Article(id=1204385599387050648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, issueId=1204385597805798018, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19620/j.cnki.1000-3703.20220282, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=1653926400000, revisedDateStr=2022-05-31, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1765077503296, onlineDateStr=2025-12-07, pubDate=1682265600000, pubDateStr=2023-04-24, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1765077503296, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1765077503296, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765077503296, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1204385597805798018, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, year='2023', volume='', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='62', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1765077502919, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1765079117157, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1204392368473612861, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, issueId=1204385597805798018, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1204392368473612862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, issueId=1204385597805798018, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=57, endPage=62, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1204385599567405726, articleId=1204385599387050648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, language=EN, title=Analytical Calculation and Simulation of Steady Lateral Stiffness for Variable Diameter Spring, columnId=null, journalTitle=Automobile Technology, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to obtain reliable analytical calculation methods for the steady-state lateral stiffness considering the end constraints of variable diameter springs, the analytical calculation formulas of spring end restraint moment were obtained by using Moore integral according to the mechanical model of variable diameter spring. Based on the restraint moment of variable diameter spring, the analytical calculation formulas of steady-state lateral flexibility and stiffness of variable diameter spring were derived. With a case study, the steady-state lateral stiffness of variable diameter spring was analyzed and simulated, the calculated values are consistent with the simulated values, the relative deviations of flexibility and stiffness are within 0.21%, which means that the analytical formulas are correct. Finally, based on the steady-state lateral stiffness of variable diameter spring, the analytical calculation formula of transverse deflection of variable diameter spring at any position under transverse load was established, the deviation between the calculated value and the simulation value is within 0.21%, indicating that the analytical formula of the relative lateral deflection of the spring is correct.

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为获得考虑变中径弹簧端部约束的稳态横向刚度的可靠解析计算方法,根据变中径弹簧的力学模型,运用莫尔积分,得到了弹簧端部约束弯矩的解析计算式。基于变中径弹簧的约束弯矩,推导了其稳态横向柔度、刚度解析计算公式。通过实例对变中径弹簧的稳态横向刚度进行解析计算和仿真验证,解析计算结果与仿真结果均吻合,柔度、刚度相对偏差均在0.21%以内,结果表明所建立的解析计算方法正确。最后,基于变中径弹簧稳态横向刚度建立了弹簧受横向载荷任意位置的横向挠度解析计算式,与仿真值偏差在0.21%以内,表明弹簧的相对横向挠度解析计算式正确。

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2 14 996 28.764 10.429 7
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4 79 296 28.763 10.430 1
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网格收敛性分析

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1 5 225 28.805 10.414 9
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4 79 296 28.763 10.430 1
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变中径螺旋弹簧稳态横向刚度的解析计算及仿真
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耿向明 1 , 周长城 1 , 阚世超 1 , 张云山 2 , 郑伟 1
汽车技术 | 2023,(4): 57-62
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汽车技术 | 2023, (4): 57-62
变中径螺旋弹簧稳态横向刚度的解析计算及仿真
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耿向明1, 周长城1, 阚世超1, 张云山2, 郑伟1
作者信息
  • 1 山东理工大学,淄博 255000
  • 2 山东汽车弹簧厂淄博有限公司,淄博 255000
Analytical Calculation and Simulation of Steady Lateral Stiffness for Variable Diameter Spring
Xiangming Geng1, Changcheng Zhou1, Shichao Kan1, Yunshan Zhang2, Wei Zheng1
Affiliations
  • 1 Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000
  • 2 Zibo Company Limited, Shandong Automobile Spring Factory, Zibo 255000
出版时间: 2023-04-24 doi: 10.19620/j.cnki.1000-3703.20220282
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为获得考虑变中径弹簧端部约束的稳态横向刚度的可靠解析计算方法,根据变中径弹簧的力学模型,运用莫尔积分,得到了弹簧端部约束弯矩的解析计算式。基于变中径弹簧的约束弯矩,推导了其稳态横向柔度、刚度解析计算公式。通过实例对变中径弹簧的稳态横向刚度进行解析计算和仿真验证,解析计算结果与仿真结果均吻合,柔度、刚度相对偏差均在0.21%以内,结果表明所建立的解析计算方法正确。最后,基于变中径弹簧稳态横向刚度建立了弹簧受横向载荷任意位置的横向挠度解析计算式,与仿真值偏差在0.21%以内,表明弹簧的相对横向挠度解析计算式正确。

变中径弹簧  /  莫尔积分  /  横向刚度  /  变形

In order to obtain reliable analytical calculation methods for the steady-state lateral stiffness considering the end constraints of variable diameter springs, the analytical calculation formulas of spring end restraint moment were obtained by using Moore integral according to the mechanical model of variable diameter spring. Based on the restraint moment of variable diameter spring, the analytical calculation formulas of steady-state lateral flexibility and stiffness of variable diameter spring were derived. With a case study, the steady-state lateral stiffness of variable diameter spring was analyzed and simulated, the calculated values are consistent with the simulated values, the relative deviations of flexibility and stiffness are within 0.21%, which means that the analytical formulas are correct. Finally, based on the steady-state lateral stiffness of variable diameter spring, the analytical calculation formula of transverse deflection of variable diameter spring at any position under transverse load was established, the deviation between the calculated value and the simulation value is within 0.21%, indicating that the analytical formula of the relative lateral deflection of the spring is correct.

Variable diameter spring  /  Moore integral  /  Lateral stiffness  /  Shape change
耿向明, 周长城, 阚世超, 张云山, 郑伟. 变中径螺旋弹簧稳态横向刚度的解析计算及仿真. 汽车技术, 2023 , (4) : 57 -62 . DOI: 10.19620/j.cnki.1000-3703.20220282
Xiangming Geng, Changcheng Zhou, Shichao Kan, Yunshan Zhang, Wei Zheng. Analytical Calculation and Simulation of Steady Lateral Stiffness for Variable Diameter Spring[J]. Automobile Technology, 2023 , (4) : 57 -62 . DOI: 10.19620/j.cnki.1000-3703.20220282
螺旋弹簧是一种基本的弹性元件,是车辆悬架的重要组成部分[1]。螺旋弹簧种类很多,与普通圆柱弹簧相比,变中径螺旋弹簧具有更加良好的性能。
文献[2]、文献[3]给出的弹簧横向刚度计算方法仅适用于计算普通圆柱弹簧的横向刚度。米彩盈[4-6]利用圆柱弹簧计算高度的一半,导出了圆柱弹簧的横向刚度计算式,但不适用于变中径弹簧的横向刚度计算。肖维雄[7]采用有限元方法对普通圆柱螺旋弹簧的刚度进行了计算。阳光武[8]比较分析了几种圆柱弹簧横向刚度计算方法,确定了计算圆柱弹簧计算高度的方法。林炳宏[9]分析计算了变中径弹簧的垂向刚度,但未计算其横向刚度。肖光育[10]计算了腰鼓型变刚度螺旋弹簧的垂向刚度,但没有计算其横向刚度。张名杨[11]修正了在静载作用下的克雷特克(Krettek)公式,计算了普通圆柱弹簧的横向刚度。丘盛昌[12]对圆柱弹簧进行力学研究,建立了其横向刚度计算模型,但未约束圆柱弹簧端部。方子帆[13]计算了多段式组合变刚度悬架螺旋弹簧的垂向刚度,但未计算弹簧的横向刚度。张英会[14]在弹簧手册中计算了变中径弹簧的垂向刚度及圆柱弹簧的稳态横向刚度,但未计算变中径弹簧的稳态横向刚度。
通过目前对变中径弹簧刚度的研究分析可知,暂无变中径弹簧的稳态横向刚度准确计算方法。为此,本文通过力学分析,运用莫尔积分推导变中径弹簧端部稳态约束弯矩计算公式、基于约束弯矩的弹簧稳态横向刚度计算公式,运用有限元仿真验证公式的正确性,并基于稳态横向刚度推导出变中径弹簧任意位置稳态挠度的理论计算式。
变中径弹簧的投影轮廓如图1所示。
图中,Hp为弹簧计算高度,D1D2分别为弹簧小圈、大圈直径,α为弹簧的螺旋角,d为弹簧的簧丝直径,F为弹簧端部受到的横向载荷,Mw为使弹簧端部保持水平的约束弯矩,即弹簧端部稳态约束弯矩。当变中径弹簧端部受到横向载荷作用时,弹簧端部保持水平,则端部必然受到稳态约束弯矩,因此,在计算变中径弹簧稳态横向刚度时,应考虑此弯矩。
变中径弹簧端部在单位横向力Fx作用下,产生一偏角γFx,如图2所示。假设在弹簧端部仅作用一单位弯矩M=1 N·m,此时弹簧端部产生的偏角为γM
在单位横向力作用下,受力分析模型如图3所示。变中径弹簧端部施加一水平单位力Fx,在角度为θ处,横向力Fx在丝径竖直截面产生弯矩M1M2
M1M2可分解为绕t轴的扭矩、绕b轴的弯矩和绕m轴的弯矩。在考虑螺旋角α的情况下,丝径竖直截面与斜截面夹角如图4所示,将竖直截面上的力矩投影到斜截面,可以求得斜截面上沿各轴的力矩。
变中径弹簧弹簧圈半径表达式为:
R=a+kDθ
式中,a=D1/2为弹簧小圈半径;kD=(D2-D1)/(4nπ)为弹簧半径变化率;n为弹簧的有效圈数。
丝径斜截面上沿各轴的力矩表达式为:
T t = H p 2 n π θ c o s θ c o s α - R s i n θ s i n α         M m = H p 2 n π θ s i n θ                                                                             M b = - R s i n θ c o s α - H p 2 n π θ c o s θ s i n α
式中,Tt为绕t轴的扭矩;Mb为绕b轴的弯矩;Mm为绕m轴的弯矩。
同理,在变中径弹簧端部施加单位弯矩,在考虑螺旋角α的情况下,可以求得斜截面上沿各轴的力与力矩:
T M t = c o s θ c o s α         M M m = s i n θ                         M M b = - c o s θ s i n α
式中,TMt为绕t轴的扭矩;MMb为绕b轴的弯矩;MMm为绕m轴的弯矩。
根据莫尔积分,可以求得变中径弹簧端部在单位横向力、单位弯矩下的转角γFxγM
γ F x = 0 2 n π T t T M t G I p R c o s α d θ + 0 2 n π M m M M m E I n R c o s α d θ +                   0 2 n π M b M M b E I b R c o s α d θ γ M = 0 2 n π T M t 2 G I p R c o s α d θ + 0 2 n π M M m 2 E I n R c o s α d θ +                   0 2 n π M M b 2 E I b R c o s α d θ                                                                                          
式中,G=E/[2(1+u)]、E分别为切变模量和弹性模量;u为弹簧材料的泊松比;A为弹簧丝径截面的面积;Ipd4/32为弹簧丝径截面的极惯性矩;Ind4/64、Ibd4/64分别为弹簧丝径截面对n轴、b轴的惯性矩。
变中径弹簧端部保持水平,在受到单位横向载荷Fx时,会产生稳态约束弯矩MwMw的数值大小为Q,其表达式为:
Q=γFx/γM
根据式(1)~式(5),可以求得稳态约束弯矩为:
M w = C a 4 n π a - k D + 8 k D n 2 π 2 8 + k D C c a + 2 k D n π 4                     s i n 4 n π + c o s 4 n π n π                     C a k D - k D C c a + 2 k D n π 2 - C c a 2 4 - k D 2 8 -                     s i n 2 2 n π a C a 4 + n 2 π 2 C b a + k D 4 n π 3 +                     C c a 2 4 - k D 2 8 C d a + k D n π +                     C e s i n 4 n π a + 2 n π k D 4 - k D s i n 2 2 n π 4 - 1
式中,
C a = H p 2 n π c o s α G I p + s i n 2 α E I b c o s α - H p 2 E I n n π c o s α C b = H p 2 n π c o s α G I p + s i n 2 α E I b c o s α + H p 2 E I n n π c o s α C c = s i n α G I p + s i n α E I b                                                                                                     C d = c o s α G I p + s i n 2 α E I b c o s α + 1 E I n c o s α                                       C e = c o s α G I p + s i n 2 α E I b c o s α - 1 E I n c o s α                                      
基于求得的Mw,在FxMw共同作用下,通过力学分析,可以求得斜截面沿各轴上的力与力矩:
T F x M t = H p 2 n π θ - M w c o s θ c o s α + R s i n θ s i n α         M F x M m = H p 2 n π θ - M w s i n θ                                                                             M F x M b = - R s i n θ c o s α - H p 2 n π θ - M w c o s θ s i n α
式中,TFxMt为绕t轴的扭矩;MFxMb为绕b轴的弯矩;MFxMm为绕m轴的弯矩。
根据莫尔积分,在弹簧端部施加单位横向载荷Fx0,力与力矩的表达式为:
T F x 0 M t = H p 2 n π θ c o s θ c o s α + R s i n θ s i n α         M F x 0 M m = H p 2 n π θ s i n θ                                                                           M F x 0 M b = - R s i n θ s i n α - H p 2 n π θ c o s θ s i n α
式中,TFx0Mt为绕t轴的扭矩;MFx0Mb为绕b轴的弯矩;MFx0Mm为绕m轴的弯矩。
根据莫尔积分,可求得变中径弹簧稳态横向柔度Rw
R w = 0 2 n π T F x M t T F x 0 M t G I p R c o s α d θ + 0 2 n π M F x M n M F x 0 M n E I n R c o s α d θ +                 0 2 n π M F x M b M F x 0 M b E I b R c o s α d θ
根据式(8)~式(10),若弹簧螺旋角较小,即cosα≈1、sinα≈0,可求得变中径弹簧稳态横向柔度为:
R w = s i n 4 n π C a R 4 n π a - k D + 8 k D n 2 π 2 8 - C e R 2 n π + a 4 +                 C c R 8 k D n 2 π 2 - 1 2 k D n π + a - 4 n π k D 8 +               c o s 4 n π n π 2 C a R k D + C c R a + C c R k D 24 n 2 π 2 - 3 16 +               s i n 2 2 n π 4 C e R k D - C a R a + n 2 π 2 4 3 n π C b R k D +               C d R a + C b R a + C e R k D + n 2 π 2 2 C d R k D +               C e R n π + 3 C c R k D 16
式中,
C c R = H p M w 2 n π G I p + H p M w 2 n π E I n - 2 a k D E I b     C b R = H p M w 2 n π G I p - H p M w 2 n π E I n + 2 a k D E I b     C c R = H p 2 4 n 2 π 2 E I n + k D 2 E I b - H p 2 4 n 2 π 2 G I p C d R = H p 2 4 n 2 π 2 E I n + k D 2 E I b + H p 2 4 n 2 π 2 G I p C e R = a 2 E I b                                                                                        
柔度的倒数即为刚度,即变中径稳态横向刚度:
Kw=1/Rw
已知某变中径弹簧的主要参数如下:弹簧小圈半径R1=65 mm,大圈半径R2=85 mm,丝径d=13 mm,计算高度Hp=352 mm,有效圈数n=4圈,弹性模量E=206 GPa,泊松比u=0.3,弹簧受到的横向载荷Fx=300 N。
将弹簧实际参数代入式(6),可以求得在单位横向力作用下的稳态横向约束弯矩为0.183 7 N·m,将弹簧的实际参数代入式(11)、式(13),可以求得稳态横向刚度为10.437 N/mm。
根据弹簧的实际参数,在UG中建立弹簧的三维模型,将模型导入ANSYS Workbench中的静态结构(Static Structural)模块,进行静力学特性仿真分析。对弹簧的底部施加固定约束,对弹簧的端部施加大小为300 N的横向载荷以及位移约束,对4组不同网格尺寸的弹簧挠度进行仿真,分析模型的网格收敛性,结果如表1所示。
表1可知,弹簧的挠度几乎不随网格数量而改变,证明模型具有较好的网格收敛性。弹簧仿真结果云图如图5所示。由图5可知,弹簧最大挠度值为28.806 mm,刚度为10.415 N/mm,与计算值偏差仅为0.21%,表明本文所建立的变中径弹簧稳态横向刚度的解析计算式是正确的。
为了计算变中径弹簧受横向力后,弹簧任意位置的稳态挠度,将弹簧等效为一悬臂杆,如图6所示,并建立坐标系。其中,Fx为作用在悬臂杆端部且平行于x轴的单位横向力。考虑变中径弹簧与等效悬臂杆的刚度相等,运用莫尔积分,可以求得等效悬臂杆的丝径de。莫尔积分可以表达为:
R w = 0 H p ( y + M w ) 2 E I m R d y
式中,ImRde4/64为等效悬臂杆丝径截面对m轴的惯性矩;y为等效悬臂杆任意位置的纵坐标。
将式(13)代入式(14),可以求得积分结果为:
1 K w = H p H P 2 - 3 H p M w + 3 M w 2 3 E I m R
ImR代入式(15),可以求得de的表达式为:
d e = 64 K w H p H P 2 + 3 H p M w + 3 M w 2 3 E π 4
将弹簧的实际参数代入式(16),可以求得等效悬臂杆的丝径de=15 mm。
基于前文建立的等效悬臂杆,杆的端部在单位横向力作用下,应用莫尔积分,可以求得不同位置y0处的横向稳态相对柔度Rwy
R w y = 0 H p y + M w y - y 0 + M w E I m R d y
将等效悬臂杆换为弹簧,弹簧任意位置的稳态柔度可以用θR表示,以θR为坐标,对上述表达式进行坐标变换,令y=HpθR/(2nπ),y0=Hpφ/(2nπ)。
可以求得积分结果为:
R w φ = 4 H p φ - 2 n π H p 2 φ 2 + 2 n π H p 2 φ - 8 n 2 π 2 H p 2 -                     24 n 2 π 2 H p M w - 24 n 2 π 2 M w 2 3 E d e 4 n 3 π 4 - 1
式中,R为弹簧位置角φ处的稳态相对横向柔度。
根据弹簧所受横向力F,可以求得任意位置角处的横向挠度f
f=FR
结合式(18)、式(19),可以得到变中径弹簧任意位置的稳态横向挠度为:
f w φ = F 4 H p φ - 2 n π H p 2 φ 2 + 2 n π H p 2 φ - 8 n 2 π 2 H p 2 -                     24 n 2 π 2 H p M w - 24 n 2 π 2 M w 2 3 E d e 4 n 3 π 4 - 1
将弹簧的实际参数代入式(20),在弹簧端部施加300 N的横向载荷,可求得位置角为0处即弹簧端部的稳态挠度f=28.743 9 mm,与仿真结果偏差仅为0.21%,表明上述理论分析正确。利用MATLAB绘制弹簧在横向载荷F=300 N作用下任意位置处的稳态横向挠度,如图7所示。
根据弹簧不同位置角θ处的坐标,可以表达出其空间形状,即弹簧沿坐标轴xyz的表达式为:
x = R c o s θ y = R s i n θ z = H p 2 n π θ  
根据式(20)求解可得弹簧任意位置处的横向挠度,因此,可以求得弹簧变形后沿x轴的表达式为:
x=Rcosθ+f
根据式(21)、式(22),可将弹簧初始状态和受载状态绘制在同一图中,如图8所示。
通过上述理论分析,可以正确计算变中径弹簧任意位置的横向挠度。其中,弹簧端点处最大稳态横向挠度为28.743 9 mm,弹簧终点处最小稳态横向挠度为0 mm。
在一定计算高度下,本文针对变中径弹簧一端固定、另一端在稳态弯矩约束下受横向载荷的情况进行了力学研究,通过力学分析,建立了弹簧端部稳态约束弯矩、稳态横向刚度的计算式,结合具体的变中径弹簧计算实例,与ANSYS仿真结果进行比较,其稳态横向刚度偏差在0.21%以内,表明所建立的变中径弹簧稳态横向刚度计算方法可靠,实现了对变中径弹簧稳态横向刚度的准确计算。最后,建立了弹簧稳态相对横向挠度表达式,可以计算出其任意位置的横向挠度,结合实际计算,弹簧任意位置处的横向挠度计算值与仿真值吻合,偏差在0.21%以内,表明变中径弹簧稳态相对挠度计算公式是正确的。
本文所建立的变中径弹簧端部约束弯矩、稳态横向刚度、稳态相对挠度表达式经仿真验证是准确可靠的,可为变中径弹簧的横向分析、机车动力学分析提供一定参考。对于多段组合螺旋弹簧的稳态横向刚度还有待进一步研究。
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2023年第卷第4期
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doi: 10.19620/j.cnki.1000-3703.20220282
  • 首发时间:2025-12-07
  • 出版时间:2023-04-24
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  • 修回日期:2022-05-31
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    1 山东理工大学,淄博 255000
    2 山东汽车弹簧厂淄博有限公司,淄博 255000
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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