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Article(id=1204386033912755171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, issueId=1204386029366124843, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19620/j.cnki.1000-3703.20221203, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=1675180800000, revisedDateStr=2023-02-01, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1765077606895, onlineDateStr=2025-12-07, pubDate=1692806400000, pubDateStr=2023-08-24, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1765077606895, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1765077606895, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765077606895, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1204386029366124843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, year='2023', volume='', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='62', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1765077605811, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765079233976, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1204392858456400452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, issueId=1204386029366124843, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1204392858456400453, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, issueId=1204386029366124843, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=42, endPage=47, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1204386034202162160, articleId=1204386033912755171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, language=EN, title=Research on Low Temperature Energy Consumption of Electric Vehicles Based on Energy Flow Analysis, columnId=1204386030100128045, journalTitle=Automobile Technology, columnName=※ Special Topic on Safety Technologies of Lithium-Ion Batteries for Electric Vehicles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to explore the energy loss and component efficiency of Electric Vehicle (EV) at low-temperature, so as to optimize the energy structure of EVs, this paper considered 2 common use scenarios and designed 2 test conditions, namely one-time complete driving test and intermittent multiple driving test. The energy flow test was carried out under the conditions of -10 ℃ and -20 ℃, and the energy flow analysis model was established. In this paper, the efficiency and energy consumption features of major components, such as power batteries at low temperatures, were quantitatively analyzed. It has been found that the high energy consumption of electric heaters and the limited battery recycling ability are the main factors leading to the reduction of the low-temperature driving range of EVs.

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为探究低温环境下电动汽车的能量损耗和部件工作效率，以实现整车能量结构优化，考虑电动汽车2种常见使用场景，设计单次续驶和分段续驶2种测试工况，在-10 ℃和-20 ℃条件下进行能量流测试，建立了能量流分析模型，定量分析了低温条件下整车能耗和动力电池等主要部件的效率及能耗特性，探明了电加热器的高能耗和能量回收能力受限是导致低温续驶里程降低的主要因素。

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付智城（1997—），男，博士研究生，主要研究方向为锂离子电池智能管理技术，。
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keyword=中国轻型汽车测试循环-乘用车工况)], refs=[Reference(id=1204452639112147232, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, articleId=1204386033912755171, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=马相飞, journalName=纯电动汽车锂离子电池模型参数辨识与SOC联合估计研究, refType=null, unstructuredReference=马相飞. 纯电动汽车锂离子电池模型参数辨识与SOC联合估计研究[D]. 西安: 长安大学, 2018., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1204452639221199145, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, articleId=1204386033912755171, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=1, authorNames=MA X F, journalName=Research on Joint Estimation for Model Parameters Identification and SOC of Li-Ion Battery of Electric Vehicle, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MA X F. 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Research on Optimization of Power Consumption of Pure Electric Vehicle Based on Energy Flow Analysis[J]. 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参数 数值 参数 数值
整备质量/kg 1 745 电池类别 磷酸铁锂
驱动电机数量/台 1 电池电量/kW·h 55.018
电机峰值功率/kW 202 额定电压/V 341.3
电机最大扭矩/N·m 404 最高车速/km·h-1 225
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试验车辆主要技术参数

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参数 数值 参数 数值
整备质量/kg 1 745 电池类别 磷酸铁锂
驱动电机数量/台 1 电池电量/kW·h 55.018
电机峰值功率/kW 202 额定电压/V 341.3
电机最大扭矩/N·m 404 最高车速/km·h-1 225
), ArticleFig(id=1204452637136629930, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, articleId=1204386033912755171, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测试条件 D/km E/kW·h C/(kW·h)·(100 km)-1
-10 ℃单次续驶 185.7 61.32 33.02
-10 ℃分段续驶 131.5 60.86 46.28
-20 ℃单次续驶 143.5 58.57 40.82
-20 ℃分段续驶 103.4 53.24 51.49
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EV低温测试结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测试条件 D/km E/kW·h C/(kW·h)·(100 km)-1
-10 ℃单次续驶 185.7 61.32 33.02
-10 ℃分段续驶 131.5 60.86 46.28
-20 ℃单次续驶 143.5 58.57 40.82
-20 ℃分段续驶 103.4 53.24 51.49
), ArticleFig(id=1204452637426036921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, articleId=1204386033912755171, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
续驶方式 温度
/℃		 初始温度/℃ 截止温度/℃
C1 C2 C3 C4 C1 C2 C3 C4
分段 -10 -9.5 -11.0 -11.0 -8.0 3.0 2.0 4.5 5.0
-20 -20.0 -18.5 -23.0 -18.0 -2.0 -1.5 0.5 -1.0
单次 -10 -8.5 13.0
-20 -20.5 9.0
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最低单体温度特性

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续驶方式 温度
/℃		 初始温度/℃ 截止温度/℃
C1 C2 C3 C4 C1 C2 C3 C4
分段 -10 -9.5 -11.0 -11.0 -8.0 3.0 2.0 4.5 5.0
-20 -20.0 -18.5 -23.0 -18.0 -2.0 -1.5 0.5 -1.0
单次 -10 -8.5 13.0
-20 -20.5 9.0
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测试条件 Edis
/kW·h		 Echa
/kW·h		 E
/kW·h		 ηb/% ηm/%
-10 ℃单次续驶 50.46 56.08 61.32 89.98 91.45
-10 ℃分段续驶 47.63 55.52 60.86 85.73 91.29
-20 ℃单次续驶 48.65 53.59 58.57 90.78 91.50
-20 ℃分段续驶 38.37 47.48 53.24 80.79 89.20
), ArticleFig(id=1204452637837078730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, articleId=1204386033912755171, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

EV动力电池测试与分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测试条件 Edis
/kW·h		 Echa
/kW·h		 E
/kW·h		 ηb/% ηm/%
-10 ℃单次续驶 50.46 56.08 61.32 89.98 91.45
-10 ℃分段续驶 47.63 55.52 60.86 85.73 91.29
-20 ℃单次续驶 48.65 53.59 58.57 90.78 91.50
-20 ℃分段续驶 38.37 47.48 53.24 80.79 89.20
), ArticleFig(id=1204452637988073684, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, articleId=1204386033912755171, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 -10 ℃下流动能量 -20 ℃下流动能量
驱动 回收 驱动 回收
电池系统 55.08 4.62 51.15 2.50
电机控制器 32.74 7.27 22.12 5.68
电机 29.37 7.39 20.96 5.87
半轴 28.94 8.57 20.40 6.92
电加热器 21.79 27.28
DC/DC电源变换器 2.75 2.15
), ArticleFig(id=1204452638139068635, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, articleId=1204386033912755171, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

单次续驶主要部件能量流动值 kW·h

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 -10 ℃下流动能量 -20 ℃下流动能量
驱动 回收 驱动 回收
电池系统 55.08 4.62 51.15 2.50
电机控制器 32.74 7.27 22.12 5.68
电机 29.37 7.39 20.96 5.87
半轴 28.94 8.57 20.40 6.92
电加热器 21.79 27.28
DC/DC电源变换器 2.75 2.15
), ArticleFig(id=1204452638273286373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, articleId=1204386033912755171, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 -10 ℃下流动能量 -20 ℃下流动能量
驱动 回收 驱动 回收
电池系统 48.85 1.22 38.48 0.11
电机控制器 20.83 3.46 18.07 1.79
电机 18.41 4.48 15.28 2.85
半轴 18.21 5.29 15.13 3.68
电加热器 26.22 17.66
DC/DC电源变换器 3.03 1.78
), ArticleFig(id=1204452638369755369, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, articleId=1204386033912755171, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

分段续驶主要部件能量流动值 kW·h

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 -10 ℃下流动能量 -20 ℃下流动能量
驱动 回收 驱动 回收
电池系统 48.85 1.22 38.48 0.11
电机控制器 20.83 3.46 18.07 1.79
电机 18.41 4.48 15.28 2.85
半轴 18.21 5.29 15.13 3.68
电加热器 26.22 17.66
DC/DC电源变换器 3.03 1.78
), ArticleFig(id=1204452638487195892, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, articleId=1204386033912755171, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 -10 ℃ -20 ℃
单次续驶 分段续驶 单次续驶 分段续驶
输入能耗/kW·h 4.08 3.77 3.17 2.56
输出能耗/kW·h 2.75 3.03 2.15 1.78
效率/% 67.40 80.37 67.82 69.53
中控屏能耗
/kW·h		 1.95 1.28 1.88 0.93
中控屏能耗占比/% 70.91 42.24 87.44 52.25
), ArticleFig(id=1204452638613025020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, articleId=1204386033912755171, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

DC/DC电源变换器输入、输出能耗及效率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 -10 ℃ -20 ℃
单次续驶 分段续驶 单次续驶 分段续驶
输入能耗/kW·h 4.08 3.77 3.17 2.56
输出能耗/kW·h 2.75 3.03 2.15 1.78
效率/% 67.40 80.37 67.82 69.53
中控屏能耗
/kW·h		 1.95 1.28 1.88 0.93
中控屏能耗占比/% 70.91 42.24 87.44 52.25
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基于能量流分析的电动汽车低温能耗研究*
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刘頔 1, 2 , 滕欣余 1, 2 , 张国华 1, 2 , 付智城 3 , 马仕昌 3
汽车技术 | ※电动汽车锂离子电池安全技术专题 2023,(8): 42-47
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汽车技术 | ※电动汽车锂离子电池安全技术专题 2023, (8): 42-47
基于能量流分析的电动汽车低温能耗研究*
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刘頔1, 2, 滕欣余1, 2, 张国华1, 2, 付智城3 , 马仕昌3
作者信息
  • 1 北京卡达克科技中心有限公司，北京 100000
  • 2 中国汽车技术研究中心有限公司，北京 100000
  • 3 北京交通大学，国家能源主动配电网技术研发中心，北京 100044

通讯作者:

付智城（1997—），男，博士研究生，主要研究方向为锂离子电池智能管理技术，。
Research on Low Temperature Energy Consumption of Electric Vehicles Based on Energy Flow Analysis
Di Liu1, 2, Xinyu Teng1, 2, Guohua Zhang1, 2, Zhicheng Fu3 , Shichang Ma3
Affiliations
  • 1 Beijing CATARC Science and Technology Center Co., Ltd., Beijing 100000
  • 2 China Automotive Technology and Research Center Co., Ltd., Beijing 100000
  • 3 National Active Distribution Network Technology Research Center (NANTEC), Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044
出版时间: 2023-08-24 doi: 10.19620/j.cnki.1000-3703.20221203
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摘要
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为探究低温环境下电动汽车的能量损耗和部件工作效率，以实现整车能量结构优化，考虑电动汽车2种常见使用场景，设计单次续驶和分段续驶2种测试工况，在-10 ℃和-20 ℃条件下进行能量流测试，建立了能量流分析模型，定量分析了低温条件下整车能耗和动力电池等主要部件的效率及能耗特性，探明了电加热器的高能耗和能量回收能力受限是导致低温续驶里程降低的主要因素。

电动汽车  /  能量流  /  能量损耗  /  低温环境  /  中国轻型汽车测试循环-乘用车工况

In order to explore the energy loss and component efficiency of Electric Vehicle (EV) at low-temperature, so as to optimize the energy structure of EVs, this paper considered 2 common use scenarios and designed 2 test conditions, namely one-time complete driving test and intermittent multiple driving test. The energy flow test was carried out under the conditions of -10 ℃ and -20 ℃, and the energy flow analysis model was established. In this paper, the efficiency and energy consumption features of major components, such as power batteries at low temperatures, were quantitatively analyzed. It has been found that the high energy consumption of electric heaters and the limited battery recycling ability are the main factors leading to the reduction of the low-temperature driving range of EVs.

Electric vehicle  /  Energy flow  /  Energy consumption  /  Low temperature  /  China Light-duty vehicle Test Cycle-Passenger (CLTC-P)
刘頔, 滕欣余, 张国华, 付智城, 马仕昌. 基于能量流分析的电动汽车低温能耗研究*. 汽车技术, 2023 , (8) : 42 -47 . DOI: 10.19620/j.cnki.1000-3703.20221203
Di Liu, Xinyu Teng, Guohua Zhang, Zhicheng Fu, Shichang Ma. Research on Low Temperature Energy Consumption of Electric Vehicles Based on Energy Flow Analysis[J]. Automobile Technology, 2023 , (8) : 42 -47 . DOI: 10.19620/j.cnki.1000-3703.20221203
正文
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1 前言
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电动汽车（Electric Vehicle，EV）已成为汽车行业节能减排的重要解决方案[1]，现阶段，用户仍对EV的续驶里程存在一定焦虑。为了缓解这一问题，相关研究人员进行了一系列研究，其中，利用能量流分析方法从整车层面对车辆能耗进行测试分析并提出优化措施，是提高车辆能量效率并提升续驶里程的一种有效手段。
Zeng等[2]利用能量流分析方法研究了混合动力汽车能量转换过程中的能耗耦合特性，并建立了燃料消耗量模型。Dong等[3]以插电式混合动力汽车和传统汽车为研究对象，利用能量流分析方法量化了能量分布，揭示了混合动力汽车的节能原理。Zhu等[4]利用能量流分析方法研究了重型车辆瞬时能量流的分布规律。Zhang等[5]搭建了能量流测试平台，研究了不同温度下插电式混合动力汽车在动力传输过程中的能耗和效率特性。张微等[6]建立了EV行驶过程中的能量流数学模型，全面评价了测试车辆的能耗特性。李敏等[7]制定了能量流测试方案，研究了EV在常温和低温下的能耗分布。宋政委[8]针对EV的能量流进行试验分析，对车辆不同状态下的能量流和车辆关键部件的能耗进行了研究。黄伟等[9]设计了EV能量流测试方案，并基于电耗模型进行了多方面的电耗优化分析，改善了EV的能耗。
尽管已有研究利用能量流分析方法对EV的能耗进行了测试，但目前关注到温度的研究较少，尤其是低温对EV能量流的影响，并且现有研究对EV的实际使用场景考虑不够充分。针对以上问题，本文以某款EV为研究对象，考虑其整车单次续驶和分段续驶2种常见使用场景，利用能量流分析方法对其低温能耗进行重点研究，揭示不同低温环境下EV能量流的差异以及关键部件的能耗特性，为整车能耗优化和续驶里程提升提供依据。
2 测试方案
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本文的测试对象为某款电动乘用车，车辆主要技术参数如表1所示。测试在高低温环境舱中进行，设置环境温度分别为-10 ℃和-20 ℃，以探究车辆在低温条件下的能耗情况。图1所示为测试场景，主要测试设备包括底盘测功机、CANoe、电流传感器、电压传感器、压力传感器以及踏板位移传感器等。
目前使用较多的车辆测试工况有全球轻型汽车测试循环（Worldwide Light-duty Test Cycle，WLTC）工况和中国轻型汽车测试循环-乘用车（China Light-duty vehicle Test Cycle-Passenger，CLTC-P）工况，相较于WLTC工况，CLTC-P工况更偏重中低速场景，更接近中国实际道路工况。完整的CLTC-P工况持续时间为1 800 s，包括低速、中速、高速3个速度区间，工况平均车速为28.96 km/h，平均行驶速度为37.18 km/h，最高车速为114 km/h。CLTC-P和WLTC工况的车速-时间曲线如图2所示。
考虑车辆单次长距离续驶使用场景和多次短距离续驶使用场景，测试分为整车单次续驶和整车分段续驶2种工况，在2种工况下均开展-10 ℃和-20 ℃环境温度试验。整车单次续驶测试的测试方法为：将车辆充满电后，在环境舱中浸车约10 h，之后进行CLTC-P工况测试，直至达到车辆行驶截止条件，最后在25 ℃条件下将车辆充满电，记录总充电量。整车分段续驶测试的测试方法为：将车辆充满电后，在环境舱浸车约10 h，之后进行CLTC-P工况测试，每2个循环后中断测试并浸车约10 h，重复以上流程直至达到车辆行驶截止条件，最后在25 ℃条件下将车辆充满电，记录总充电量。以上测试过程中，车内空调设置为23 ℃、自动风。
3 能量流模型
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由于EV以锂离子动力电池为唯一动力源，而锂离子电池的性能受温度影响较明显，本文对低温环境下车辆的能耗进行研究，重点分析车辆行驶过程中电能传输部分的能量流情况，机械部分的详细能量流分析不在本文讨论范围内。车辆行驶过程中电能的流动路径如图3所示。
由图3可知，低温环境下EV行驶过程中能量流主要有3条传递路径。为了定量研究车辆行驶能耗以及主要部件的能耗和工作效率，本文建立了电能传递过程中的能量流分析模型，车辆百公里电耗C、动力电池低温放电效率ηb、车载充电机效率ηm、电机驱动效率ηdri和能量回收转换效率ηrec分别为：
C=E/D
ηb=Edis/Echa
ηm=Echa/E
ηdri=Eax/Emot
ηrec=Em-rec/Eax-rec
式中，E为电池充电量（充电桩）[9]；D为车辆行驶距离；Edis、Echa分别为电池放电量和实际充电量；Eax、Emot分别为车辆半轴端能量和电机控制器输出能量；Em-rec、Eax-rec分别为电机控制器实际回收能量和半轴端可回收能量。
4 测试结果与能量流分析
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4.1 测试结果分析
根据测试结果，本文首先分析低温环境下EV百公里电耗和测试过程中的动力电池温度、放电性能以及工作点，目的是从动力电池的角度探究EV低温续驶里程下降的原因及行驶工况对续驶里程的影响。
4.1.1 百公里电耗和续驶里程分析
4种测试条件下被测车辆的续驶里程、电池充电量和计算得到的百公里电耗如表2所示。
在续驶里程方面：相比于整车单次续驶，-10 ℃条件下分段续驶里程衰减29.19%，-20 ℃条件下分段续驶里程衰减27.94%；相比于-10 ℃条件下的测试结果，-20 ℃条件下单次续驶里程衰减22.72%，分段续驶里程衰减21.37%。
在百公里电耗方面：相比于整车单次续驶，-10 ℃条件下分段续驶电耗增加40.16%，-20 ℃条件下分段续驶电耗增加26.14%；相比于-10 ℃条件下的测试结果，-20 ℃条件下单次续驶电耗增加23.62%，分段续驶电耗增加11.26%。
由上述分析可知，更低的环境温度和分段行驶工况都会缩短EV低温续驶里程，同时车辆的百公里电耗也会增加。
4.1.2 动力电池温度分析
整车单次续驶及分段续驶测试过程开始时温度最低的单体在不同测试条件下的温度变化情况如图4所示。从图4中可看出：-10 ℃分段续驶测试中电池在有效工况循环内的温度区间为-10~5 ℃，在-20 ℃时温度区间为-20~0 ℃；在单次续驶的2组测试中，-10 ℃的电池运行温度区间为-10~15 ℃，在-20 ℃则为-20~10 ℃，相对于分段续驶场景，电池工作温度均有所提高。
在完整的循环测试过程中，电池系统中最低温度单体的温度特性如表3所示，其中C1~C4分别代表第1个循环~第4个循环。由表3可知，分段续驶条件下最低温度单体的平均温度基本处于0 ℃以下，且-20 ℃工况下循环1、循环2、循环4结束时最低温度单体的温度仍未上升至0 ℃。结合电池温度状态，分段续驶状态下动力电池基本工作在0 ℃以下，持续低温影响了动力电池的充放电性能。
4.1.3 动力电池低温放电分析
续驶测试结束后，在室温下对被测试车辆进行充电，记录动力电池母线端充电量和充电桩输出电量，即电池实际充电量Echa和电池充电量（充电桩）E，电池放电量Edis在续驶测试中记录。通过以上数据计算动力电池低温放电效率和车载充电机充电效率，结果如表4所示。
从电池放电量Edis来看，-20 ℃条件下单次和分段续驶放电量均少于-10 ℃条件下相应放电量，且同温度条件下分段续驶放电量均少于单次续驶放电量，这说明低温环境影响了电池的放电能力。与此同时，电池放电量与实际充电量的比值可以侧面反映电池在运行过程中的放电效率，从结果来看，低温环境影响了电池的放电效率。充电过程中，不同条件下车载充电机效率基本相近。综上，低温导致的电池放电能力受限和放电效率降低均为车辆整体续驶里程衰减的影响因素。
4.1.4 动力电池工作点分析
选取3组有代表性的数据对动力电池低温运行过程中具体的电流、电压工作点分布情况进行分析，选取的数据为-10 ℃单次续驶过程中第1个、第4个和第8个CLTC-P工况循环的测试数据，如图5所示。在第1个循环中，电压工作点最低，而第4个和第8个循环过程的电压工作点较高，原因是第1个循环中，电池温度从-10 ℃升高到了0 ℃附近，温升近10 ℃，而第4个和第8个循环过程中，动力电池温度基本在5~10 ℃范围内，温升较小，温升导致电池极化作用降低，电压回升。对3个循环的测试数据进行线性拟合，以斜率表示电池工作内阻[8]，发现第1个循环的内阻约为0.366 9 Ω，第4和第8个循环中内阻分别为0.226 6 Ω和0.219 1 Ω左右，温度对电池内阻的影响较大。
4.2 能量流分析
4.2.1 能量流图
根据实际测试循环，电池输出电能经高压配电盒流向电机控制器、DC/DC电源变换器和电加热器，分别用于驱动车辆、低压负载供电以及乘员舱采暖。以-10 ℃单次续驶为例，根据测试结果绘制了整车电能传递部分的能量流，如图6所示。
根据图6，将电池母线、电机控制器电能划分为用于驱动的能量和回收的能量2个部分，半轴及轮端进行相同的处理，不同试验条件下车辆能量分布情况如表5、表6所示。
由表5、表6可知，低温环境下电池能量回收明显受限，且分段续驶工况下电池性能处于较低温度水平（见4.1.2节），该工况下电池回收电量的衰减更加明显。比较表中各部件能耗可以得到以下结果：
a. 测试过程中，低温导致电池能量回收能力受限。-10 ℃和-20 ℃条件下分段续驶工况较单次续驶工况动力电池端回收电量均大幅衰减；-20 ℃相比于-10 ℃条件下单次续驶动力电池端回收电量衰减了45.89%。
b. 整个续驶测试过程中电加热器能耗占比较高，4种续驶工况下电加热器能耗占比均在39%以上。
综上所述，电加热器的高能耗以及低温导致能量回收能力受限，回收电量降低是低温续驶里程衰减的主要原因之一。
4.2.2 能量流分析
从图4可以看出：-10 ℃单次续驶测试共包括12个CLTC-P工况循环，分段续驶测试包括7个CLTC-P工况循环；-20 ℃单次续驶测试共包括9个CLTC-P工况循环，分段续驶测试包括6个CLTC-P工况循环。以-10 ℃测试为例，计算单次续驶中每次完整CLTC-P工况循环电机控制器至轮端的“电-机械”驱动转化效率与回收电量，并与分段续驶测试进行对比，结果如图7所示。
从驱动转换效率来看，除了首次循环时效率略低外，其余循环工况下驱动效率基本相同，虽存在波动，但与温度的直接关联并不明显，即驱动能量效率受低温环境的影响较小。从回收能量来看，首次循环时动力电池能量回收能力严重受限，回收能量基本为0，随着电池温度升高，能量回收能力明显提升。通过以上分析，低温环境下能量回收能力受限是EV车辆续驶里程下降的主要原因。
根据分段续驶及单次续驶测试结果，低温使得电加热器能耗增加。由于单次续驶工况下电池经过完整的升温过程，并且考虑到-20 ℃条件下电池放电能力受限，电加热器功率波动性强，故以-10 ℃单次续驶测试为例分析低温行驶过程中电加热器能耗及其与温度的关系。计算-10 ℃单次续驶测试过程中电加热器能耗占比和动力电池荷电状态（State of Charge，SOC）变化量ΔSOC，如图8所示。
从图8中可以看出，测试开展至第3个循环，温度最低的单体升温至3 ℃以上，电池工作状态逐渐平稳，第3个、第4个循环及之后电池温升和SOC变化情况基本相同。随着温度最低单体的温度升高，电加热器能耗逐渐降低，前4个循环电加热器能耗占比分别为57.15%、51.84%、34.98%、35.99%，进行至第3个循环，电加热器能耗已经趋于稳定。从整体能量分配来看，整个续驶过程中电加热器能耗占比均较高，约为40%~50%。所以，电加热器高能耗是整体续驶里程衰减的主要影响因素之一。
最后，计算部分车辆低压负载能耗，以及DC/DC电源变换器输入、输出能量，结果如表7所示。除-10 ℃分段续驶外，其他3种续驶测试工况下DC/DC电源变换器的转换效率均在70%附近，差别不大。在所有车辆低压用电器中，中控屏为主要耗能器件。在-10 ℃整车单次续驶试验中，中控屏能耗占DC/DC电源变换器端输出的70.91%，-20 ℃整车单次续驶试验中，中控屏能耗占DC/DC电源变换器端输出的87.44%。
5 结束语
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本文以某款电动汽车为测试对象，考虑EV的2种常见续驶场景，采用CLTC-P工况设计了整车单次续驶和分段续驶2种测试工况，分别在-10 ℃和-20 ℃条件下开展了续驶测试，并利用能量流分析方法对EV的低温能耗特性和低温续驶里程主要影响因素进行了研究。主要研究结论为：低温和分段续驶工况会增大整车百公里电耗，减少动力电池系统的放电量，并使动力电池系统能量回收受限；电加热器的高能耗使得车辆续驶里程缩短；电机控制器的驱动转换效率受温度影响较小，而能量回收能力受温度影响较大；电加热器能耗受温度影响明显，首个工况循环下电加热器能耗占比较大，随着温度升高，能耗占比趋于稳定；低压端DC/DC电源变换器输出的车载电器中，能耗最高的执行件为车载中控屏。
基金
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  • * 中挪新能源汽车安全高效应用关键技术研究与示范项目(2019YFE0104700)
文献
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2023年第卷第8期
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doi: 10.19620/j.cnki.1000-3703.20221203
  • 首发时间：2025-12-07
  • 出版时间：2023-08-24
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  • 修回日期：2023-02-01
基金
* 中挪新能源汽车安全高效应用关键技术研究与示范项目(2019YFE0104700)
作者信息
    1 北京卡达克科技中心有限公司，北京 100000
    2 中国汽车技术研究中心有限公司，北京 100000
    3 北京交通大学，国家能源主动配电网技术研发中心，北京 100044

通讯作者:

付智城（1997—），男，博士研究生，主要研究方向为锂离子电池智能管理技术，。
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
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