Article(id=1204385894598947335, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, issueId=1204385894045299206, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19620/j.cnki.1000-3703.20220768, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=1660665600000, revisedDateStr=2022-08-17, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1765077573680, onlineDateStr=2025-12-07, pubDate=1690128000000, pubDateStr=2023-07-24, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1765077573680, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1765077573680, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765077573680, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1204385894045299206, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, year='2023', volume='', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='62', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1765077573547, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765079205010, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1204392736964194804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, issueId=1204385894045299206, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1204392736964194805, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, issueId=1204385894045299206, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1, endPage=16, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1204385894821245449, articleId=1204385894598947335, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, language=EN, title=Review of the Standardization Construction Process for Intelligent and Connected Vehicles, columnId=null, journalTitle=Automobile Technology, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

By summarizing the laws, regulations and standards formulated in China and foreign countries during the development of intelligent and connected vehicles, this paper sorted out the standardization construction system of intelligent and connected vehicles, which included 4 parts: admission, term definition, testing system and accident liability of intelligent and connected vehicles. Through the interpretation of standards, the understanding of the evolution of relevant laws and regulations in the process of the transformation of traditional vehicles to intelligent and connected vehicles was deepened, the technical requirements and social problems faced by the current intelligent and connected vehicle industry were clarified.

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通过对智能网联汽车发展过程中国内外法律法规和标准规范的归纳总结,梳理出以智能网联汽车的准入、术语定义、测试体系和事故责任划分4个部分组成的智能网联汽车标准化建设体系。通过标准解读明确了传统汽车向智能网联汽车转型过程中相关法规标准演变历程,以及当前智能网联汽车产业所面临的技术性要求和社会性问题。

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(2021-08-03)[2022-12-01]. http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/zhengceku/2021-08/03/content_5629199.htm., articleTitle=Management Specification for Road Testing of Intelligent Connected Vehicles (Trial), refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1204452630773866624, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, articleId=1204385894598947335, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[44], rfOrder=69, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=中国汽车工程学会. 《智能网联汽车视觉感知系统预期功能安全第1部分:触发条件分析与描述方法》标准立项[EB/OL]. (2022-04-12)[2022-12-01]. http://csae.sae-china.org/portal/detail?detailType=project&id=f213890fc5f745b57fb52e5b9e3a52d2., articleTitle=《智能网联汽车视觉感知系统预期功能安全第1部分:触发条件分析与描述方法》标准立项, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1204452630899695756, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, articleId=1204385894598947335, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[44], rfOrder=70, authorNames=China-SAE, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=China-SAE. Safety of the Intended Functionality of Intelligent Connected vehicle Visual Perception System Part 1:Trigger Condition Analysis and Description Method Standard Project Establishment[EB/OL]. (2022-04-12)[2022-12-01]. http://csae.sae-china.org/portal/detail?detailType=project&id=f213890fc5f745b57fb52e5b9e3a52d2., articleTitle=Safety of the Intended Functionality of Intelligent Connected vehicle Visual Perception System Part 1:Trigger Condition Analysis and Description Method Standard Project Establishment, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1204452631067467936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, articleId=1204385894598947335, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[45], rfOrder=71, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=中国汽车工程学会. 《智能网联汽车视觉感知系统预期功能安全第2部分:测试与评价方法》标准立项[EB/OL]. (2022-04-12)[2022-12-01]. http://csae.sae-china.org/portal/detail?detailType=project&id=418dfdbd046044a15940536d8bdbe7ef.China-SAE. Safety of the Intended Functionality of Intelligent Connected Vehicle Visual Perception System Part 2:Testing and Evaluation Method Standard Project Establishment[EB/OL]. (2022-04-12)[2022-12-01]. http://csae.sae-china.org/portal/detail?detailType=project&id=418dfdbd046044a15940536d8bdbe7ef., articleTitle=《智能网联汽车视觉感知系统预期功能安全第2部分:测试与评价方法》标准立项, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1204452631163936939, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, articleId=1204385894598947335, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[46], rfOrder=72, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=中国汽车工程学会. 中国汽车工程学会标准《智能网联汽车视觉感知计算芯片技术要求和测试方法》正式立项[EB/OL]. (2021-03-11)[2022-12-01]. http://www.ttbz.org.cn/Home/Show/22801., articleTitle=中国汽车工程学会标准《智能网联汽车视觉感知计算芯片技术要求和测试方法》正式立项, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1204452631298154685, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, articleId=1204385894598947335, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[46], rfOrder=73, authorNames=China-SAE, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=China-SAE. Technical Requirement and Testing Method of Intelligent Connected Vehicle Visual Perception Computing Chips Standard of China-SAE Project Establishment[EB/OL]. (2021-03-11)[2022-12-01]. http://www.ttbz.org.cn/Home/Show/22801., articleTitle=Technical Requirement and Testing Method of Intelligent Connected Vehicle Visual Perception Computing Chips Standard of China-SAE Project Establishment, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1204452631432372421, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, articleId=1204385894598947335, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[47], rfOrder=74, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=中国汽车工程学会. 《智能网联汽车激光雷达感知评测要求及方法》标准立项[EB/OL]. (2021-07-14)[2022-12-01]. http://www.caicv.org.cn/index.php/newsInfo?id=381., articleTitle=《智能网联汽车激光雷达感知评测要求及方法》标准立项, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1204452631566590165, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, articleId=1204385894598947335, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[47], rfOrder=75, authorNames=China-SAE, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=China-SAE. Technical Requirement and Testing Method of Intelligent Connected Vehicle Lidar Perception Standard Project Establishment[EB/OL]. (2021-07-14)[2022-12-01]. http://www.caicv.org.cn/index.php/newsInfo?id=381., articleTitle=Technical Requirement and Testing Method of Intelligent Connected Vehicle Lidar Perception Standard Project Establishment, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1204452631654670563, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, articleId=1204385894598947335, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[48], rfOrder=76, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=中国汽车工程学会. 智能网联汽车融合感知系统第1部分:架构设计规范》标准立项[EB/OL]. (2022-04-12)[2022-12-01]. http://csae.sae-china.org/portal/detail?detailType=project&id=0e14b7f9ac12ed7066bf6864b0e0d886., articleTitle=智能网联汽车融合感知系统第1部分:架构设计规范》标准立项, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1204452631759528177, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, articleId=1204385894598947335, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[48], rfOrder=77, authorNames=China-SAE, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=China-SAE. Perception Fusion System of Intelligent Connected Vehicle Part 1:Architecture Design Specification Standard Project Establishment[EB/OL]. (2022-04-12)[2022-12-01]. http://csae.sae-china.org/portal/detail?detailType=project&id=0e14b7f9ac12ed7066bf6864b0e0d886., articleTitle=Perception Fusion System of Intelligent Connected Vehicle Part 1:Architecture Design Specification Standard Project Establishment, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1204452631952466176, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, articleId=1204385894598947335, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[49], rfOrder=78, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=中国汽车工程学会. 智能网联汽车V2X系统预警应用功能测试与评价方法: T/CSAE 246—2022[S]. 北京: 中国汽车工程学会, 2022., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1204452632040546572, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, articleId=1204385894598947335, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[49], rfOrder=79, authorNames=China-SAE, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=China-SAE. Functional Test and Evaluation Method of V2X System Warning Application of Intelligent Connected Vehicle: T/CSAE 246—2022[S]. Beijing: China-SAE, 2022., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1204452632162181398, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, articleId=1204385894598947335, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[50], rfOrder=80, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=中国汽车工程学会. 《面向V2X网联应用的场景库技术要求及仿真规范》标准立项[EB/OL]. (2022-02-28)[2022-12-01]. http://csae.sae-china.org/portal/detail?detailType=project&id=df27038b4954bb94bb7a899923831792., articleTitle=《面向V2X网联应用的场景库技术要求及仿真规范》标准立项, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1204452632329953572, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, articleId=1204385894598947335, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[50], rfOrder=81, authorNames=China-SAE, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=China-SAE. Technical Requirements and Simulation Specifications of Scenario Library for V2X Applications Standard Project Establishment[EB/OL]. (2022-02-28)[2022-12-01]. http://csae.sae-china.org/portal/detail?detailType=project&id=df27038b4954bb94bb7a899923831792., articleTitle=Technical Requirements and Simulation Specifications of Scenario Library for V2X Applications Standard Project Establishment, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1204452632455782707, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, articleId=1204385894598947335, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[51], rfOrder=82, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Technical Committee ISO/TC 204 Intelligent Transport Systems. Intelligent Transport Systems-Lane Departure Warning Systems-Performance Requirements and Test Procedures: ISO 17361: 2017[S]. Switzerland: International Organization for Standardization, 2017., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1204452632543863104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, articleId=1204385894598947335, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2008, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[52], rfOrder=83, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Technical Committee ISO/TC 204 Intelligent Transport Systems. Intelligent Transport Systems-Lane Change Decision Aid Systems (LCDAS)-Performance Requirements and Test Procedures: ISO 17387: 2008[S]. Switzerland: International Organization for Standardization, 2008., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1204452632636137804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, articleId=1204385894598947335, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[53], rfOrder=84, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Technical Committee ISO/TC 204 Intelligent Transport Systems. Intelligent Transport Systems-Adaptive Cruise Control Systems-Performance Requirements and Test Procedures: ISO 15622: 2018[S]. Switzerland: International Organization for Standardization, 2018., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1204452632766161243, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, articleId=1204385894598947335, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2006, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[54], rfOrder=85, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=中华人民共和国交通部工业和信息化部. 智能运输系统自适应巡航控制系统性能要求与检测方法: GB/T 20608—2006[S]. 北京: 中国标准出版社, 2006., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1204452632862630246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, articleId=1204385894598947335, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2006, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[54], rfOrder=86, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ministry of Communications of the People’s Republic of China. Intelligent Transportation Systems-Adaptive Cruise Control Systems-Performance Requirements and Test Procedures: GB/T 20608—2006[S]. Beijing: China Standard Press, 2006., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1204452632971682159, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, articleId=1204385894598947335, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[55], rfOrder=87, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=中华人民共和国工业和信息化部. 乘用车自动紧急制动系统(AEBS)性能要求及试验方法: GB/T 39901—2021[S]. 北京: 中国标准出版社, 2021., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1204452633093316989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, articleId=1204385894598947335, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[55], rfOrder=88, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of the People’s Republic of China. Performance Requirements and Test Methods for Advanced Emergency Braking System (AEBS) for Passenger Car: GB/T 39901—2021[S]. Beijing: China Standard Press, 2021., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1204452633206563209, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, articleId=1204385894598947335, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[56], rfOrder=89, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Working Party on Automated/Autonomous and Connected Vehicles. Uniform Provisions Concerning the Approval of Vehicles with Regard to Automated Lane Keeping System: UN Regulation No.157[S]. Geneva: The United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, 2022., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1204452633319809426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, articleId=1204385894598947335, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[57], rfOrder=90, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Technical Committee ISO/TC 204 Intelligent Transport Systems. Intelligent Transport Systems-Low-Speed Automated Driving (LSAD) Systems for Predefined Routes-Performance Requirements, System Requirements and Performance Test Procedures: ISO 22737: 2021[S]. Switzerland: International Organization for Standardization, 2021., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1204452633504358822, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, articleId=1204385894598947335, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[58], rfOrder=91, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=中国汽车工程学会. 自主代客泊车系统总体技术要求: T/CSAE 156—2020[S]. 北京: 中国汽车工程学会, 2020., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1204452633630187952, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, articleId=1204385894598947335, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[58], rfOrder=92, authorNames=China-SAE, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=China-SAE. 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Switzerland: International Organization for Standardization, 2021., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1204452634171253216, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, articleId=1204385894598947335, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[62], rfOrder=96, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=中华人民共和国工业和信息化部. 汽车网关信息安全技术要求及试验方法: GB/T 40857—2021[S]. 北京: 中国标准出版社, 2021., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1204452634309665259, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, articleId=1204385894598947335, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[62], rfOrder=97, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of the People’s Republic of China. Technical Requirements and Test Methods for Cybersecurity of Vehicle Gateway: GB/T 40857—2021[S]. Beijing: China Standard Press, 2021., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1204452634431300081, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, articleId=1204385894598947335, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=2022, pageEnd=02, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[63], rfOrder=98, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=中华人民共和国工业和信息化部. 车联网网络安全和数据安全标准体系建设指南[EB/OL]. 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等级 名称 车辆
控制
环境监测 危险情况控制主体 系统
作用域
路况环境由驾驶员监控
0 无自动驾驶
1 驾驶辅助 人-系统 部分情况
2 部分自动驾驶 系统 部分情况
路况环境由自动驾驶系统监控
3 有条件自动驾驶 系统 系统 部分情况
4 高阶自动驾驶 系统 系统 系统 部分情况
5 完全自动驾驶 系统 系统 系统 所有情况
), ArticleFig(id=1204452621961633949, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, articleId=1204385894598947335, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

SAE自动驾驶功能分级

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
等级 名称 车辆
控制
环境监测 危险情况控制主体 系统
作用域
路况环境由驾驶员监控
0 无自动驾驶
1 驾驶辅助 人-系统 部分情况
2 部分自动驾驶 系统 部分情况
路况环境由自动驾驶系统监控
3 有条件自动驾驶 系统 系统 部分情况
4 高阶自动驾驶 系统 系统 系统 部分情况
5 完全自动驾驶 系统 系统 系统 所有情况
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智能网联汽车标准化建设进程综述
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朱冰 , 范天昕 , 张培兴 , 赵健 , 孙宇航
汽车技术 | 2023,(7): 1-16
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汽车技术 | 2023, (7): 1-16
智能网联汽车标准化建设进程综述
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朱冰, 范天昕, 张培兴, 赵健, 孙宇航
作者信息
  • 吉林大学,汽车仿真与控制国家重点实验室,长春 130025
Review of the Standardization Construction Process for Intelligent and Connected Vehicles
Bing Zhu, Tianxin Fan, Peixing Zhang, Jian Zhao, Yuhang Sun
Affiliations
  • State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and Control, Jilin University, Changchun 130025
出版时间: 2023-07-24 doi: 10.19620/j.cnki.1000-3703.20220768
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通过对智能网联汽车发展过程中国内外法律法规和标准规范的归纳总结,梳理出以智能网联汽车的准入、术语定义、测试体系和事故责任划分4个部分组成的智能网联汽车标准化建设体系。通过标准解读明确了传统汽车向智能网联汽车转型过程中相关法规标准演变历程,以及当前智能网联汽车产业所面临的技术性要求和社会性问题。

智能网联汽车  /  法律法规  /  标准规范  /  标准化建设体系

By summarizing the laws, regulations and standards formulated in China and foreign countries during the development of intelligent and connected vehicles, this paper sorted out the standardization construction system of intelligent and connected vehicles, which included 4 parts: admission, term definition, testing system and accident liability of intelligent and connected vehicles. Through the interpretation of standards, the understanding of the evolution of relevant laws and regulations in the process of the transformation of traditional vehicles to intelligent and connected vehicles was deepened, the technical requirements and social problems faced by the current intelligent and connected vehicle industry were clarified.

Intelligent and connected vehicle  /  Law and regulation  /  Standards  /  Standardization construction system
朱冰, 范天昕, 张培兴, 赵健, 孙宇航. 智能网联汽车标准化建设进程综述. 汽车技术, 2023 , (7) : 1 -16 . DOI: 10.19620/j.cnki.1000-3703.20220768
Bing Zhu, Tianxin Fan, Peixing Zhang, Jian Zhao, Yuhang Sun. Review of the Standardization Construction Process for Intelligent and Connected Vehicles[J]. Automobile Technology, 2023 , (7) : 1 -16 . DOI: 10.19620/j.cnki.1000-3703.20220768
智能网联汽车作为汽车行业发展的战略方向,与传统汽车相比,在缓解交通拥堵、降低安全事故发生频率、减少燃油消耗等方面均存在巨大技术优势,这促使各汽车制造厂商及配套服务商斥巨资对其相关技术进行研发与推广,以保证自身在智能网联汽车的市场化进程中占据主导地位。
然而,新技术从产生至被市场接受的过程并不是一蹴而就的,该过程面临着很多困难与挑战。汽车朝着智能化、网联化发展的过程中,产生了很多技术及社会方面的新问题:在技术层面,随着智能网联汽车自动化等级的提升,汽车系统复杂性进一步增加,复杂的交通环境、多样的驾驶任务等都为智能网联汽车测试评价提出了新的挑战;在社会层面,智能网联汽车相关事故中的责任主体划分、消费者对智能网联汽车技术成熟度的不信任亦阻碍了智能网联汽车的进一步推广。标准化是行业领域统一的前提条件,是行业规范化发展的基础与保障,推动智能网联汽车标准体系建设一方面可保证智能网联汽车的技术可靠性、降低车辆事故率和失效率,另一方面可明确事故责任划分、提高消费者对智能网联汽车的信任程度。因此,完善的智能网联汽车标准体系是助力产业健康发展的必要前提。
通过广泛调研与深入分析,本文建立智能网联汽车标准化建设体系,对全球范围内的智能网联汽车标准建设内容进行总结。通过系统性梳理,将智能网联汽车标准建设内容分为4个部分,即智能网联汽车准入、智能网联汽车术语定义、智能网联汽车测试体系和智能网联汽车事故责任划分。通过对这4类标准法规的总结梳理,深化对于智能网联汽车的标准化的理解,同时对于当前体系中的薄弱环节进行分析并对未来智能网联汽车标准体系的完善方向进行展望。
智能网联汽车能够合法上路是其产生的基础与前提。在《中华人民共和国道路交通安全法》等道路安全法律编写初期,由于未考虑到自动驾驶技术的发展,其中很多法条都对自动驾驶功能的使用存在一定限制。随着智能网联汽车技术的发展,各国政府机构已充分认识到现有法规体系中关于智能网联汽车的缺陷与不足,不断对现有法条进行修订以将智能网联汽车融入现有的道路安全体系中。
1968年发布的《维也纳道路交通公约》(Vienna Convention for Road Traffic (Geneva))第8条中明确规定,“每辆行驶中的车辆或车队均应设有驾驶员”,“每位驾驶员应始终能够操控自己的车辆”,这意味着其下所有签约国(除西班牙之外的所有欧盟国家)都不得直接允许智能网联汽车进入公共道路[1];我国最初发布的《中华人民共和国道路交通安全法》及其实施条例中也有相关规定:“驾驶机动车,应依法取得机动车驾驶证”,机动车驾驶证申领对象为“符合国务院公安部门规定的驾驶许可条件”的人[2],这意味着我国禁止由人类以外的其他对象(如自动驾驶系统)驾驶车辆。因此,结合汽车新技术发展趋势,适度修改交通安全上位法,放松智能网联汽车市场准入限制是智能网联汽车技术发展的必要前提。随着车辆智能网联技术的发展,2016年通过的《维也纳道路交通公约》修正案中增加了关于车辆自动驾驶的相关规定,其指出,在全面符合联合国车辆管理条例或者驾驶员可以选择关闭该技术的情况下,将驾驶车辆的职责交给自动驾驶技术可以被允许应用到交通运输当中[3];2021年,我国公安部亦发布了《道路交通安全法(修订建议稿)》[4],对关于智能网联汽车的上路征集社会意见,其中第一百五十五条指出:“具有自动驾驶功能的汽车开展道路测试应当在封闭道路、场地内测试合格,取得临时行驶车号牌,并按规定在指定的时间、区域、路线进行。经测试合格的,依照相关法律规定准予生产、进口、销售,需要上道路通行的,应当申领机动车号牌。”德国、日本等国家也相继对自己国家的交通安全上位法进行修订,以放松智能网联汽车的上路限制。2017年,德国通过了《德国道路交通法(StVG)》(Das deutsche Straßenverkehrsgesetz (StVG))第八修正案,对高度或完全自动驾驶技术进行概括性准入,成为全球第一个将自动驾驶纳入生效道路交通法规的国家[5];2021年,德国通过《自动驾驶法》(Gesetz zum autonomen Fahren),该法律规定,自2022年起,德国将允许L4级自动驾驶汽车在公共道路上以及指定区域内行驶[6]。2019年,日本通过了《道路运输车辆法》(《道路運送車両法》)修订案[7]和《道路交通法》(《道路交通法》)修订案[8],L3级自动驾驶车辆市场化在法律上得到了保证。这些法条的修改打破了智能网联汽车上路的法律桎梏,智能网联汽车的道路行驶不再需要冒着违法的风险。
除了上位法修订,各国也积极搭建了智能网联汽车市场准入认证框架,以指导后续的标准化细化内容建设,同时指导智能网联汽车行业具体发展方向。2019年,欧盟发布了《欧盟自动驾驶车辆许可豁免流程指南》(Guidelines on The Exemption Procedure for The EU Approval of Automated Vehicles),对自动驾驶车辆的量产准入进行了规定[9]。对于提交豁免的企业,需向认证主管机构提供自动驾驶功能情况介绍、驾驶人交互状态、驾驶任务交接流程、最小风险操作说明、数据存储系统状态、信息安全水平、安全测试与评估情况、向用户提供的信息共8类。通过主管机构的认证后,其可经过欧盟机动车技术委员会投票,将成员国临时认证转变为欧盟认证。美国保险商实验室(Underwriters Laboratories)在2020年发布了ANSI/UL 4600《自动驾驶汽车产品安全评估标准》(Standard for Safety for the Evaluation of Autonomous Products),并于2022年发布了该文件的改版《自动汽车产品评估》(Evaluation of Autonomous Products)。UL 4600提供了较为完整的自动驾驶技术验证流程,包含安全事件、风险评估、驾驶人及道路使用者的交互、自动驾驶功能设计、软件系统开发流程、数据和网络安全、测试验证、测试工具、产品可靠性、产品生命周期管理、车辆维护、安全绩效指标、评价[10]。UL 4600标准保持技术中立性,其在标准构建过程中仅强调设计理念及思想,不强制智能网联汽车设计过程中的任何特定技术,从而提高了设计过程的灵活性。国际标准化组织(International Organization for Standardization,ISO)也发布了ISO/TR 4804: 2020(en)《道路车辆-自动驾驶系统的安全和网络安全-设计、验证和确认》(Road vehicles-Safety and Cybersecurity for Automated Driving Systems-Design, Verification and Validation)规定了自动驾驶汽车的安全原则及网络安全设计方法[11]。日本于2018年发布了《自动驾驶汽车安全技术指南》(《自動運転車の安全技術ガイドライン》),为L3和L4级的智能网联汽车建立指导性方针,包括:设计运行区域详细定义;具备控制和传感系统的冗余以保障自动驾驶系统安全性,在超出设计运行区域范围时能实现最小风险操作;满足现有的道路运输车辆安全标准以及ISO等国际标准;人机交互界面可监视车辆运行及驾驶员状态,必要时发出警报;数据记录系统;网络安全系统;远程管理系统;安全评估过程,对于可预见的危险场景,提前通过测试手段验证系统的安全性;使用过程的安全性,包括保养、维护、升级等;为智能网联消费者提供信息告知,帮助其理解系统使用,设计运行区域范围等[12]。其目的是最终实现“在智能网联汽车的设计运行区域内,因自动驾驶系统缺陷所造成的人身事故率为零”。2022年,我国首个智能网联汽车管理地方性条例《深圳经济特区智能网联汽车管理条例》发布,对智能网联汽车道路测试及示范应用、准入和登记、使用管理、车路协同基础设施、网络安全和数据保护、交通违法和事故处理、智能网联汽车生产法律责任等进行了较为整体的说明[13]。虽然该法规所面向的对象仍以道路测试或示范应用车辆为主,但作为我国智能网联汽车立法领域的突破,其必将推动我国智能网联汽车产业进一步发展。
随着智能网联汽车的发展,各国对于其量产上路均表现出巨大的信心,推动了一系列法规的修订以保证其未来上路的合法性及安全性,这些上位法的修改及认证框架的设计是智能网联汽车产业健康发展的第一步。我国虽然于2021年发布了《道路交通安全法(修订建议稿)》,但是在自动驾驶方面的条款当前并未通过,我国境内的高等级智能网联汽车的上路行驶当前仍以道路测试为依据,量产车辆高等级自动驾驶功能的开启并未得到法律的支撑,推动条款修改仍是我国标准建设的重要内容。
在认证架构建设方面,虽然智能网联汽车认证架构愈发完善,但其并不足以支撑智能网联汽车的具体技术开发,认证架构仅相当于大致的“骨架”,其仍需测试内容、事故责任划分等“肌肉”部分,为智能网联汽车的开发建设提供具体指导。
统一智能网联汽车相关术语及定义是形成行业规范化和制定后续相关标准的前提条件。本文将智能网联汽车领域重要的术语及定义分为3类:自动驾驶功能分级类术语定义、智能网联汽车常见术语定义和智能网联汽车场景类术语定义。这3类术语定义规范可能存在一定的交叉,但其面向的重点存在很大差异。
自动驾驶功能分级方面,最先得到普遍认可的标准为美国汽车工程师学会(Society of Automotive Engineers,SAE)发布的SAE J3016《道路机动车辆自动驾驶系统术语分类和定义》(Taxonomy and Definitions for Terms Related to Driving Automation Systems for On-Road Motor Vehicles)[14]。自2014年发布以来,SAE已陆续对该标准进行了多次更新完善,以适应自动驾驶汽车的发展,该标准的最新更新时间为2021年4月。该标准将车辆自动驾驶功能分为5个级别,如表1所示,不同等级自动化水平所实现的功能逐级递增。L0系统可提供警告或瞬时紧急干预功能。L1系统能够提供制动、加速或转向的辅助驾驶功能,如车道保持辅助或自适应巡航控制功能。L2系统可提供制动、加速和转向的辅助驾驶功能,如同时具有车道保持辅助和自适应巡航控制功能。先进驾驶辅助系统(Advanced Driver Assistance Systems,ADAS)即属于自动驾驶L0~L2。L3~L4指车辆可以在有限制的条件下自动驾驶,除非满足所有条件,否则不会运行。L3系统在发出接管请求时,人类驾驶员必须接管驾驶控制车辆,如交通拥堵自动驾驶功能。L4系统在满足所有条件下,不需要自动驾驶汽车使用者接管驾驶,如城市中自动驾驶出租车等。L5系统可以在任何条件下自动驾驶。ISO基于该标准,与SAE合作提出了ISO/SAE PAS 22736: 2021《道路机动车辆自动驾驶系统术语分类和定义》(Taxonomy and Definitions for Terms Related to Driving Automation Systems for On-Road Motor Vehicles)[15]
根据行业发展需求,全国汽车标准化技术委员会智能网联汽车分技术委员会等标准机构也在积极制定符合中国技术需求的自动驾驶汽车分级标准。为了适应我国国情,国家市场监督管理总局、国家标准化管理委员会发布了具备我国特色的《汽车驾驶自动化分级》,该标准于2022年3月1日起正式实施[16]。该标准按照由低到高的自动化等级将智能汽车分为应急辅助、部分驾驶辅助、组合驾驶辅助、有条件自动驾驶、高度自动驾驶和完全自动驾驶共6个级别。与SAE的分级相比,SAE对L2级和L4级的定义“部分自动驾驶”和“高阶自动驾驶”稍显模糊,《汽车驾驶自动化分级》的分级描述更为细致明晰。L2级组合驾驶辅助系统需同时具备对车辆横向及纵向运动控制相适应的部分目标和事件探测与响应的能力,与L1级单一方向的探测和控制能力作出了明显区分;同时L4级定义中特别提出,当自动驾驶系统无法继续执行动态驾驶任务时,系统需自行采取措施将车辆事故风险降低至可接受程度。
除了智能网联汽车分级过程中的相关术语及定义,还有很多其他常见的智能网联汽车相关名词术语需要进行统一规范。上文提到的ISO/SAE PAS 22736: 2021中虽然涵盖了很多智能网联汽车常见的术语及定义,如设计运行区域、最小风险状态、系统失效、动态驾驶任务接管等,但其整个标准的重点仍围绕自动驾驶功能分级方面。为了全面而系统地制定智能网联汽车规范术语定义,我国发布了GB/T 39263—2020《道路车辆 先进驾驶辅助系统(ADAS)术语及定义》,对L1级和L2级的智能网联汽车相关术语进行明确[17],同时,正在编制的《智能网联汽车术语和定义》也已经处于社会意见征集阶段,明确规定了智能网联汽车基础通用、关键技术、系统部件以及功能应用相关的术语和定义。
随着基于场景的测试方法在智能网联汽车的验证过程中的重要性不断增强,建立统一的场景测试规范化语言变得十分重要。由我国标准组主导的ISO 34501《道路车辆 自动驾驶系统测试场景 术语》(Road Vehicles-Test Scenarios for Automated Driving Systems-Vocabulary)为基于场景的测试方法制定了详细的相关术语及定义,为基于场景测试方法的推广提供了重要支撑[18]
伴随自动驾驶行业架构体系的进一步完善,与当前术语定义相关的行为规则也逐渐需要被明确和定义。例如,荷兰交通法中规定,驾驶员在得到授权官员(例如警察)的指示时应立即停车[19]。由于自动驾驶的引入,“司机”“驾驶员”的定义已经产生了迁移,有法规声明,其可以指人类驾驶员,也可以指自动驾驶系统。进而,该规则引申为要求由自动驾驶系统驱动的智能网联汽车具备识别和区分授权人员并且理解特定指令的能力。因此,在已经成型的框架下逐步对相对细节化的特异性规则定义进行囊括,可能是未来术语定义方向的主要目标之一。作为行业规范化的前提要素,在制定具备一定特色的国家和地域术语和定义标准的同时,应更广泛参考现有法规,尽量满足定义范围的一致性和术语的通用性,也需更积极地促进相关国际标准和国际法规的生成,有利于智能网联汽车的标准互通,增强普适性,为后续测试验证体系以及车辆的设计生产销售奠定良好基础。
规范智能网联汽车测试体系是保证智能网联汽车技术可靠性的关键要点。测试体系作为智能网联汽车标准建设的主体,覆盖范围广,内容繁杂,在对其总结过程中需首先明确各标准的建设重点。本文按照标准内容的建设重点将智能网联汽车测试体系分为测试方法类标准、测试对象类标准、测试内容类标准和场景测试类标准,建立了如图1所示的智能网联汽车测试内容体系,并选取具有代表性的标准进行总结分析。
在智能网联汽车发展早期,其测试验证过程主要以道路测试和场地测试为主。随着其功能的日益复杂,所需测试的场景数量迅速增加,仿真测试由于速度快、安全性强,在智能网联汽车的试验体系中所占的比重越来越大。国际汽车制造商协会(Organisation Internationale des Constructeurs d'Automobiles,OICA)在2019年正式提出了由开放道路测试、封闭场地测试和仿真测试组成的智能网联汽车“三支柱”测试认证方法,得到了汽车行业相关技术人员的广泛认可[20],不同支柱的测试目的如图2所示。
仿真测试的主要标准内容包括测试平台搭建、测试内容、数据格式。由于仿真测试发展时间较短,其对应的标准建设内容尚不完善,对应的国家标准正在立项建设过程中,例如仿真测试场景、仿真测试设备等。当前公开的仿真测试标准内容仍以团体标准、行业标准为主,虽然这类标准可以为企业技术研发提供一定的指导,但企业的未来发展仍需以国家标准为主。2019年,中关村智通智能交通产业联盟团体标准T/CMAX 121—2019《北京市自动驾驶车辆模拟仿真测试平台技术要求》发布,该标准规定了自动驾驶车辆模拟仿真测试平台的通用要求和技术要求[21];2019年,中国汽车工业协会团体标准《自动驾驶系统功能测试 第7部分:仿真测试》进入社会征集意见阶段,该标准规定了自动驾驶系统仿真测试平台搭建的各项要求;2020年,中关村智通智能交通产业联盟团体标准T/CMAX 21002—2020《自动驾驶仿真测试场景集要求》发布,该标准对场景描述、场景类型、场景数据格式等进行了规定[22]。在仿真测试数据格式方面,虽然我国仅有相关行业标准T/CAAMTB 34—2021《智能网联汽车数据格式与定义》[23],而尚未建立国家标准,但国际范围内ASAM OpenX系列标准已经得到了较为广泛的认可。ASAM OpenX系列标准包括OpenCRG(道路表面仿真标准,专注于车辆动力学和车辆对路面信息的反馈)[24]、OpenDRIVE(静态地图场景仿真标准,负责描述地图信息,包括高精地图信息)[25]、OpenSCENARIO(动态行为场景仿真标准,描述测试过程的行驶场景)[26]3类,通过对3类文件的数据格式的固定,实现了不同仿真软件之间场景数据的有效互用。
针对封闭场地测试,主要标准研究内容包括封闭测试场地建设、封闭场地测试设备、封闭场地测试内容3类。在封闭场地建设方面,我国的国家标准《自动驾驶封闭测试场地建设技术要求》正处于征求意见阶段[27],该标准针对封闭测试场地建设过程中的道路主体(“S”型路线道路、直线道路、弯道、坡道、道路入口、道路出口),交通设施(人行横道、减速丘、道路限速、道路施工、停车让行、减速让行、锥形交通路标、路侧停车),平面交叉口(人行横道机动车信号测试场地、平面交叉口测试场地、进出环岛测试场地),配套试验设施(模拟隧道测试场地、收费站、控制车辆、控制假人)、配套服务设施(通信要求、供电要求、其他要求)等进行了较为详细的规定,可指导后续封闭试验场地建设及现有封闭试验场地改建。测试设备主要包括数据记录设备、车内碰撞假人、试验用目标物。前两者在传统车辆的测试过程中已经得到了较为明确的规定,因此本文重点介绍自动驾驶功能测试过程中所需要的目标物。这类标准以ISO 19206系列标准为主导,我国虽已开始《道路车辆 用于评估智能网联汽车感知功能的测试设备》的制定工作,但其仍处于标准编制阶段,并未正式发布。ISO 19206系列标准《道路车辆 用于评估主动安全功能的目标车辆,易受伤害的公路使用者和其他物体的试验装置》(Road Vehicles-Test Devices for Target Vehicles, Vulnerable Road Users and Other Objects, for Assessment of Active Safety Functions)共分为7个部分,前4个部分乘用车后端目标的要求(Requirements for Passenger Vehicle Rear-End Targets)[28]、行人目标的要求(Requirements for Pedestrian Targets)[29]、乘用车3D目标的要求(Requirements for Passenger Vehicle 3D Targets)[30]、对自行车目标的要求(Requirements for Bicyclist Targets)[31]已经得到正式发布,其分别对触发自动驾驶功能的乘用车后端、行人、乘用车3D目标、自行车的形状、大小、反射特性等进行了规定。后面3个部分动力两轮车目标的要求(Requirements for Powered Two-WheelerTargets)、替代动物目标的研究数据和指南(Research Data and Guidelines for Surrogate Animal Targets)、目标载体系统行为的测试方法(Test Method for Target Carrier System Behaviour)规定了摩托车、动物和目标载体的性能要求,但其仍处于编制阶段,尚未正式公布。在封闭场地测试内容方面,相关标准的通过率将决定智能网联汽车是否具备进入道路测试环节的资质。我国于2018年提出了智能网联汽车考核测试指标《智能网联汽车自动驾驶功能测试规程(试行)》,初步规定了场地测试14个方面的测试内容(必测项目9项和选测项目5项),共分为34个测试场景(必测场景20个,选测场景14个)[32]。其中,9个必测项目分别为:交通标志和标线的识别及响应、前方车辆行驶状态识别及响应、障碍物识别及响应、稳定跟车行驶、靠路边停车、超车、并道、自动紧急制动、人工操作接管。
开放道路测试标准的建设重点在于参与道路测试企业的监管。在智能网联汽车上路仍存在法律风险,即上位法未得到修订时,为了智能网联汽车自动驾驶技术能够得到有序推进,一些地方性法规率先发布,允许智能网联汽车以道路测试的名义在公共道路的某些区域行驶,随后进行全域普适性法规的建立和更新。作为首个允许自动驾驶汽车上路测试的地区,美国加利福尼亚州于2014年批准了自动驾驶法规草案,允许自动驾驶车辆上路测试,并于2017年对该法规进行了修订,允许在车内没有驾驶员(配备远程安全员)的情况下进行全自动驾驶汽车的测试;同年,美国众议院通过了美国首部自动驾驶汽车法案(H.R.3388),对美国20多个州的碎片化自动驾驶测试法规进行统一管理[33]。日本于2016年颁布了《自动驾驶汽车道路测试指南》(《自動走行システムに関する公道実証実験のためのガイドライン》),允许经过封闭场地测试的自动驾驶汽车在配备安全员的情况下进行道路测试[34];2017年,日本发布了《远程自动驾驶系统公共道路示范实验相关道路使用许可申请办理标准》(《遠隔型自動運転システムの公道実証実験に係る道路使用許可の申請に対する取扱いの基準》),允许自动驾驶汽车在配备远程安全员的情况下,在无线通讯确保不会中断的道路区域进行无人驾驶状态下的测试[35]。我国在早期为了实现智能网联汽车上路测试,也发布了众多地方性法规,自2016年起,我国发布了《智能网联汽车公共道路适应性验证管理规范》[36]、《北京市自动驾驶车辆道路测试管理实施细则(试行)》[37]、《平潭综合实验区无人驾驶汽车道路测试管理办法(试行)》[38]、《上海市智能网联汽车测试与应用管理办法》[39]、《重庆市智能网联汽车道路测试与应用管理试行办法》[40]、《天津市智能网联汽车道路测试与示范应用实施细则(试行)》[41]等智能网联汽车开放道路测试地方性法规,推动地方智能网联汽车测试进程,并在2018年版《智能网联汽车道路测试管理规范(试行)》[42]的基础上,于2021年发布了《智能网联汽车道路测试与示范应用管理规范(试行)》[43],对智能网联汽车道路测试和示范应用作出了详尽细致的规定。这些道路测试法规保证了在智能网联汽车在无法量产时具备道路测试的能力,验证智能网联汽车在真实行驶环境中的表现,发现系统缺陷,对推动智能网联汽车技术发展具有至关重要的作用。
根据测试对象的不同,智能网联汽车对象主要可分为整车、系统、功能3类,现有标准亦是针对这3类对象展开。
当测试对象为整车时,其主要测试内容是基于系统测试和功能测试的结合,与系统和功能测试内容有很大重叠,在此不进行单独描述。
当测试对象为系统时,智能网联汽车自动驾驶系统主要可分为感知、决策、执行3个层级,其中决策层主要测试自动驾驶系统在不同测试场景中的表现,该类标准与测试场景标准基本重叠,同时执行层级元器件及控制系统测试过程与传统汽车具有较多重复,因此重点针对智能网联汽车感知层级的测试标准展开。随着企业对于感知系统安全性的愈发重视,建立相应的法规标准愈发急迫,针对相机和雷达感知而言,当前虽未有正式的法规公布,但面向不同智能网联汽车感知传感器的标准已经立项并进入编制阶段。例如《智能网联汽车 视觉感知系统预期功能安全 第1部分:触发条件分析与描述方法》[44]、《智能网联汽车 视觉感知系统预期功能安全 第2部分:测试评价方法》[45]、《智能网联汽车视觉感知计算芯片技术要求和测试方法》[46]、《智能网联汽车激光雷达感知评测要求及方法》[47]、《智能网联汽车融合感知系统 第1部分:架构设计规范》[48]。针对车辆与外界通信(Vehicle to Everything,V2X)系统而言,2022年发布的团体标准T/CSAE 246: 2022《智能网联汽车V2X系统预警应用功能测试与评价方法》规定了智能网联汽车V2X系统预警应用功能的通用要求、测试项目及测试方法,包括测试场景的功能要求、测试步骤以及通过性条件[49]。同时,由北京星云互联科技有限公司牵头的《面向V2X网联应用的场景库技术要求及仿真规范》也已经完成立项,进入标准制定阶段[50]。当前,我国针对智能网联汽车单一系统的标准体系仍未完善,随着硬件在环测试平台技术的进一步发展,基于感知系统的独立性测试将成为完善智能网联汽车V型验证体系的关键,其在测试成本、测试时效性方面的优势将进一步展现。
当测试对象为自动驾驶功能时,针对L1、L2等级的自动驾驶功能已经得到了较为成熟的应用,例如ISO 17361: 2017《智能交通系统 车道偏离预警系统 性能要求和测试流程》(Intelligent Transport Systems-Lane Departure Warning Systems-Performance Requirements and Test Procedures)[51]、ISO 17387: 2008《智能交通系统-变道决策辅助系统-性能要求和测试流程》(Intelligent Transport Systems-Lane Change Decision Aid Systems (LCDAS)-Performance Requirements and Test Procedures)[52]、ISO 15622: 2018《智能交通系统-自适应巡航控制系统-性能要求和测试流程》(Intelligent Transport Systems-Adaptive Cruise Control Systems-Performance Requirements and Test Procedures)[53]、GB/T 20608—2006《智能运输系统 自适应巡航控制系统 性能要求与检测方法》[54]、GB/T 39901—2021《乘用车自动紧急制动系统(AEBS)性能要求及试验方法》[55],因此本文仅针对L3级及以上的测试标准进行展开。截至2022年6月,L3级及以上的高等级自动驾驶系统相关标准认证主要包括3项:
a. 自动车道保持系统法规《关于车辆自动车道保持系统准入的统一规定》(Uniform Provisions Concerning the Approval of Vehicles with Regard to Automated Lane Keeping System)[56]。该标准从系统安全、故障安全响应、人机交互界面、自动驾驶数据存储系统、信息安全及软件升级等方面对自动驾驶车道保持系统提出了严格要求。其中:“系统安全”要求系统激活后可执行全部动态驾驶任务;“故障安全响应”要求系统具备驾驶权转换功能、碰撞应急策略和最小风险策略;“人机交互界面”规定系统的激活和退出条件,并明确系统应提示的信息及形式;“自动驾驶数据存储系统”要求记录系统的驾驶状态;“信息安全和软件升级”要求系统应满足“信息安全法规”和“软件升级法规”。
b. 预定轨迹低速自动驾驶系统法规ISO 22737: 2021《智能交通系统 用于预定路线的低速自动驾驶系统 性能要求、系统要求和性能测试流程》(Intelligent Transport Systems-Low-Speed Automated Driving (LSAD) Systems for Predefined Routes-Performance Requirements, System Requirements and Performance Test Procedures)[57]。低速自动驾驶(Low-Speed Automated Driving,LSAD)系统是最大速度为8.89 m/s(32 km/h)的自动驾驶系统,将被用于最后一公里的运输、商业区的运输、商业或机场、港口、大学校园区以及其他低速环境的应用。LSAD车辆功能包括动态驾驶任务、设计运行区域监测、最小风险操作、应急演习、危险情况确定、系统诊断、战略路径规划、感知系统与感知系统性能、乘客监测、数据存储、驱动执行、与外部行为者的沟通。其中,ISO 22737主要定义了动态驾驶任务、设计运行区域监测、最小风险操作、应急演习和危险情况确定。
c. 自主代客泊车标准T/CSAE 156—2020《自主代客泊车系统总体技术要求》[58]。该标准是由中国汽车工程学会发布的团体标准,当前我国并无针对L3级以上自动驾驶功能的国家标准。自主代客泊车(Automated Valet Parking,AVP)系统指:用户在指定下客点下车,通过手机软件下达泊车指令,车辆在接收到指令后可自动行驶到停车场的停车位,不需要用户操纵与监控;用户通过手机软件下达取车指令,车辆在接收到指令后可以从停车位自动行驶到指定上客点;若多辆车同时收到泊车指令,可实现多车动态的自动等待进入泊车位。该标准规定了AVP系统的总体技术规范与测试要求,主要包括对AVP系统典型架构和安全场景的定义,对不同技术路线AVP系统定位、感知和地图的要求,对AVP系统人机交互、云平台和运动控制的功能要求,以及AVP系统的测试环境和规程要求。
参照图2,本文将测试内容类标准分为3类,即功能安全标准、预期功能安全标准、数据和信息安全标准。功能安全作为传统汽车安全性验证阶段即存在的标准,为智能网联汽车的技术开发提供了初期指导。随着智能网联汽车功能的逐渐复杂,预期功能安全标准很好地填补了功能安全在智能网联汽车开发过程中的不足。同时,随着网联化的不断发展及国家、消费者对数据安全的不断重视,信息安全、数据安全在智能网联汽车开发过程中的地位愈发重要,得到了更多的关注。
在功能安全(SOTIF)方面,最常用的法规为ISO 26262《公路车辆 功能安全》(Road vehicles-Functional safety),共分为12部分,包括:术语、功能安全管理、概念阶段、系统级产品研发、硬件级产品研发、软件级产品研发、生产和操作、支持过程、面向车安全完整性等级(Automotive Safety Integrity Level,ASIL)和安全的分析、ISO 26262导则、ISO 26262应用于半导体的指南、摩托车ISO 26262改编[59]。ISO 26262面向安全相关的汽车电子电气系统,针对由于电子电气系统故障而导致的危险,涵盖了整个产品设计的各个方面,包括系统设计、软件设计、硬件设计等,并贯穿于整个产品的生命周期,从产品概念阶段一直到产品报废。
在预期功能安全(SOTIF)方面,ISO 21448-2022《道路车辆 预期功能安全》(Road Vehicles-Safety of the Intended Functionality)是最为典型的代表[60]。该标准将行驶过程中所遇到的场景分为4类:已知风险、已知安全、未知风险、未知安全。预期功能安全的主要目的在于寻找未知的风险,将尽可能多的未知风险转变为已知风险,然后通过改善功能使其成为已知安全,最终的系统越来越安全,功能的危险区域缩小到系统可以接受的程度。整个ISO 21448的标准架构如图3所示,主要由定义系统边界和功能、识别和评估系统可能造成的危害、识别和评估造成危害的原因(触发事件)、改善系统功能以减少相关危害、定义验证与确认策略并进行测试、对测试结果进行评价以确定预期功能安全等部分组成。
在网络安全方面,最典型的标准为ISO 21434《道路车辆 网络安全工程》(Road Vehicles-Cybersecurity Engineering)[61]。其面向汽车行业全供应链(汽车制造厂商及各级供应商),指导行业内相关组织、定义网络安全方针和流程、管理网络安全风险并推动网络安全文化。ISO 21434从风险评估管理、产品开发、运行/维护、流程审核4个方面来保障汽车信息安全工程工作,从而使通过该标准设计、生产、测试的产品具备一定的信息安全防护能力。该标准主体分为7个部分:概述,包含本文件中采用的道路车辆网络安全工程方法的背景和总体信息;组织级网络安全管理,包含组织层级网络安全方针、规则和流程的规定和管理要求;基于项目的网络安全管理,包含项目层级的网络安全活动和管理要求;分布式网络安全活动,包含客户与供应商之间网络安全活动的职责确认的要求;持续的网络安全活动,包含对项目生命周期中,需持续实施的风险分析和电气电子(Electrical/Electronic,E/E)系统的漏洞管理活动的要求;从概念设计到产品开发、验证、生产及后期运维和退役全生命周期的网络安全活动和相关要求;威胁分析和风险评估方法,提供了一套网络安全威胁分析、风险评估及处置的方法论。我国在近年来也发布或公示了GB/T 40857—2021《汽车网关信息安全技术要求及试验方法》[62]等相关标准推动我国汽车网联化技术发展。2022年2月,工业和信息化部发布了《车联网网络安全和数据安全标准体系建设指南》[63],从顶层视角指导汽车数据安全、网络安全相关标准研制,包含基础共性、终端与设施网络安全、网联通信安全、数据安全、应用服务安全、安全保障与支撑等标准。
由于智能网联汽车配备了相机、雷达、卫星定位模块等多类传感器,其所收集到的数据安全性亦十分重要,是维护国家安全和个人隐私的关键内容。因此,我国2021年发布的《智能网联汽车生产企业及产品准入管理指南(试行)》中明确规定,“在中华人民共和国境内运营中收集和产生的个人信息和重要数据应当按照有关规定在境内存储。因业务需要,确需向境外提供的,应向行业主管部门报备。”[64]国家互联网信息办公室发布的《汽车数据安全管理若干规定(征求意见稿)》中也提到,“运营者通过汽车收集个人信息或重要数据时,应该遵守车内处理、匿名化处理、最小保存周期等原则,收集前要征求驾驶人的同意,并且还需向相关监管机构提报相关信息,接受管理。”[65]《车联网(智能网联汽车)网络安全标准体系建设指南》[66]、《深圳经济特区数据条例》[67]、《信息安全技术网联汽车采集数据的安全要求》[68]等国内法规也对这类数据的安全性作出了明确的规定。国外对于此类数据的处理同样十分谨慎:美国于2020年生效的《加州消费者隐私法案》(California Consumer Privacy Act)要求企业履行消费者获悉其个人数据的要求,消费者有权不出售或分享个人信息,并可要求企业及其附属机构删除其个人信息[69];欧盟于2022年发布的《数据法案:关于公平访问和使用数据的统一规则的法规提案》(Data Act: Proposal for a Regulation on Harmonised Rules on Fair Access to and Use of Data)对智能网联汽车产生数据的归属权及分享权也进行了详细规定[70]。然而,当前智能网联汽车数据安全类的标准还仅针对智能网联汽车的个人用户,对于公用智能网联汽车(Robotaxi)的数据安全,当前仍缺乏对应的标准进行规定。由于Robotaxi是智能网联汽车当前最热门的使用场景之一,针对这方面的数据安全立法已刻不容缓。
随着智能网联汽车功能的日益复杂,面向单一功能的测试方法越来越难以适应高等级自动驾驶系统的测试需求。为了应对这一挑战,基于场景的测试理论框架被提出并逐渐发展为目前较为通用的测试理论。“场景”的概念最先应用于软件系统的开发测试,用来描述系统的使用方式以及构想更多可行的系统。在智能网联汽车测试领域,“场景可认为是自动驾驶汽车行驶场合与驾驶情景的有机组合”[71]。ISO 3450X系列标准是面向场景测试的关键指导,其中ISO 34501已在前文进行了描述 。
ISO 34502《道路车辆 自动驾驶系统测试场景 基于场景的安全评估框架》(Road Vehicles-Test Scenarios for Automated Driving Systems-Scenario Based Safety Evaluation Framework)[72]是当前基于场景的智能网联汽车测试的指导标准,其主要包括:与开发过程的集成、安全测试目标、潜在危险场景、测试用例分配、测试执行、安全评估。其附录中重点描述了危险场景的设计方法。ISO 34502采用了组合测试的理念,将风险视为一系列场景要素的组合,并主要统计了3类风险的构建方法:交通流致因的危险场景、传感器致因的危险场景、车辆控制类危险场景。交通流致因的危险场景组合道路结构、自车车辆行为、周围车辆位置、周围车辆行为4个要素,此外,周围车辆类型可选择四轮车和摩托车。道路结构主要分为直路、匝道等,自车行为分为车道保持、换道等,周围车辆位置分为前、后、左前、左后等8个位置,周围车辆交通行为选择为车道保持、换道等。传感器致因的危险场景由传感器性能、传感器盲区、传感器连接限制3个部分组成。传感器性能致因的危险场景主要由传感器自身(本车状态、传感器表面状态、传感器参数)、周围环境(目标物运动、传播介质、道路干扰)、感知目标(道路、交通标志、车道、运动目标)3个部分因素组成;盲区致因的危险场景主要由盲区车辆、道路结构和道路形状3个子类构成;连接限制的危险场景主要考虑传感器本身、环境和信号发射器3个部分。对于车辆控制相关的关键场景,主要研究直接传递到车身的力和传递到轮胎的力。
ISO 34503《道路车辆-自动驾驶系统的测试场景-设计运行区域的分类》(Road Vehicles-Test Scenarios for Automated Driving Systems-Taxonomy for Operational Design Domain)[73]的重点在于对智能网联车辆的设计运行区域进行详细描述,从而将其能力和限制清楚地传递给消费者,完成“知情安全”的要求。该标准内容主要包括:设计运行区域和运行区域的关系、设计运行区域和场景的关系、设计运行区域的要求和应用、设计运行区域的分类、场景切片、环境条件、动态要素、设计运行区域格式定义。通过对设计运行区域的设计格式的统一规定,该标准可以帮助消费者更好地理解智能网联汽车的功能,提高车辆行驶过程安全性。
ISO 34504《道路车辆 自动驾驶系统的测试场景 场景分类》(Road Vehicles-Test Scenarios for Automated Driving Systems-Scenario Categorization)[74]的重点研究内容在于提供一种统一的场景要素标签方法。该标准与前文提到的OpenX系列标准具有一定的相似之处,均包含提供一种标准的场景要素描述,但该标准更为宏观,还规定了使用标签进行场景分配及使用。该标准主体部分包括:标签及标签树选择、动态要素标签、场景切片标签、自然环境标签、场景分配标签、使用标签指定场景类别。
基于场景的测试手段是智能网联汽车测试验证的未来主流,虽然ISO 3450X系列标准为智能网联汽车技术开发提供了重要指导,但一些技术细节的认证仍存在一定的不足,企业可将该系列标准与功能安全、预期功能安全、信息安全等标准相融合,在多标准融合指导下帮助自身开发更为安全的自动驾驶系统。
当前智能网联测试类标准的大量涌现实质上是由于交通参与者的变化而导致的规则创新和需求转变。传统汽车测试方向基本集中在标准领域,主要针对整车、零部件和环保等强制性准则,车辆本体和驾驶员是完全分离的2个系统。而自动驾驶的引入给原本的传统交通增加了许多新的要素,而且自动驾驶系统的技术体系是以机器学习为核心构建的人-车-环境的结合体,这就决定了其系统的形成和完善需要经过大量的训练。人类驾驶员存在的动态不确定性和经验积累的可变性并不能通过单纯的训练在智能网联汽车上得到完全的复现,因此需要配合相应的测试给予修正和验证。随着自动驾驶系统所兼顾的要素不断增加、其承担的驾驶任务不断复杂,催生了新的测试和测试规则对系统的性能进行规范。由于测试方向侧重不同,在国际标准、国家标准下,各种团体及行业标准层出不穷,推进了智能网联汽车测试体系的构建,但一定的统筹和汇总工作是必不可少的,有助于形成尽量全面的、可以被整个行业认可的通用性测试标准。但是,随着测试类标准的积累应运而生的是评价类标准问题,当前较为成熟的评价标准仍旧停留在特定设计运行域和有限驾驶任务的程度,由于场景不可穷尽的特点,以及人类驾驶员与自动驾驶系统间的巨大差异,使行业内很难承认自动驾驶系统的完备性,因此,对于越高等级的自动驾驶,越无法形成客观完整的评价机制,进而对测试标准的可实施性产生影响。因此,更为细节全面的测试标准的推出、现有同类型测试标准的整合凝练和具有说服力的客观评估架构的建立是智能网联汽车测试体系不断完善的前进方向。
明确智能网联汽车事故责任划分是提高市场接受度、保证消费者信任度的首要支撑。当前,针对事故责任划分主要的立法难点在于面向智能网联汽车分级中的L3级及以上的汽车。对于L2级别及以下的车辆来说,驾驶员是车辆行驶任务的主要承担者,一旦发生因车辆行驶不规范或驾驶员未及时接管所导致的交通事故,由车辆驾驶人承担事故的全部责任,驾驶辅助系统无需担责。而对于L3级及以上的自动驾驶系统而言,驾驶权在驾驶员和自动驾驶系统之间的转换对交通事故中的责任认定提出了新的诉求。明确事故中的责任主体可进一步帮助消费者明晰行驶过程中的驾驶责任,提高消费者对智能网联汽车的信任程度,同时督促汽车制造厂商提升车辆安全性,开发更为完善的自动驾驶系统。
2017年,英国提出了世界上首个智能网联汽车保险法案《汽车技术和航空法案》(Vehicle Technology and Aviation Bill)[75],虽然该法案因议会解体而夭折,但英国于2018年在该法案的基础上出台了世界上首部将智能网联汽车纳入车辆强制保险的正式法律《自动与电动汽车法》(Automated and Electric Vehicles Act)[76]。该法律使用“单一承保模型”,即要求汽车强制保险同时覆盖车主和自动驾驶系统,无论智能网联汽车发生事故时的驾驶主体是人还是自动驾驶系统,保险公司都将直接对涉及自动驾驶汽车事故中的受害者进行补偿,若查明事故发生时智能网联汽车处于自动驾驶模式,问题是由车辆系统自身缺陷导致,保险公司可以向汽车制造商追偿。我国近期公布的地方性法规《深圳经济特区智能网联汽车管理条例》[13]也针对智能网联汽车发生事故时的责任划分问题进行规定,“完全自动驾驶的智能网联汽车在无驾驶人期间发生交通违法或者有责任的事故,原则上由车辆所有人、管理人承担违法和赔偿责任,但对违法行为人的处罚不适用驾驶人记分的有关规定”,“交通事故中,因智能网联汽车存在缺陷造成损害的,车辆驾驶人或者所有人、管理人依照上述规定赔偿后,可以依法向生产者、销售者请求赔偿”。
明确智能网联汽车事故发生时的责任划分是解决消费者后顾之忧的重要内容,其可以帮助消费者加深对智能网联汽车的功能理解,从而反推智能网联汽车的行驶安全性。但目前该方面的标准仍处于发展初期较为薄弱的阶段,在保险模型、事故模型等方面均需要进一步研究。亟待解决的还有因自动驾驶主导车辆而产生的生命权问题:其一是由于人类驾驶员依靠本能而自动驾驶系统依赖于预设机制,当多方向出现行人等危险事件发生时应如何选择的问题;其二是传统车辆只有尽量保证车内驾驶员安全的能力,但智能网联汽车当前法规标准中倾向于“将事件损失降低至最小”原则,进而产生的伤害损失权衡问题。2017年6月,德国联邦交通部的伦理委员会发布了世界上第一份自动驾驶伦理道德标准[77]。标准强调对人的保护,明确对人的保护优先于所有其他利益,并且强调自动驾驶的首要目标是提升所有交通参与者的安全,主张当智能网联汽车陷入进退两难境地时,任何基于年龄、性别、种族、身体属性或任何其他区别因素的歧视判断都是不允许的。但是,对于指导智能网联汽车在事故现场作出优先级判断的相关标准仍然非常欠缺,这也是自动驾驶领域必须攻克的难题。
智能网联汽车的发展离不开完善的标准化建设体系,虽然当前世界范围内在智能网联汽车准入、认证架构、术语定义方面已经建立了较为完善的标准参考,但在测试体系构建、事故责任划分方面仍存在较大不足。针对测试标准体系构建,未来应着力建立更完善的仿真、封闭场地、开放道路之间的联合测试桥梁,明确各阶段的测试内容,尤其是硬件在环测试与车辆在环测试的测试内容分配,形成完整的测试流程,以及相对应的普适性评价类标准体系。针对责任事故划分,未来应加强保险理赔、事故责任划分的标准体系建设,明确各类事故发生时的责任具体归属比例,合理保护消费者、智能网联汽车厂商、其他交通参与者的权益。
在近期毕马威会计事务所发布的《2020全球自动驾驶汽车成熟度指数报告》列出的25个自动驾驶成熟度最高的国家中,欧洲占据12席,中国排名第18位,说明我国在智能网联汽车领域的发展程度和世界领先水平仍有一定差距。但目前我国已逐步开放公共道路测试和示范运营,包括北京、上海、深圳等多个城市已发布相关的道路测试与示范应用管理法规,其他城市相关细则也在持续推进,尤其是深圳特区已经进行了智能网联汽车领域立法的首次试水。相信未来会有更多相关配套法规标准的出现和完善,为智能网联汽车产业部署提供充分的保障,争取早日实现智能网联汽车自动驾驶功能的规模化应用。
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2023年第卷第7期
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doi: 10.19620/j.cnki.1000-3703.20220768
  • 首发时间:2025-12-07
  • 出版时间:2023-07-24
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  • 修回日期:2022-08-17
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    吉林大学,汽车仿真与控制国家重点实验室,长春 130025
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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