Article(id=1204385896960340531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, issueId=1204385894045299206, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19620/j.cnki.1000-3703.20220393, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=1658246400000, revisedDateStr=2022-07-20, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1765077574242, onlineDateStr=2025-12-07, pubDate=1690128000000, pubDateStr=2023-07-24, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1765077574242, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1765077574242, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765077574242, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1204385894045299206, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, year='2023', volume='', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='62', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1765077573547, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765079205010, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1204392736964194804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, issueId=1204385894045299206, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1204392736964194805, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, issueId=1204385894045299206, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=54, endPage=62, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1204385897228775999, articleId=1204385896960340531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, language=EN, title=Research on Driving Risk Field Modeling and Obstacle Avoidance Control Considering Coefficient of Road Adhesion, columnId=1204385894989013993, journalTitle=Automobile Technology, columnName=Special Topic on Vehicle Trajectory Prediction and Path Tracking, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

For the active obstacle avoidance of vehicle under different road conditions, this paper proposed an obstacle avoidance path planning method in driving risk field considering road adhesion coefficient. Firstly, the driving risk fields including road boundary risk field, target gravitational field and obstacle risk field were established. The road adhesion coefficient was estimated in real time based on the volumetric Kalman filter algorithm, and the driving risk field function considering the road adhesion coefficient was derived with negative gradient derivative, and the obstacle avoidance path with the lowest risk was obtained. Then, the obstacle avoidance reference path satisfying the vehicle constraints was obtained by 5-degree polynomial fitting optimization. Finally, the model predictive control algorithm was utilized to track the obstacle avoidance path. The simulation results show that at the same speed, the smaller the road adhesion coefficient, the smaller the lateral acceleration is, the smaller the standard deviation of the lateral acceleration is, and the more stable the obstacle avoidance effect will be.

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针对车辆在不同路面条件下的主动避障问题,提出一种考虑路面附着系数的行车风险场避障路径规划方法。首先,建立了包含道路边界风险场、目标引力场和障碍物风险场的行车风险场;基于容积卡尔曼滤波算法实时估算路面附着系数,并对考虑路面附着系数的行车风险场函数进行负梯度求导,得到风险值下降最快的避障路径;然后,采用5次多项式拟合优化得到满足车辆约束的避障参考路径;最后,采用模型预测控制算法跟踪避障路径。仿真结果表明:在相同车速下,路面附着系数越小,避障时的横向加速度越小,横向加速度的标准差越小,避障效果越平顺。

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李文礼(1983—),副教授,博士,研究方向为智能汽车测试技术,
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language=CN, label=图13, caption=车辆侧偏角仿真结果, figureFileSmall=HvQBkp5zj14N2mRPXpOybQ==, figureFileBig=WThdkkWsbMZoFAXqTxi31Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1204452626546012257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, articleId=1204385896960340531, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=sISonZxNUMi5Vpdt0kTUlA==, figureFileBig=XyW9ev7Hp6ZA1PmErz1jEw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1204452626713784437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, articleId=1204385896960340531, language=CN, label=图14, caption=90 km/h车速下车辆侧滑结果, figureFileSmall=sISonZxNUMi5Vpdt0kTUlA==, figureFileBig=XyW9ev7Hp6ZA1PmErz1jEw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1204452626898333831, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, articleId=1204385896960340531, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 取值
车辆质量/kg 1 723
质心到前轴中心距离/m 1.232
质心到后轴中心距离/m 1.468
车辆绕z轴转动惯量/kg·m2 4 175
前轮侧偏刚度/N·rad-1 66 900
后轮侧偏刚度/N·rad-1 62 700
), ArticleFig(id=1204452627049328787, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, articleId=1204385896960340531, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

车辆参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 取值
车辆质量/kg 1 723
质心到前轴中心距离/m 1.232
质心到后轴中心距离/m 1.468
车辆绕z轴转动惯量/kg·m2 4 175
前轮侧偏刚度/N·rad-1 66 900
后轮侧偏刚度/N·rad-1 62 700
), ArticleFig(id=1204452627212906659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, articleId=1204385896960340531, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 取值
道路左边界Lleft/m 16
道路右边界Lright/m 1
道路边界风险场调节系数λr 0.1
路面附着系数调节系数βμ 0.4
目标引力场调节系数αr 0.003
障碍物风险场调节系数βU 30
相对速度调节系数βv 2
障碍车外形尺寸调节系数βobs 1
), ArticleFig(id=1204452627334541487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, articleId=1204385896960340531, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

风险场参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 取值
道路左边界Lleft/m 16
道路右边界Lright/m 1
道路边界风险场调节系数λr 0.1
路面附着系数调节系数βμ 0.4
目标引力场调节系数αr 0.003
障碍物风险场调节系数βU 30
相对速度调节系数βv 2
障碍车外形尺寸调节系数βobs 1
), ArticleFig(id=1204452627519090884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, articleId=1204385896960340531, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 取值
采样时间/s 0.02
预测时域Np 30
控制时域Nc 10
跟踪效果调节矩阵Q [2 000 0;0 10 000]
控制量变化调节矩阵R [5×105]
权重系数 10
松弛因子 10 000
), ArticleFig(id=1204452627640725714, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, articleId=1204385896960340531, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

模型预测控制器参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 取值
采样时间/s 0.02
预测时域Np 30
控制时域Nc 10
跟踪效果调节矩阵Q [2 000 0;0 10 000]
控制量变化调节矩阵R [5×105]
权重系数 10
松弛因子 10 000
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考虑路面附着系数的行车风险场建模及避障控制研究*
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李文礼 , 钱洪 , 任勇鹏 , 喻飞 , 易帆
汽车技术 | 智能车辆轨迹预测与路径跟踪技术专题 2023,(7): 54-62
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汽车技术 | 智能车辆轨迹预测与路径跟踪技术专题 2023, (7): 54-62
考虑路面附着系数的行车风险场建模及避障控制研究*
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李文礼 , 钱洪, 任勇鹏, 喻飞, 易帆
作者信息
  • 重庆理工大学,重庆 400054

通讯作者:

李文礼(1983—),副教授,博士,研究方向为智能汽车测试技术,
Research on Driving Risk Field Modeling and Obstacle Avoidance Control Considering Coefficient of Road Adhesion
Wenli Li , Hong Qian, Yongpeng Ren, Fei Yu, Fan Yi
Affiliations
  • Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054
出版时间: 2023-07-24 doi: 10.19620/j.cnki.1000-3703.20220393
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针对车辆在不同路面条件下的主动避障问题,提出一种考虑路面附着系数的行车风险场避障路径规划方法。首先,建立了包含道路边界风险场、目标引力场和障碍物风险场的行车风险场;基于容积卡尔曼滤波算法实时估算路面附着系数,并对考虑路面附着系数的行车风险场函数进行负梯度求导,得到风险值下降最快的避障路径;然后,采用5次多项式拟合优化得到满足车辆约束的避障参考路径;最后,采用模型预测控制算法跟踪避障路径。仿真结果表明:在相同车速下,路面附着系数越小,避障时的横向加速度越小,横向加速度的标准差越小,避障效果越平顺。

车辆主动避障  /  路径规划  /  风险场  /  路面附着系数

For the active obstacle avoidance of vehicle under different road conditions, this paper proposed an obstacle avoidance path planning method in driving risk field considering road adhesion coefficient. Firstly, the driving risk fields including road boundary risk field, target gravitational field and obstacle risk field were established. The road adhesion coefficient was estimated in real time based on the volumetric Kalman filter algorithm, and the driving risk field function considering the road adhesion coefficient was derived with negative gradient derivative, and the obstacle avoidance path with the lowest risk was obtained. Then, the obstacle avoidance reference path satisfying the vehicle constraints was obtained by 5-degree polynomial fitting optimization. Finally, the model predictive control algorithm was utilized to track the obstacle avoidance path. The simulation results show that at the same speed, the smaller the road adhesion coefficient, the smaller the lateral acceleration is, the smaller the standard deviation of the lateral acceleration is, and the more stable the obstacle avoidance effect will be.

Vehicle active obstacle avoidance  /  Path planning  /  Risk field  /  Road adhesion coefficient
李文礼, 钱洪, 任勇鹏, 喻飞, 易帆. 考虑路面附着系数的行车风险场建模及避障控制研究*. 汽车技术, 2023 , (7) : 54 -62 . DOI: 10.19620/j.cnki.1000-3703.20220393
Wenli Li, Hong Qian, Yongpeng Ren, Fei Yu, Fan Yi. Research on Driving Risk Field Modeling and Obstacle Avoidance Control Considering Coefficient of Road Adhesion[J]. Automobile Technology, 2023 , (7) : 54 -62 . DOI: 10.19620/j.cnki.1000-3703.20220393
车辆主动避障技术的核心是路径规划。目前,车辆路径规划方法主要有风险场法(人工势场法)、最优控制法和随机搜索法等[1]。其中,风险场法因计算简单、规划的路径相对平滑、实时性好等优点,在车辆路径规划方面应用广泛。唐志荣等[2]建立了结合道路环境及障碍物的改进人工势场模型,利用改进后的模型规划符合车辆约束的避障路径。田野等[3]提出一种基于碰撞时间的行车风险场模型,并通过典型交通场景验证了该模型的有效性。张家旭等[4]提出一种基于改进人工势场的车辆弯道超车路径规划算法,可有效、舒适地实现弯道超车。李彩霞等[5]针对行人违规过街问题,提出一种基于行人位置预测的人、车转向避障路径规划方法,在避障过程中根据行人位置实时调节势场大小,从而实时调节避障路径。王明强等[6]提出一种基于碰撞风险评估的车辆局部路径规划算法,可实现主动避障。陈宇珂等[7]提出一种能对障碍物进行分类处理的模型预测避障路径规划控制器,将障碍物势场加入该控制器的代价函数,以此引导车辆避障。
车辆行驶过程中常出现路面附着条件突变的情况,最典型的就是天气由晴转雨的情况。对于此类场景,若不考虑路面附着条件变化对行车风险场的影响而进行避障路径规划,将严重影响避障安全性。因此,在车辆主动安全控制过程中,有必要实时获取路面附着系数[8]。文献[2]~文献[7]在基于风险场法进行路径规划时,均未论述路面附着系数及其变化对路径规划的影响。虽有学者建立行车风险场时考虑了路面附着系数[9],但并未详细论述路面附着系数变化对行车风险场的影响以及实时估算路面附着系数时所存在的问题。
路面附着系数的估算方法主要有基于原因(Cause-Based)和基于效果(Effect-Based)两类[10]。Effect-Based方法根据路面变化所引起的车辆运动参数变化来估算路面附着系数[11],成本低、适用性强。文献[10]~文献[12]通过该类方法实现了路面附着系数的估算。
综上,本文提出一种考虑路面附着系数的行车风险场建模及避障控制方法。通过容积卡尔曼滤波算法对路面附着系数进行实时估算,并将估算结果与行车风险场结合,从而基于考虑路面附着系数的行车风险场进行避障路径规划,以适应复杂多变的车辆行驶环境。
车辆在道路上行驶时,大多数驾驶员都会沿道路中心行驶。因此,在道路边界风险场建模时,若只考虑道路边界因素,则车辆正常行驶时行车风险较小;若发生意外导致车辆超出道路边界范围行驶,则行车风险将变大,严重时会造成交通事故。另外,本文考虑车辆横向避障场景,与车辆换道场景不同,其忽略了道路边界内车道线对行车风险场的影响。最终选取分段函数对道路边界风险场进行建模[4],超出道路边界时选取增加速度较快的指数函数,在道路边界范围内道路边界风险场强度取值为零,如图1所示,具体表达式为:
U r o a d = λ r e 2 y r - L r i g h t - 1 ,   y r < L r i g h t                     0 ,                                           L r i g h t y r L l e f t λ r e 2 y r - L l e f t - 1 ,   y r > L l e f t                        
式中,Uroad为道路边界风险场强度;yr为道路纵坐标;λr为道路边界风险场调节系数,用于调节道路边界风险场的大小;LleftLright分别为道路左、右边界坐标。
目标引力场的作用是使车辆驶向目标位置,故应在远离目标位置处风险大,靠近目标位置处风险小,从而使引力场向着目标位置倾斜。在参考文献[2]的引力场模型基础上改进可得目标引力场模型,如图2所示,目标引力场强度Utarget的表达式为:
Utarget=αr·[(xr-xtarget)2+(yr-ytarget)2]
式中,αr为目标引力场调节系数;xtargetytarget分别为目标位置的横、纵坐标;xr为道路横坐标。
车辆外形可简化为长方体,考虑到车辆避障路径的平滑性要求,参考王明强[6]等所选择的形状类似车辆的二维正态分布函数对障碍物风险场进行建模,该函数的特点是:越靠近障碍物风险值越大,并且可通过调节模型的长、短轴达到调节障碍物横、纵向风险值的目的。障碍物风险场强度Uobs的表达式为:
U o b s = e x p - 1 2 x r - x o b s 2 σ x 2 + y r - y o b s 2 σ y 2
式中,xobsyobs分别为障碍物的横、纵坐标;σxσy分别为障碍物沿大地坐标系xr方向和yr方向的分布因子。
由于障碍物相对于试验车有静止和运动2种状态,故构建障碍物风险场模型时应考虑障碍物与试验车之间的相对速度和相对加速度对风险场的影响。同时,障碍物的转向也会影响风险场的分布方向,参考田野[3]等提出的方法对坐标进行转换,转换后的坐标为:
x φ y φ = c o s φ 1 - s i n φ 1 s i n φ 1 c o s φ 1 x r - x o b s y r - y o b s + x o b s y o b s
式中,φ1为障碍物转向角;xφyφ分别为障碍物转向角为φ1时的道路横、纵坐标。
另外,对于典型的天气由晴转雨的驾驶工况,路面附着条件会发生较大变化。路面附着系数的不同显然会对车辆避障产生较大影响,如车辆在低附着系数路面上进行避障时,避障路径应比在高附着系数路面上行驶时的避障路径更平滑,从而保证避障安全。综上,障碍物风险场如图3所示,障碍物风险场强度Uobs的具体数学模型可表示为:
$\begin{aligned} U_{\mathrm{obs}}= & \beta_{U} \cdot \exp \left(-\frac{1}{2}\left(\frac{\left(x_{\varphi}-x_{\mathrm{obs}}\right)^{2}}{\left(1+\beta_{v} v \beta_{\mu} \mu\left|\cos \varphi_{1}\right|\right)^{2}}+\right.\right. \\ & \left.\left.\frac{\left(y_{\varphi}-y_{\mathrm{obs}}\right)^{2}}{2 \cdot\left(1+\beta_{\mathrm{obs}}\left|\sin \varphi_{1}\right|\right)^{2}}\right)+\beta_{a} a \cdot \cos \left(\arctan \left(x_{\varphi}, y_{\varphi}\right)\right)\right) \end{aligned}$
式中,βU为障碍物风险场调节系数;v为试验车与障碍物的相对速度;βv为相对速度调节系数;μ为路面附着系数;βμ为路面附着系数调节系数;βobs为障碍车外形尺寸调节系数;a为相对加速度;βa为相对加速度调节系数。
综上,行车风险场强度U由道路边界风险场强度、目标引力场强度和障碍物风险场强度相加得到,如图4所示,具体表达式为:
U=Uroad+Utarget+Uobs
考虑适用性,本文采取基于Effect-Based的路面附着系数估算方法,以三自由度车辆动力学模型和Dugoff轮胎模型为基础[12],模型如图5所示,具体表达式为:
v ˙ x = a x + v y φ v ˙ y = a y - v x φ φ ¨ = Γ I z                    
其中,纵、横向加速度axay、横摆力矩Γ的具体表达式为:
a x = 1 m F x f l c o s δ - F y f l s i n δ + F x f r c o s δ - F y f r s i n δ +                 F x r r + F x r l a y = 1 m F x f l s i n δ + F y f l c o s δ + F x f r s i n δ - F y f r s i n δ +                 F x r l + F x r r Γ = T f 2 F y f l - F y f r s i n δ - T f 2 F x f l - F x f r c o s δ -               T r 2 F x r l - F x r r + l f F x f l + F x f r s i n δ +                                                       l f F y f l + F y f r c o s δ - l r F y f l + F y f r
式中, φ ¨为横摆角加速度;m为车辆质量;Iz为车辆的转动惯量;δ为前轮转角;β为质心侧偏角;lflr分别为质心到前、后轴距离;vyvx分别为横、纵向速度;FxflFxfrFxrlFxrr分别为左前轮、右前轮、左后轮、右后轮纵向力;FyflFyfr分别为左前轮、右前轮横向力;TfTr分别为前、后轴轮距。
Dugoff轮胎模型为:
F x i j = μ i j F x i j 0 = μ i j F z i j C x λ i j 1 - λ i j f ( L )     F y i j = μ i j F y i j 0 = μ i j F z i j C y t a n α i j 1 - λ i j f ( L )
其中,轮胎力非线性特征函数f(L)、用于描述轮胎滑移的非线性参数L、4个轮胎的滑移率λij分别为:
f ( L ) = L 2 - L ,   L < 1 1 ,   L 1                        
L = 1 C x 2 λ i j 2 + C y 2 t a n 2 α i j 2 1 - λ i j ×             1 - ε v x C x 2 λ i j 2 + C y 2 t a n 2 α i j
λ i j = R ω i j - v i j v i j = R ω i j v i j - 1 < 0 ,   R ω i j - v i j R ω i j = 1 - v i j R ω i j > 0 ,  
式中,R为轮胎半径;μij为估算的4个轮胎路面附着系数;FxijFyijFzij分别为4个轮胎的纵向力、横向力、垂向力; F x i j 0 F y i j 0分别为4个轮胎的纵向、横向归一化力;αij为4个轮胎的侧偏角;ωij为4个轮胎的角速度;vij为4个车轮的轮速;CxCy分别为轮胎纵向刚度、侧偏刚度;ε为速度影响因子;ij=fl,fr,rl,rr分别表示左前轮、右前轮、左后轮、右后轮。
结合容积卡尔曼滤波算法对车辆状态和路面附着系数进行估算,估算过程如图6所示。
基于上述模型和路面附着系数间的函数关系,建立容积卡尔曼滤波算法的状态方程和观测方程,状态变量选取4个车轮的路面附着系数:
x(t)=[μfl μfr μrl μrr]T
横摆角速度 φ ˙可直接由传感器获取,故将其作为观测变量,观测变量为:
y(t)=[ax ay φ ˙]T
控制量为前轮转角δ和归一化轮胎力:
u (t) = δ     F x f l 0     F y f l 0     F x f r 0     F y f r 0     F x r l 0     F y r l 0     F x r r 0     F y r r 0 T
式中, F x i j 0 F y i j 0分别为4个车轮的纵向、横向归一化轮胎力。
综上,基于容积卡尔曼滤波的状态空间方程可表示为:
x ˙ (t) = f x (t) , u (t) + ω (t)     y (t) = h x (t) , u (t) + ω 1 (t)
式中,ω(t)为过程噪声;ω1(t)为观测噪声。
方程具体表达式为:
x ˙ (t) = 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 μ f l μ f r μ r l μ r r + ω (t)
y (t) = A ( 1,1 ) m A ( 1,2 ) m F x r l 0 m F x r r 0 m A ( 2,1 ) m A ( 2,2 ) m F y r l 0 m F y r r 0 m A ( 3,1 ) I z A ( 3,2 ) I z A ( 3,3 ) I z A ( 3,4 ) I z   μ f l μ f r μ r l μ r r + ω (t)
式中, A ( 1,1 ) = F x f l 0 c o s δ - F y f l 0 s i n δ
A ( 1,2 ) = F x f r 0 c o s δ - F y f r 0 s i n δ A ( 2,1 ) = F x f l 0 s i n δ - F y f l 0 c o s δ
A ( 2,2 ) = F x f r 0 s i n δ - F y f r 0 c o s δ
A ( 3,1 ) = l f F x f l 0 s i n δ + F y f l 0 c o s δ - T f 2 F x f l 0 c o s δ - F y f l 0 s i n δ
A ( 3,2 ) = l f F x f l 0 s i n δ + F y f l 0 c o s δ + T f 2 F x f l 0 c o s δ - F y f l 0 s i n δ
A ( 3,3 ) = - T r 2 F x r l 0 - l r F y f l 0 A ( 3,4 ) = T r 2 F x r r 0 - l r F y r r 0
设仿真初始值为x(0)=[0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6]T,设前4 s路面附着系数为0.8,4 s后路面附着系数设为0.4,仿真结果如图7所示。由图7可知,该方法能有效估算路面附着系数。
车辆避障路径跟踪的前提是所规划的避障参考路径。根据行车风险场模型并结合路面附着系数识别结果,可得到考虑路面附着系数的实时行车风险场。车辆避障的主要目的是确保安全性,因此,避障过程中车辆应向着风险场中风险值降低最快的方向(负梯度方向)行驶。考虑到直接按照行车风险场负梯度方向规划的避障初始路径可能存在不平滑、不符合车辆动力学约束等情况,因此对该路径采用5次多项式拟合优化可得到模型预测控制算法跟踪的避障参考路径。具体流程如图8所示。
车辆避障问题涉及车辆转向,因此需考虑车辆横、纵向运动和横摆运动。忽略悬架影响、垂向运动等[13]因素,建立如图5所示的三自由度车辆模型。
推导可得车辆动力学非线性模型为:
m x ¨ = m y ˙ φ ˙ + 2 F x f + 2 F x r     m y ¨ = - m x ˙ φ ˙ + 2 F y f + 2 F y r I z φ ¨ = 2 l f F y f - 2 l r F y r                   Y ˙ = x ˙ s i n φ + y ˙ c o s φ                   X ˙ = x ˙ c o s φ - y ˙ s i n φ                  
式中,XY分别为大地坐标系下的车辆横、纵坐标;xy分别为车辆坐标系下的车辆横、纵坐标;FxfFxr车辆前、后轮受到沿x轴方向的力;FyfFyr分别为车辆前、后轮受到沿y轴方向的力。
考虑计算量问题,对模型进行简化。假设车辆以小角度转向,则有sinδ=δ、cosδ=1,可得车辆动力学模型为:
m x ¨ = m y ˙ φ ˙ + 2 C l f s f + C c f δ - y ˙ + a φ ˙ x ˙ δ + C l f s r m y ¨ = - m y ˙ φ ˙ + 2 C c f δ - y ˙ + l f φ ˙ x ˙ + C c r l r φ ˙ - y ˙ x ˙ I z φ ¨ = 2 l f C c f δ - y ˙ + l f φ ˙ x ˙ - l r C c r l r φ ˙ - y ˙ x ˙                   Y ˙ = x ˙ s i n φ + y ˙ c o s φ                                                                                             X ˙ = x ˙ c o s φ - y ˙ s i n φ                                                                                            
式中,sfsr分别为前、后轮胎的滑移率;Clf、Clr分别为前、后轮胎的纵向刚度;Ccf、Ccr分别为前、后轮胎的侧偏刚度。
基于所建立的车辆三自由度模型,选取车辆的横向速度 y ˙、纵向速度 x ˙、横摆角φ、横摆角速度 φ ˙,以及车辆的横、纵向位置XY为系统状态量:
ξ=[ y ˙ x ˙ φ φ ˙ Y X]T
以前轮转角为控制量,即u=[δ]。首先对非线性动力学模型 ξ ˙=f(ξ,u)进行线性化处理,得到线性状态空间方程[2]
ξ ˙=A(t)ξ(t)+B(t)u(t)
式中,A(t)=∂f(ξ,u)/∂uB(t)=∂f(ξ,u)/∂ξ
同时对得到的线性状态空间方程进行离散化处理,可得:
ξ ˙(k+1)=Atξ(k)+Btu(t)
式中,At=Im1+TA(t);Bt=TB(t);m1为状态量维度;T为系统采样时间。
ξ ˜(k|t)=[ξ(k|t) u(k-1)|t]T,可推导得到新的预测状态表达式:
ξ ˜ ( k + 1 | t ) = A ˜ t ξ ˜ ( k | t ) + B ˜ t Δ u ( k | t ) η ( k | t ) = C ˜ t ξ ˜ ( k | t )                                                      
式中, C ˜ t = 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 A ˜ t = A t B t 0 m 1 × n I m 1 B ˜ t=[Bt Im1]; η ( k | t )为状态方程的输出量。
本文以车辆前轮转角为控制量,同时假设车速不变,考虑到直接以控制量作为目标函数的状态量可能导致控制量跳变大,影响控制精度,因此将控制量的增量作为目标函数的状态量,具体形式为:
J ξ ˜ (t) , u ( t - 1 ) , Δ U (t) = i = 1 N p η t + i t - η r e f t + i t Q 2 +                                                                                   i = 1 N c Δ u t + i t R 2 + ρ ε 1 2
式中,ηref为参考量,由3.1节所求的避障参考路径得到;Np为预测时域;Nc为控制时域;Q为跟踪效果调节矩阵;R为控制量变化调节矩阵;ρ为权重系数;ε1为防止控制量增量无解的松弛因子;ΔU为控制变量的增量集合;Δu控制变量增量。
另外,在求解过程中,目标函数需满足控制量约束和控制量增量约束:
u m i n u ( t + i ) u m a x ,   i = 0,1 , , N c - 1                 Δ u m i n Δ u ( t + i ) Δ u m a x ,   i = 0,1 , , N c - 1
式中,uminumax分别为控制量的最小约束和最大约束;Δumin、Δumax分别为控制量增量的最小约束和最大约束。
为确保车辆在道路边界范围内行驶,对输出变量进行约束:
yminy(t+i)≤ymax, i=0,1,…,Nc-1
式中,ymaxymin分别为道路边界的上、下约束。
此外,还应考虑车辆动力学约束。博世公司对车辆稳定性的研究表明[14],车辆在良好附着路面的极限侧偏角为γ=±12°,在冰雪路面上γ=±2°。同时,路面附着系数也约束着车辆的动力性,直接影响车辆的加速度,具体关系为:
a x 2 + a y 2 μ g
式中,g为重力加速度。
假设车辆纵向速度 x ˙不变,式(28)可简化为:
|ay|≤μg
对上述目标函数及其约束条件进行矩阵运算,将其中各约束条件转化为计算机容易求解的二次规划问题[4],然后可求解得到系统控制量在控制域内的增量,同时将第1个增量作用于系统。重复上述求解过程,实现模型预测控制算法对避障路径的跟踪。
为验证本文所提出方法的有效性,搭建CarSim和MATLAB/Simulink联合仿真平台,如图9所示。
基本仿真参数主要由车辆参数、风险场参数和模型预测控制参数组成,如表1~表3所示。
本文的仿真场景是在CarSim中搭建的单车车道宽为3.75 m的4车道道路。障碍车在试验车辆正前方静止不动,两车距离为d,具体表达式为:
d=vegotTTC
式中,vego为试验车车速;tTTC为碰撞时间,为保证避障安全,取tTTC=5 s[15]
在路面附着系数的选择和设定方面,根据《中华人民共和国道路交通安全法实施条例》第四十六条的规定,车辆在冰雪道路上行驶时车速不得超过30 km/h。同时,从实际情况考虑,车辆在冰雪路面上行驶时大多会通过加装防滑链条、路面撒盐等方法提高路面附着系数。因此本文主要针对中高附着系数路面进行仿真验证。仿真场景如图10所示。
本文设置4种仿真工况,工况1~工况4中,试验车车速分别为30 km/h、45 km/h、60 km/h、90 km/h,障碍车与试验车的距离分别为41.6 m、62.5 m、83.3 m、125 m,仿真结果如图11~图14所示。
图11可以看出:不同路面附着条件下,试验车辆的避障路径有明显变化,证明了考虑路面附着系数及其变化对车辆避障的必要性。由图12可以看出:同一速度下,路面附着系数越小,避障时的横向加速度越小,并且在各种工况下横向加速度均满足3.3节中所提出的加速度约束;不同速度下,相同的路面附着条件下避障,车速越高时,避障的横向加速度越大。从图13中可以看出:同一车速下,路面附着系数越小,车辆避障时的侧偏角越小;在同一路面附着系数条件下,车速越高,车辆避障时的侧偏角越大;另外,车辆避障时的侧偏角也满足文献[14]中的稳定性约束。
为更直观地说明不同路面附着条件下的车辆避障效果,求取车辆避障控制过程中的横向加速度时间历程曲线的标准差,并以此评判避障过程的平顺性。利用MATLAB对车辆横向加速度数据进行处理并计算可得:车速为30 km/h时,路面附着系数为0.4时的避障横向加速度标准差相比路面附着系数为0.8时的避障横向加速度标准差减小了15.5%;车速为45 km/h、60 km/h、90 km/h时的避障横向加速度标准差分别减小了23.7%、51.4%、55.9%。结果证明了在同一速度下,路面附着系数越小,车辆避障越平顺。
另外,由图13d可以看出,路面附着系数为0.4时的车辆侧偏角变化明显不同于路面附着系数为0.6和0.8的情况,图14所示的CarSim仿真动画显示车辆在避障时发生了轻微侧滑。对比图13a~图13c可以看出,造成侧滑的原因是车速过高。
本文提出了一种考虑路面附着系数的行车风险场模型,其中重点考虑了不同路面附着系数条件下车辆避障路径的规划问题。结合车辆三自由度模型,设计了模型预测控制器对避障路径进行跟踪控制。CarSim和MATLAB/Simulink联合仿真结果表明:在车速一定的条件下,路面附着系数对试验车辆的避障路径和避障效果有较大影响:路面附着系数越小,车辆的避障横向加速度越小,横向加速度的标准差也越小,避障效果越平顺。考虑路面附着系数的行车风险场模型可以根据路面附着系数的变化实时获得最优路径规划,所提出的方法适用于道路环境突变条件下的避障驾驶场景,可有效提高车辆避障的安全性。
  • * 重庆市研究生科研创新项目(CYS21444)
  • 重庆市巴南区科技成果转化及产业化专项(2020TJZ022)
  • 重庆市自然科学基金面上项目(cstc2021jcyj-msxmX0183)
  • 重庆市留学人员回国创业创新支持计划资助项目(cx2021070)
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2023年第卷第7期
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doi: 10.19620/j.cnki.1000-3703.20220393
  • 首发时间:2025-12-07
  • 出版时间:2023-07-24
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  • 修回日期:2022-07-20
基金
* 重庆市研究生科研创新项目(CYS21444)
重庆市巴南区科技成果转化及产业化专项(2020TJZ022)
重庆市自然科学基金面上项目(cstc2021jcyj-msxmX0183)
重庆市留学人员回国创业创新支持计划资助项目(cx2021070)
作者信息
    重庆理工大学,重庆 400054

通讯作者:

李文礼(1983—),副教授,博士,研究方向为智能汽车测试技术,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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species
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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