 930 -1.7 8 360
7 18 632 7.39 -3 982 2.03 4 796
8 150 000 4.16 -2 777 -0.85 3 701
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参数 原方案 优化方案
主筋厚度/mm 10.0 9.75
主筋圆角/mm 2.0 1.6
撞块最小间隙/mm 2.5 0.5
间隙角度/(°) 88 78
胶料硬度/HA 70 65
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关键几何特征对比

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参数 原方案 优化方案
主筋厚度/mm 10.0 9.75
主筋圆角/mm 2.0 1.6
撞块最小间隙/mm 2.5 0.5
间隙角度/(°) 88 78
胶料硬度/HA 70 65
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方案 工况 撞块损伤 主筋损伤
原方案 无缩径 1.217 3.085
原方案 缩径 0.993 2.010
优化方案 缩径 0.933 0.943
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损伤对比

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方案 工况 撞块损伤 主筋损伤
原方案 无缩径 1.217 3.085
原方案 缩径 0.993 2.010
优化方案 缩径 0.933 0.943
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考虑缩径影响的橡胶衬套寿命仿真研究*
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张志远 , 程稳正 , 陈海潮 , 徐京涛 , 余小巧
汽车技术 | 2024,(9): 38-45
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汽车技术 | 2024, (9): 38-45
考虑缩径影响的橡胶衬套寿命仿真研究*
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张志远, 程稳正, 陈海潮, 徐京涛, 余小巧
作者信息
  • 吉利汽车研究院(宁波)有限公司,宁波 315000
Life Simulation of Rubber Bush by Considering the Diameter Shrinkage Influence
Zhiyuan Zhang, Wenzheng Cheng, Haichao Chen, Jingtao Xu, Xiaoqiao Yu
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  • Geely Automobile Research Institute (Ningbo) Co., Ltd., Ningbo 315000
出版时间: 2024-09-24 doi: 10.19620/j.cnki.1000-3703.20231083
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为解决某车型前悬架下摆臂后衬套在路试中出现开裂的问题,提出一种考虑缩径工艺影响的寿命仿真方法。首先,通过仿真分析获得缩径后衬套的静刚度,结合多目标优化,得到可准确描述衬套力-位移特性的超弹性本构参数;然后,在考虑缩径预应变的基础上,采用裂纹扩展法预测衬套寿命,危险位置损伤达到2.01,并复现了路试开裂问题;最后,通过结构优化设计,将危险位置损伤降低至0.943。路试验证结果表明,优化后衬套的疲劳寿命得到有效提升,证明了所提出方案的有效性。

橡胶衬套  /  超弹性  /  多目标优化  /  裂纹扩展法  /  寿命仿真  /  缩径

To address the cracking issue of the rear rubber bushing in the front suspension lower control arm during road testing for a specific vehicle, a life simulation method considering the influence of the diameter shrinkage is proposed. Firstly, the static stiffness of the bushing after diameters shrinkage is simulated, and combined with multi-objective optimization, hyper elastic constitutive parameters that accurately describe the force-displacement characteristics of the bushing are obtained. Then, on the basis of considering pre-strain from diameter shrinkage, crack grow algorithm methods are employed to predict bushing life, achieving a damage level of 2.01 at critical location, which replicates the cracking problem observed in road tests. Finally, through structural optimization design, damage at hazardous locations is reduced to 0.943. The road test results show that the fatigue life of the optimized bushing can be improued effectively, and the proposed scheme is proved to be effective.

Rubber Bush  /  Hyper elastic  /  Multi-Objective Optimization  /  Crack grow algorithm  /  Life simulation  /  Diameter shrinkage
张志远, 程稳正, 陈海潮, 徐京涛, 余小巧. 考虑缩径影响的橡胶衬套寿命仿真研究*. 汽车技术, 2024 , (9) : 38 -45 . DOI: 10.19620/j.cnki.1000-3703.20231083
Zhiyuan Zhang, Wenzheng Cheng, Haichao Chen, Jingtao Xu, Xiaoqiao Yu. Life Simulation of Rubber Bush by Considering the Diameter Shrinkage Influence[J]. Automobile Technology, 2024 , (9) : 38 -45 . DOI: 10.19620/j.cnki.1000-3703.20231083
在整车路试中,悬架系统橡胶衬套的高阻尼特性能够有效衰减路面的激励,但常出现衬套开裂问题。通过仿真在开发前期有效预测衬套寿命,对于车型研发具有重要意义。
橡胶衬套材料的工艺参数对胶料的疲劳寿命影响较大,给精确描述其力学行为带来极大困难[1]。何小静等[2-3]分析了超弹性本构模型对力-位移特性的影响,指出了不同本构模型的适用范围;陈宝等[4-5]基于刚度测试结果和多目标优化,提出超弹性本构参数的估算方法;王昊等[6-8]研究了橡胶疲劳机理,结果表明裂纹扩展法更适合描述橡胶疲劳问题。目前,橡胶衬套耐久性开发仍以试验为主、仿真为辅,亟需提高橡胶衬套静刚度及耐久仿真的准确性,但现有研究尚未就缩径对衬套刚度和疲劳寿命的影响进行系统分析。
本文以某车型前悬架下摆臂后衬套为研究对象,提出考虑衬套缩径影响的疲劳寿命仿真方法。从缩径模型静刚度仿真入手,采用多目标优化获得描述衬套刚度特性的超弹性本构参数,进而求解得到准确的缩径预应变,并在此基础上,利用裂纹扩展法预测工作载荷作用下的疲劳寿命。
描述橡胶材料超弹性的本构模型众多,Yeoh提出的本构模型能够模拟材料的高度非线性行为,其表达式为[9]
$W=\sum_{i=1}^{3} C_{i 0}\left(\bar{I}_{1}-3\right)^{i}+\sum_{i=1}^{3} \frac{1}{D_{i}}\left(J_{\mathrm{el}}-1\right)^{2 i}$
式中:Ci0为表征剪切模量的参数,Di为表征体积模量的参数, I ¯ 1为第一偏应变不变量,Jel为弹性体积应变比。
本文研究的下控制臂后衬套结构如图1所示,外骨架和内骨架为金属结构,橡胶部分由主筋、撞块、限位块3个部分组成,其中,限位块与撞块间为阻尼孔。车辆行驶时,衬套空心方向为主受力方向,小载荷由主筋承载,大载荷主要由限位块承载,宏观上,衬套刚度特性表现为非线性。
橡胶衬套静刚度测试时,使用销轴将内骨架固定在试验台上,通过工装夹紧衬套外骨架,并施加强制位移,得到加载力-位移关系,即为衬套静刚度曲线。
由于衬套受力仿真存在大变形导致的单元扭曲,使衬套静刚度曲线难以收敛。相较于高阶减缩积分单元,一阶全积分单元表现出较好的抗扭曲特性,更适用于求解大变形问题[10],因此,本文采用一阶全积分单元。
仿真分析采用与台架试验测试方法相同的边界条件,建立刚度仿真模型,如图2所示,约束橡胶内壁节点xyz方向平动自由度,以外骨架采用刚性单元耦合至衬套中心点作为主点,在主点上施加强制位移,得到支反力,绘制支反力-位移曲线,并与试验结果进行对比,结果如图3所示。
仿真与试验结果表明:基于仿真模型获得的空心径向刚度、实心径向刚度均低于实测结果,但轴向刚度大于实测结果。由于本构参数对刚度的物理表现应为同向变化,即3个方向仿真结果均高于实测值或均低于实测值[11-12]。因此,需分析仿真结果中物理特性表现异常的原因。
静刚度仿真物理特性表现异常,主要原因为未考虑装配缩径对衬套刚度特性的影响。缩径工艺如图4所示,将衬套放置在工作台上,内骨架与工作台的定位凸台配合,使用压力机对外骨架施加径向向内的强制位移,橡胶产生初始预应变,从而达到提升衬套耐久寿命的目的。
对于缩径产生的预应变仿真,若自由状态衬套数模未知,可采用逆推法获取自由状态的模型,即以装配几何模型为基础,通过有限元计算反推自由状态下的数模,如图5所示。仿真模型约束衬套内骨架与胶料内壁硫化层的节点,以衬套中心点为原点建立柱坐标系,R为衬套径向方向、θ为绕轴向旋转方向、Z为衬套轴向方向,并施加R向+1.75 mm的缩径位移,求得变形后的模型后导出缩径前网格。施加R向+1.75 mm的缩径反位移,求得变形后的模型,然后导出网格,可以得到缩径前的网格模型。如已知自由状态衬套数模,可省略上述逆推过程,建立以衬套中心点为原点的柱坐标系,并沿径向施加强制位移,从而模拟缩径的效果。
由于材料存在侧向膨胀效应,轴向伸长量对衬套形变产生较大影响,如图6所示。图6a中,缩径后仿真模型撞块与限位块发生干涉,但实际上零件间存在间隙。由于衬套仿真模型中未考虑金属外骨架在缩径过程中因泊松比导致轴向伸长而直径减小,仿真模型仅施加径向位移,因而产生了一定误差。图6b中,将外骨架纳入仿真模型中,同时施加缩径位移,此时,外骨架轴向长度为25.45 mm,总伸长量为0.42 mm,则外骨架单位长度伸长量为0.016 5 mm。定义橡胶材料与外骨架连接节点的轴向位移Dz为0.016 5 mm,基于橡胶材料单元节点的位移函数,计算结果如图7b所示,撞块与限位块不再干涉,与实际零件吻合。
衬套的静刚度仿真分析可视为2个载荷步:第一个载荷步施加缩径位移,产生预应变;第二个载荷步施加刚度方向位移,求解支反力,结果如图7所示。
考虑缩径后,仿真刚度与实测刚度虽存在误差,但3个方向仿真刚度均小于实测刚度,未出现类似图4的异常现象,其物理表现符合理论情况。
空心方向加载5 mm强制位移时,径缩应变分布如图8所示:未考虑缩径时的最大应变为0.571,位于主筋位置;考虑缩径时的最大应变为0.507,位于撞块。考虑缩径后,最大应变的值与位置均发生变化,因此,缩径的影响不可忽视。
为了提升仿真精度,采用多目标优化的方法对初始本构参数进行微调。以Yeoh超弹性本构方程系数C10C20C30作为变量,设置变量初值及其范围,进行本构参数优化。采用模式搜索(Hook-Jeeves)算法[13],使3个方向的仿真刚度曲线和试验刚度曲线的面积差最小,运用优化软件Isight调用有限元软件ABAQUS及曲线拟合工具Data Matching,建立如图9所示的三轴刚度优化流程,优化后超弹性本构参数如表1所示。
使用优化后的本构参数重新计算衬套的刚度特性,如图10所示。结果表明:各向仿真刚度与试验刚度接近,优化后本构参数能准确体现衬套的刚度特性,可用于衬套疲劳寿命预测。
路试中,该车型在整车试验规范70%里程时,衬套的主筋圆角位置发生开裂,如图11所示。
为复现路试中衬套出现的问题,设计台架试验。橡胶衬套仅能承受3通道载荷,故需对路谱载荷进行通道缩减,同时,放弃对寿命影响较小的载荷,从而缩短试验周期。
本文使用虚拟试验场仿真获得该衬套的路谱载荷,其中,24条路面串联后的载荷信号如图12所示,叠加各路面循环次数,构成耐久试验规范。根据该衬套6个受力通道的路谱相对伪损伤情况,确定下摆臂后衬套主要受力通道为径向载荷FxFy,以及偏摆角度Ry。其中,Fx>23 kN,Fy>9 kN,Ry>10°,各方向线性刚度均较低,因而耐久性开发面临严峻挑战。
FxFyxy平面的分布情况如图13所示,二者近似线性关系,可视为同一载荷,因此,台架试验可视为存在2个加载通道,即径向合力通道Fxy和偏摆角通道Ry,如图14所示。
确定加载通道后,为提升仿真效率、缩短台架试验周期,将随机载荷路谱转化为块谱。对x向载荷进行雨流计数及穿级计数,结果如图15所示,并考虑径向力和转角之间的耦合关系,区分3种典型受力工况,即大径向力-大转角、大径向力-小转角、小径向力-大转角工况。为保证伪损伤接近,舍弃高频次的小载荷,从而提升试验效率。由于FxFy成比例关系,径向力可单独转换Fx通道,根据径向力角度计算合力的加载值。块谱载荷统计结果与路谱近似,经比例换算后,8级块谱如表2所示。
台架试验装置如图16所示,径向力加载至内套管,摆角施加在外套管。块谱台架试验运行至总循环次数的80%时,主筋发生开裂,开裂位置与整车路试时的位置一致,寿命表现与整车路试结果接近,表明块谱与路谱关联性较好,因此,块谱载荷可作为仿真优化和零件台架验证的载荷条件。
天然橡胶含有一定的杂质,存在初始裂纹核及裂纹扩展等疲劳问题[14-15],因此,本文采用裂纹扩展法计算橡胶疲劳,其寿命表达式为[16]
N f = c 0 c f d c r c ( T T c ) K
式中:Nf为橡胶衬套寿命; r c ( T T c ) K为能量释放率;rc为裂纹增长速率临界值;Tc为裂纹能量释放率临界值;K为幂指数斜率;c0cf分别为初始缺陷与终止裂纹尺寸,其中,c0cfcf=1 mm,c0可通过材料测试获得,进而积分结果对cf表现出不敏感性[17]
原始方案中,将表2的块谱载荷依次生成正弦时域信号并加载至衬套,使用裂纹扩展法得到各级块谱的疲劳寿命,为便于线性叠加计算,将寿命的倒数定义为损伤,因此,各块谱的损伤叠加结果即为总损伤。同时,分别在有、无缩径工况下,分析预应变对衬套寿命的影响,结果如图17所示。
仿真结果表明:考虑缩径的情况下,衬套损伤最大值出现在主筋圆角位置,损伤值达到2.01,最危险区域与路试开裂区域相同,对应路试中近整车试验规范50%里程时衬套出现开裂,与70%里程路试出现开裂接近,可复现其失效形式;未考虑缩径的情况下,最大损伤值达到3.085,对应整车试验规范32.4%里程出现开裂,与真实表现差距偏大。此外,衬套损伤同样证明了缩径对衬套损伤影响较大,缩径产生的预压应变可减小拉伸应变,抑制主筋裂纹扩展,从而延长寿命。
根据基础方案的失效形式,通过加粗主筋并调整主筋圆角局部曲率来提高疲劳寿命。当Fx-Fy合力方向正对主筋圆角时,大主筋圆角容易产生局部褶皱,导致疲劳失效,优化时需减小主筋圆角尺寸;减小撞块间隙,在受大载荷时,可使撞块承受更多载荷,有利于延长主筋寿命。橡胶衬套的优化方案对比如图18所示,关键几何特征的比较如表3所示。
为验证优化效果,施加相同的块谱信号,损伤分布如图19所示,危险点损伤值如表4所示。
优化方案圆角位置后,损伤由2.01降低至0.943。对优化方案进行台架验证,目标循环次数下未出现开裂,再增加70%目标循环次数后主筋位置发生开裂,如图20所示,优化方案台架试验寿命延长明显,可满足路试耐久性能要求。
本文提出了考虑缩径影响的橡胶衬套寿命仿真方法,解决了某车型下摆臂后衬套开裂问题。通过耐久仿真与台架验证相结合,快速复现问题并进行优化,有效缩短整改周期并降低整改成本。所构建的以仿真为驱动的衬套耐久性问题解决流程,同样适用于其他部位衬套问题。
  • *宁波市重点研发计划项目(20232ZDYF020091)
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doi: 10.19620/j.cnki.1000-3703.20231083
  • 首发时间:2025-12-22
  • 出版时间:2024-09-24
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*宁波市重点研发计划项目(20232ZDYF020091)
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    吉利汽车研究院(宁波)有限公司,宁波 315000
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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