Article(id=1204385599730983589, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, issueId=1204385597805798018, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19620/j.cnki.1000-3703.20220513, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=1657468800000, revisedDateStr=2022-07-11, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1765077503377, onlineDateStr=2025-12-07, pubDate=1682265600000, pubDateStr=2023-04-24, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1765077503377, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1765077503377, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765077503377, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1204385597805798018, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, year='2023', volume='', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='62', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1765077502919, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765079117157, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1204392368473612861, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, issueId=1204385597805798018, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1204392368473612862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, issueId=1204385597805798018, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=50, endPage=56, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1204385599919727280, articleId=1204385599730983589, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, language=EN, title=Research on Two-Wheeler Head Crash Evaluation Conditions Based on Accident Reconstruction, columnId=null, journalTitle=Automobile Technology, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to study the head crash conditions of two-wheeler cyclist in traffic accident, this paper verified the car-to-two-wheeler crash model by accident reconstruction, and analyzed the differences of head impact area, speed and angle on sedan and SUV models, proposed the evaluation suggestions in combination with the existing pedestrian protection evaluation requirements. The results show that the head crash speed of the cyclist is not different from that of pedestrians. For the vehicle with Bonnet Leading Edge (BLE) height bellow 850 mm, it is recommended to expand the Wrap Around Distance (WAD) of head crash area from 2 100 to 2 300 mm, and the collision angle is 45°. For vehicles with BLE height higher than 850 mm, there is no need to expand the area.

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为了研究交通事故中两轮车骑车人头部碰撞工况,通过事故重建对汽车-两轮车碰撞模型进行验证,针对轿车和SUV车型分析了头部碰撞区域、速度和角度的差异,结合现有行人保护测评要求提出了测评建议。结果表明:骑车人头部碰撞速度与行人头部碰撞速度差别不大;对于发动机罩前缘高度不高于850 mm的车辆,头部碰撞区域建议将包络线(WAD)范围从2 100 mm扩大至2 300 mm,碰撞角度为45°;对于发动机罩前缘高度高于850 mm的车辆,无需扩大头部碰撞区域。

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序号 场景示意 场景描述 序号 场景示意 场景描述
1 车辆直行,两轮车从右侧横穿 4 同向行驶,车辆右转,两轮车直行
2 车辆直行,两轮车从左侧横穿 5 车辆直行,两轮车从右侧横穿
3 车辆左转,两轮车从对向直行 6 车辆右转,两轮车从左侧横穿
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文献中的主要事故场景

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序号 场景示意 场景描述 序号 场景示意 场景描述
1 车辆直行,两轮车从右侧横穿 4 同向行驶,车辆右转,两轮车直行
2 车辆直行,两轮车从左侧横穿 5 车辆直行,两轮车从右侧横穿
3 车辆左转,两轮车从对向直行 6 车辆右转,两轮车从左侧横穿
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变量 变量范围
汽车车速/km·h-1 20,30,40,50,60
两轮车车速/km·h-1 10,20,30,40,50
碰撞角度/(°) -45,0,45
骑车人体型 第5百分位,第50百分位,第95百分位
偏置距离/m -0.50,-0.25,0,0.25,0.50,0.75,1.00,1.25
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仿真矩阵参数设置

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变量 变量范围
汽车车速/km·h-1 20,30,40,50,60
两轮车车速/km·h-1 10,20,30,40,50
碰撞角度/(°) -45,0,45
骑车人体型 第5百分位,第50百分位,第95百分位
偏置距离/m -0.50,-0.25,0,0.25,0.50,0.75,1.00,1.25
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统计参数 低水平 平均值 高水平
轿车发动机罩BLE高度[19] 703.9 731.8 795.8
SUV发动机罩BLE高度[19] 842.2 955.1 1 111.0
电动摩托车座椅高度[20] 680 730 780
电动两轮车座椅高度[20] 700 750 800
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统计高度参考值 mm

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统计参数 低水平 平均值 高水平
轿车发动机罩BLE高度[19] 703.9 731.8 795.8
SUV发动机罩BLE高度[19] 842.2 955.1 1 111.0
电动摩托车座椅高度[20] 680 730 780
电动两轮车座椅高度[20] 700 750 800
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基于事故重建的骑车人头部碰撞测评工况研究
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龙永程 1, 2 , 费敬 1, 2 , 李雪玲 1, 2 , 谭普元 3 , 李凡 4
汽车技术 | 2023,(4): 50-56
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汽车技术 | 2023, (4): 50-56
基于事故重建的骑车人头部碰撞测评工况研究
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龙永程1, 2, 费敬1, 2, 李雪玲1, 2, 谭普元3, 李凡4
作者信息
  • 1 汽车振动噪声和安全技术国家重点实验室,重庆 401122
  • 2 中国汽车工程研究院股份有限公司,重庆 401122
  • 3 清华大学,北京 100084
  • 4 汽车车身先进设计制造国家重点实验室,长沙 410082
Research on Two-Wheeler Head Crash Evaluation Conditions Based on Accident Reconstruction
Yongcheng Long1, 2, Jing Fei1, 2, Xueling Li1, 2, Puyuan Tan3, Fan Li4
Affiliations
  • 1 State Key Laboratory of Vehicle NVH and Safety Technology, Chongqing 401122
  • 2 China Automotive Engineering Research Institute Co., Ltd., Chongqing 401122
  • 3 Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084
  • 4 State Key Laboratory of Advanced Design and Manufacturing for Vehicle Body, Changsha 410082
出版时间: 2023-04-24 doi: 10.19620/j.cnki.1000-3703.20220513
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为了研究交通事故中两轮车骑车人头部碰撞工况,通过事故重建对汽车-两轮车碰撞模型进行验证,针对轿车和SUV车型分析了头部碰撞区域、速度和角度的差异,结合现有行人保护测评要求提出了测评建议。结果表明:骑车人头部碰撞速度与行人头部碰撞速度差别不大;对于发动机罩前缘高度不高于850 mm的车辆,头部碰撞区域建议将包络线(WAD)范围从2 100 mm扩大至2 300 mm,碰撞角度为45°;对于发动机罩前缘高度高于850 mm的车辆,无需扩大头部碰撞区域。

汽车安全  /  头部碰撞  /  事故重建  /  两轮车

In order to study the head crash conditions of two-wheeler cyclist in traffic accident, this paper verified the car-to-two-wheeler crash model by accident reconstruction, and analyzed the differences of head impact area, speed and angle on sedan and SUV models, proposed the evaluation suggestions in combination with the existing pedestrian protection evaluation requirements. The results show that the head crash speed of the cyclist is not different from that of pedestrians. For the vehicle with Bonnet Leading Edge (BLE) height bellow 850 mm, it is recommended to expand the Wrap Around Distance (WAD) of head crash area from 2 100 to 2 300 mm, and the collision angle is 45°. For vehicles with BLE height higher than 850 mm, there is no need to expand the area.

Vehicle safety  /  Head impact  /  Accident reconstruction  /  Two-wheeler
龙永程, 费敬, 李雪玲, 谭普元, 李凡. 基于事故重建的骑车人头部碰撞测评工况研究. 汽车技术, 2023 , (4) : 50 -56 . DOI: 10.19620/j.cnki.1000-3703.20220513
Yongcheng Long, Jing Fei, Xueling Li, Puyuan Tan, Fan Li. Research on Two-Wheeler Head Crash Evaluation Conditions Based on Accident Reconstruction[J]. Automobile Technology, 2023 , (4) : 50 -56 . DOI: 10.19620/j.cnki.1000-3703.20220513
根据公安部交通管理局2019年统计年报,电动两轮车、摩托车和自行车骑车人在交通事故中的死亡人数在2019年所有交通事故死亡人数中的占比分别为13.76%、19.35%和4.42%[1]。我国两轮车事故中,电动两轮车为主要参与对象[2-3],而欧洲两轮车事故中的主要参与对象为自行车[4],存在明显差异。
以往的行人保护测试评价规程中[5-6],用头型冲击器以40 km/h的速度和以50°或65°的碰撞角度撞击车辆包络线(Wrap Around Distance,WAD)1 000~2 100 mm的区域。一些学者参照行人头部碰撞的测评方法建立了两轮车骑车人头部碰撞工况。Oliver Zander等[7]对德国交通事故深入调查(German In-Depth Accident Study,GIDAS)项目的自行车事故场景进行统计,从中筛选了3个主要碰撞场景进行仿真分析,将目前行人保护体系中头部区域扩大至WAD 2 500 mm,前风窗玻璃上的试验点采用70°的碰撞角度撞击以覆盖自行车骑车人的头部保护区域。欧洲新车安全评价组织(European New Car Assessment Programme,Euro NCAP)根据其研究结果最终决定将头部碰撞区域从WAD 2 100 mm扩大至WAD 2 500 mm,在所扩大的区域中位于前风窗玻璃上的碰撞点碰撞角度采用65°,位于车顶的碰撞点碰撞角度采用45°,速度均为40 km/h[8]。Wu[9]对中国交通事故深入调查(China In-Depth Accident Study,CIDAS)数据库两轮车与汽车的碰撞事故中骑车人头部落点进行统计,80%的电动两轮车、摩托车和自行车事故骑车人头部落点分别在WAD 2 260 mm、WAD 2 200 mm和WAD 2 370 mm以内。Li等[10]通过对电动两轮车与轿车和SUV的碰撞事故进行仿真,得到与轿车碰撞事故中骑车人头部的平均碰撞角度为65°,与SUV碰撞事故中骑车人头部的平均碰撞角度为75°,头部碰撞速度为40 km/h。吕晓江等[11]开展了汽车-两轮车碰撞试验,对比了自行车碰撞与电动两轮车碰撞的运动规律,自行车骑车人头部落点在WAD 1 555~2 386 mm区间,电动两轮车骑车人头部落点在WAD 809~2 155 mm区间,头部碰撞角度随头部落点位置及车型的不同而不同。
根据国内学者的研究,电动两轮车骑车人的头部落点位置和碰撞角度在不同的车型上存在差异,车型差异性在测评方法中的体现也是需要解决的问题。本文首先通过文献调研中国两轮车事故情况,统计两轮车事故的主要场景和边界条件,从所收集的事故中选取2例较为典型的事故案例进行重建,开展两轮车-汽车碰撞全矩阵仿真,研究骑车人的头部运动学规律。
根据文献[10]、文献[12]~文献[14]的统计,设参与方A、B分别代表汽车和两轮车,事故的主要场景如表1所示。其中场景1~场景4的事故发生率较高。潘威凯[3]通过国家车辆事故深度调查体系(National Automobile Accident In-Depth Investigation System,NAIS)数据统计发现,汽车前部与两轮车侧面碰撞是最常见的冲突场景。
本文在中国汽研采集的两轮车事故数据中,选择2例符合前文事故场景的较为典型的事故,建立仿真模型并进行验证。选择的原则为:两轮车与车辆前部发生碰撞,车辆前端有明显的碰撞位置;两轮车骑车人未戴头盔;视频信息能反映骑车人在碰撞过程中的运动学响应。
事故中的两轮车和汽车模型均采用多刚体建模,如图1所示。基础模型来源于文献[15],并基于事故重建进行了验证。根据车辆基础模型,按照本文中2例实际事故中车辆的外廓尺寸,对汽车模型进行调整。
骑车人模型采用MADYMO软件自带的人体模型,模型已进行尸体、事故重建和物理假人的对标验证[16-17]。根据两轮车座垫、踏板和把手高度调节假人乘坐姿态,如图2所示。
图3所示为重建的轿车-两轮车事故中骑车人运动学响应与事故视频的对比。碰撞后,骑车人上半身侧向倒向发动机罩,腿部远离车辆前部,右肩及胸部右侧撞击发动机罩,头部发生绕颈部的旋转,但未撞击发动机罩,随后身体侧向远离车辆。
图4所示为重建的SUV-两轮车事故中骑车人运动学响应与事故视频的对比。碰撞后,骑车人上半身转为面对车辆方向,头部撞击发动机罩前缘(面部接触),头部与躯干充分撞击车身后,骑车人身体远离车辆。
通过对真实事故记录的视频分析和碰撞还原,验证了模型具有一定的描述两轮车骑车人在碰撞过程中运动响应的能力。受限于车辆前端结构刚度的差异、两轮车骑车人主动肌肉响应无法在模型中体现,以及实际事故的复杂性,模型不能描述碰撞过程中四肢的主动应激反应,但仿真模型的两轮车驾驶员整体运动趋势与真实事故一致,可以用于后续研究。
张立存[2]统计了事故中自行车、电动两轮车、摩托车与汽车碰撞前的平均速度分别在10~15 km/h、20~25 km/h和30~35 km/h范围内。罗俊任[18]基于NAIS数据库,调研了280起汽车与两轮车的碰撞事故,90%的事故中汽车速度都在60 km/h以下,电动两轮车和摩托车速度均在50 km/h以下。
根据前文对国内两轮车事故文献的分析,选取5个变量进行仿真矩阵设置,各参数范围如表2所示,共进行1 800次仿真。参数定义如图5所示,碰撞角度以两轮车垂直车辆前进方向为0°,逆时针方向为正向。偏置距离定义为假人H点与车辆中线的距离,向下为正向。计算后输出每个头部碰撞点的位置、速度和相对地面水平面的角度。
图6图7展示了不同体型骑车人头部碰撞点在轿车和SUV车型上的分布情况。
在轿车-两轮车碰撞事故中,第5百分位骑车人头部碰撞点集中在发动机罩区域,第50百分位骑车人头部碰撞点集中在发动机罩与前风窗玻璃交界区域,第95百分位骑车人头部碰撞点集中在发动机罩末端及前风窗玻璃区域,极少数碰撞点在车顶区域。头部碰撞点在车辆上的包络距离统计结果显示:头部碰撞点在WAD 1 400~2 000 mm区间有一定集中趋势,可覆盖75%的碰撞点;WAD 2 300 mm以下可涵盖90%以上的碰撞点。
在SUV-两轮车碰撞事故中,头部碰撞点基本位于发动机罩前缘及中部区域。头部碰撞点在车辆上的包络距离统计结果显示,超过90%的头部碰撞点均在WAD 1 700 mm范围内。
轿车-两轮车碰撞事故和SUV-两轮车碰撞事故中,两轮车骑车人头部碰撞点分布范围差别较大。
在目前的行人保护评价体系中,头部冲击器的碰撞速度为40 km/h,在该速度下能覆盖轿车-两轮车碰撞事故中约80%的碰撞点,如图8所示。由于仿真矩阵中车辆的初始速度范围为20~60 km/h,有部分速度偏高(>40 km/h),导致部分头部碰撞速度偏高。车辆上不同包络线区域的头部碰撞速度无明显规律。
图9所示,40 km/h头部碰撞速度可以覆盖SUV-两轮车碰撞事故中约70%的碰撞点。车辆上不同的包络线区域与头部碰撞速度无明显规律,除WAD小于1 300 mm的区域外,其余包络线区域基本能包含40 km/h头部碰撞点范围。在WAD小于1 300 mm的区域,头部碰撞速度明显比其他区域小,约为20 km/h。结合2个车型来看,除SUV发动机罩前端(WAD小于1 300 mm)的区域外,目前行人保护测评中40 km/h能代表两轮车骑车人的头部碰撞速度。
图10所示为轿车-两轮车碰撞事故中骑车人头部碰撞角度分布情况。头部碰撞角度在40°~70°区间内较为集中,目前行人保护测评中头部冲击器的碰撞角度为50°(儿童头型)和65°(成人头型),能够覆盖大多数工况。发动机罩和前风窗玻璃交界区域大致位于WAD 1 700 mm的区域,根据头部碰撞角度与WAD之间的关系:在WAD不大于1 700 mm的区域,骑车人头部碰撞角度基本保持一致;在WAD大于1 700 mm的区域,头部碰撞角度开始减小;在WAD大于2 100 mm的区域,头部碰撞角度达到最小值。这是由于两轮车骑车人在与轿车的碰撞中会发生身体的侧倾与腾空:骑车人侧倾运动占据主导时,头部以较大的碰撞角度撞击到WAD较小的区域;骑车人腾空运动占据主导时,头部以较小的碰撞角度撞击到WAD较大的区域。在车辆WAD 2 100~2 300 mm的区域,头部碰撞角度约为45°。
图11所示为SUV-两轮车碰撞事故中骑车人头部碰撞角度的分布情况。相比轿车-两轮车碰撞事故,骑车人头部碰撞相对分散,出现了较多大角度(>80°)的撞击工况。这是由于SUV发动机罩前缘较高,直接撞击电动两轮车骑车人腰部及下胸位置,导致头部与发动机罩接触前,躯干侧倾过程中,胸部与发动机罩前缘充分接触减速,使头部碰撞时水平方向的相对速度较小,如图12所示。但在该工况下头部的碰撞速度较小(图9),与目前行人保护测评体系中的头部工况(碰撞角度50°,碰撞速度40 km/h)的碰撞能量相比,其能量较低,不会造成更为严重的头部损伤,但是其碰撞角度更大,可能对骑车人的颈部造成较大损伤。因此,对于SUV,目前行人头部保护的测评工况基本能够覆盖对骑车人的头部保护范围,此外,SUV发动机罩前缘较高,可能会对骑车人的胸部造成较大的损伤。
根据前文的分析,对于轿车-两轮车碰撞事故,骑车人头部碰撞点明显靠后,在覆盖90%的碰撞点范围条件下,轿车WAD达到2 300 mm,而SUV的WAD为1 700 mm,因此区分车型来扩展两轮车的头部保护区域更符合实际骑车人的运动学响应。头部碰撞范围差异的主要原因是两轮车骑车人与车辆之间的接触特性不一致,导致碰撞发生后骑车人的躯干运动规律不一致,主要影响因素为车辆发动机罩前缘高度。
图13分析了不同前缘基准线(Bonnet Leading Edge,BLE)[6-7]高度下骑车人碰撞后的躯干运动规律和头部撞击位置:当发动机罩前缘高度大于850 mm时,骑车人髋部所受横向撞击作用更加明显,躯干腾空趋势减弱,头部撞击位置前移;当发动机罩前缘高度大于900 mm时,骑车人躯干不再具有腾空运动趋势。
表3展示了文献[19]、文献[20]中的车辆发动机罩前缘基准线高度。轿车的前缘高度通常小于800 mm,SUV前缘高度通常在840 mm以上,结合运动响应分析,建议以850 mm为界对被测车型进行划分。
综上所述,对于两轮车骑车人头部保护测评工况,建议按车型的BLE高度850 mm进行区分:对于发动机罩前缘较低的车辆,头部碰撞区域建议由WAD 2 100 mm扩大至WAD 2 300 mm,碰撞角度为45°;对于发动机罩前缘较高的车辆,无需扩大头部碰撞区域。
本文基于事故重建的方法在仿真中研究了两轮车骑车人头部碰撞情况,结合行人保护头部测评方法提出了测评建议。由于实际交通事故的复杂性,仿真模型亦不能完全准确地反映完整碰撞过程。另外,在仿真中使用的是多刚体模型,骑车人的各部位伤害情况未进行研究。但在仿真中发现,SUV车型虽不会造成头部碰撞区域扩大,但是发动机罩前缘会对骑车人胸部造成明显的损伤,而且发生头部大角度碰撞时也可能对颈部造成损伤,上述问题可在后续研究中完善。
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doi: 10.19620/j.cnki.1000-3703.20220513
  • 首发时间:2025-12-07
  • 出版时间:2023-04-24
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  • 修回日期:2022-07-11
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    1 汽车振动噪声和安全技术国家重点实验室,重庆 401122
    2 中国汽车工程研究院股份有限公司,重庆 401122
    3 清华大学,北京 100084
    4 汽车车身先进设计制造国家重点实验室,长沙 410082
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
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genus
种数
Number of
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Number of
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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