Article(id=1197531584652951730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, issueId=1197531583394660523, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19620/j.cnki.1000-3703.20240849, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=1732464000000, revisedDateStr=2024-11-25, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763443378842, onlineDateStr=2025-11-18, pubDate=1737648000000, pubDateStr=2025-01-24, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763443378842, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763443378842, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763443378842, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1197531583394660523, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, year='2025', volume='', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='62', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763443378542, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763444098182, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1197534601838117839, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, issueId=1197531583394660523, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1197534601838117840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, issueId=1197531583394660523, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=9, endPage=19, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1197531584833306803, articleId=1197531584652951730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, language=EN, title=Adaptive Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy for Hybrid Electric Vehicles with Considerations of Driving Style, columnId=1200008579492184946, journalTitle=Automobile Technology, columnName=Special Topic on Braking Energy Recovery Strategies for New Energy Vehicles, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To Improve the comprehensive economy of Hybrid Electric Velicle (HEV) in driring, aiming at the problem of insufficient adaptability of existing HEV energy management strategies to drivers with different driving styles an adaptive equivalent consumption minimization energy management strategy based on real-time recognition of driving styles is proposed. Firstly, the changes in driving demand caused by the real-time pedal signal variation are analyzed, and the real-time driving styles in the rolling time window by data characteristic extraction is identified. Then, in the equivalent consumption minimization strategy considering the cost of battery degradation, and an adaptive function of equivalent factor is constructed by quantifying the driving style coefficient, and the optimal equivalent factor and battery degradation cost weighting coefficient corresponding to different driving styles are solved. Based on this, an adaptive law for equivalent factor based on artificial potential field method is designed. The simulation results showed that, compared with the equivalent energy consumption minimization without consideration of driving style, the proposed method improves fuel economy by 2.82% while reducing the battery loss by 25% under the same driving condition.

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为提高混合动力汽车行驶的综合经济性,针对现有混合动力汽车能量管理策略对于不同风格驾驶员的适应性不足问题,提出了基于驾驶风格实时识别的自适应等效能耗最小化能量管理策略。首先对实时踏板信号变化量引起的驾驶需求变化进行分析,通过驾驶员踏板实时数据的特征提取和分类,在滚动时域内识别实时驾驶风格。然后在考虑电池衰退成本的等效能耗最小化策略中,通过量化驾驶风格系数构建等效因子自适应函数,求解不同风格下的最优等效因子与电池衰退权重系数,并在此基础上设计基于人工势场法的自适应等效能耗最小化策略。仿真结果表明:相同驾驶工况下,相较于未考虑驾驶风格的等效能耗最小化策略,所提方法在改善了2.82%的燃油经济性的同时,减少了25%的电池损耗。

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董元发(1988—),教授、博士研究生导师,研究方向为智能装备系统设计与优化,
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language=CN, label=图12, caption=不同策略下不同风格SOC变化曲线, figureFileSmall=X88PFbmS9qRC2bSZSvkWdQ==, figureFileBig=fQHLOpatDqENZv/9rDMNHA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1200008591718576481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, articleId=1197531584652951730, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
车辆配置 并联式混动
整备质量/kg 1 280
内燃机最大扭矩/N·m 120(3 500 r/min)
电机最大扭矩/N·m 62(2 200 r/min)
电池组容量/kW·h 2.007
电池单元容量/A·h 3.5
电荷维持模式SOC范围/% 50~70
电池单元开路电压/V 3.8
初始工作温度/℃ 20
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某款HEV车型整车参数

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车辆配置 并联式混动
整备质量/kg 1 280
内燃机最大扭矩/N·m 120(3 500 r/min)
电机最大扭矩/N·m 62(2 200 r/min)
电池组容量/kW·h 2.007
电池单元容量/A·h 3.5
电荷维持模式SOC范围/% 50~70
电池单元开路电压/V 3.8
初始工作温度/℃ 20
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聚类结果 数量 S m e a n S m a x S ˙ m e a n S ˙ m a x S ˙ v a r
第一类 343 0.141 4 0.220 1 0.028 4 0.101 0 0.001 8
第二类 382 0.245 2 0.467 0 0.083 4 0.278 7 0.009 3
第三类 184 0.502 8 0.878 0 0.135 0 0.536 1 0.033 3
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聚类结果对应特征平均值

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聚类结果 数量 S m e a n S m a x S ˙ m e a n S ˙ m a x S ˙ v a r
第一类 343 0.141 4 0.220 1 0.028 4 0.101 0 0.001 8
第二类 382 0.245 2 0.467 0 0.083 4 0.278 7 0.009 3
第三类 184 0.502 8 0.878 0 0.135 0 0.536 1 0.033 3
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循环 行驶里程
/km
保守型占比
/%
正常型占比
/%
激进型占比
/%
循环一 14.5 98 2 0
循环二 14.5 4 95 1
循环三 14.5 2 1 97
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不同风格的循环数据

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循环 行驶里程
/km
保守型占比
/%
正常型占比
/%
激进型占比
/%
循环一 14.5 98 2 0
循环二 14.5 4 95 1
循环三 14.5 2 1 97
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风格 保守型 正常型 激进型
λ * 3 1.6 2.2
a * 1.2 1.6 1.1
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不同风格最优aλ

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风格 保守型 正常型 激进型
λ * 3 1.6 2.2
a * 1.2 1.6 1.1
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风格 Com-ECMS Aging-ECMS CESO-ECMS Sty-ECMS
保守型 2.77/- 2.808/-1.37 2.703/2.42 2.692/2.82
正常型 4.125/- 4.080/1.09 3.993/3.20 3.991/3.25
激进型 8.422/- 8.269/1.82 8.243/2.13 8.225/2.34
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不同风格和能量管理策略下百公里燃油消耗量 L

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风格 Com-ECMS Aging-ECMS CESO-ECMS Sty-ECMS
保守型 2.77/- 2.808/-1.37 2.703/2.42 2.692/2.82
正常型 4.125/- 4.080/1.09 3.993/3.20 3.991/3.25
激进型 8.422/- 8.269/1.82 8.243/2.13 8.225/2.34
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风格 Com-ECMS Aging-ECMS CESO-ECMS Sty-ECMS
保守型 0.080 84/- 0.047 8/40.55 0.082 3/-2.36 0.060 3/25
正常型 0.097 2/- 0.090 5/6.89 0.102 8/-5.76 0.096/1.23
激进型 0.085 1/- 0.083 4/2 0.085 6/-0.59 0.085/0.12
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不同风格和能量管理策略下的电池损耗 %

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风格 Com-ECMS Aging-ECMS CESO-ECMS Sty-ECMS
保守型 0.080 84/- 0.047 8/40.55 0.082 3/-2.36 0.060 3/25
正常型 0.097 2/- 0.090 5/6.89 0.102 8/-5.76 0.096/1.23
激进型 0.085 1/- 0.083 4/2 0.085 6/-0.59 0.085/0.12
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考虑驾驶风格的混合动力汽车自适应等效能耗最小化策略*
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周彬 1, 2 , 王代辉 1 , 董元发 1, 2 , 安友军 1, 2 , 彭巍 1, 2
汽车技术 | 新能源汽车制动能量回收策略专题 2025,(1): 9-19
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汽车技术 | 新能源汽车制动能量回收策略专题 2025, (1): 9-19
考虑驾驶风格的混合动力汽车自适应等效能耗最小化策略*
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周彬1, 2, 王代辉1, 董元发1, 2 , 安友军1, 2, 彭巍1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 三峡大学机械与动力学院,宜昌 443002
  • 2 水电机械设备设计与维护湖北省重点实验室,宜昌 443002

通讯作者:

董元发(1988—),教授、博士研究生导师,研究方向为智能装备系统设计与优化,
Adaptive Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy for Hybrid Electric Vehicles with Considerations of Driving Style
Bin Zhou1, 2, Daihui Wang1, Yuanfa Dong1, 2 , Youjun An1, 2, Wei Peng1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Mechanical and Power Engineering, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002
  • 2 Hubei Key Laboratory of Hydroelectric Machinery Design and Maintenance, China Three Gorges University, Yichang 443002
出版时间: 2025-01-24 doi: 10.19620/j.cnki.1000-3703.20240849
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为提高混合动力汽车行驶的综合经济性,针对现有混合动力汽车能量管理策略对于不同风格驾驶员的适应性不足问题,提出了基于驾驶风格实时识别的自适应等效能耗最小化能量管理策略。首先对实时踏板信号变化量引起的驾驶需求变化进行分析,通过驾驶员踏板实时数据的特征提取和分类,在滚动时域内识别实时驾驶风格。然后在考虑电池衰退成本的等效能耗最小化策略中,通过量化驾驶风格系数构建等效因子自适应函数,求解不同风格下的最优等效因子与电池衰退权重系数,并在此基础上设计基于人工势场法的自适应等效能耗最小化策略。仿真结果表明:相同驾驶工况下,相较于未考虑驾驶风格的等效能耗最小化策略,所提方法在改善了2.82%的燃油经济性的同时,减少了25%的电池损耗。

混合动力汽车  /  能量管理策略  /  驾驶风格识别  /  电池寿命与燃油经济性

To Improve the comprehensive economy of Hybrid Electric Velicle (HEV) in driring, aiming at the problem of insufficient adaptability of existing HEV energy management strategies to drivers with different driving styles an adaptive equivalent consumption minimization energy management strategy based on real-time recognition of driving styles is proposed. Firstly, the changes in driving demand caused by the real-time pedal signal variation are analyzed, and the real-time driving styles in the rolling time window by data characteristic extraction is identified. Then, in the equivalent consumption minimization strategy considering the cost of battery degradation, and an adaptive function of equivalent factor is constructed by quantifying the driving style coefficient, and the optimal equivalent factor and battery degradation cost weighting coefficient corresponding to different driving styles are solved. Based on this, an adaptive law for equivalent factor based on artificial potential field method is designed. The simulation results showed that, compared with the equivalent energy consumption minimization without consideration of driving style, the proposed method improves fuel economy by 2.82% while reducing the battery loss by 25% under the same driving condition.

Hybrid electric vehicle (HEV)  /  Energy management strategy  /  Driving style recognition  /  Battery degradation and fuel economy
周彬, 王代辉, 董元发, 安友军, 彭巍. 考虑驾驶风格的混合动力汽车自适应等效能耗最小化策略*. 汽车技术, 2025 , (1) : 9 -19 . DOI: 10.19620/j.cnki.1000-3703.20240849
Bin Zhou, Daihui Wang, Yuanfa Dong, Youjun An, Wei Peng. Adaptive Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy for Hybrid Electric Vehicles with Considerations of Driving Style[J]. Automobile Technology, 2025 , (1) : 9 -19 . DOI: 10.19620/j.cnki.1000-3703.20240849
混合动力汽车(Hybrid Electric Vehicle,HEV)包含内燃机与电机等多动力系统,需通过能量管理策略调整动力输出对驾驶需求进行动态分配以提高行驶经济性[1]。由驾驶员行为产生的驾驶需求是HEV能量管理决策的重要依据,针对不同风格驾驶员制定自适应的能量管理策略对于提高HEV行驶的综合经济性具有重要的意义[2]
目前,驾驶风格的识别主要通过车辆运动特征、交通流特征或驾驶行为特征等进行聚类分析[3],然后利用神经网络或向量机等进行分类[4]。罗雲潇等[5]将车辆运动特征分为9种行驶工况,通过改进k-means算法将车辆运动特征聚类为3种驾驶风格。黄江等[6]通过速度与交通流特征,采用改进支持向量机搭建了驾驶风格识别模型。赵韩等[7]通过不同车流密度下的驾驶员踏板信号与速度信号特征参数,设计了包含减法聚类、k-means聚类和随机森林的混合算法对驾驶风格进行了识别。
驾驶员产生的驾驶行为会对加速踏板和制动踏板等操作机构产生影响,进而影响HEV的综合性能[8]。施德华[9]等利用深度强化学习结合等效能耗最小化策略(Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy, ECMS),在不同风格和工况下对等效因子进行成本测算和动态调整,提升了整车的燃油经济性。秦大同[10]等利用k-means聚类和神经网络对驾驶风格进行了分类和识别,并通过仿真分析确定了ECMS策略下每种风格对应的最优等效因子,提高了整车的燃油经济性。然而,仅考虑燃油经济性的ECMS较易产生电池的快速充放电,使电池产生容量衰退,影响HEV的综合经济性[11]。另一方面,等效因子的自适应策略是ECMS实现实时性和最优解的关键,固定等效因子难以实现节能效果的最优。
因此,本文针对HEV电池衰退过快和ECMS对于驾驶风格的适应性不足问题,在考虑电池衰退成本的ECMS框架下,构建驾驶风格实时识别模型,然后通过量化驾驶风格系数构建等效因子的自适应函数,求解不同风格下的最优等效因子与电池衰退权重系数,同时考虑HEV电荷维持模式下的节能损失问题[12],设计基于人工势场法的自适应ECMS,提高能量管理策略对于不同风格的适应性,进而为改善HEV行驶综合经济性提供新的方案。
使用罗技G29驾驶模拟器联合车辆仿真软件搭建驾驶员在环仿真平台。仿真车辆为某款并联式HEV乘用车,驱动系统主要由内燃机、离合器、电池组、逆变器、电机、行星齿轮耦合机构、变速器等构成。内燃机输出端连接离合器,通过行星齿轮将电机动力耦合-解耦,使其具备纯内燃机模式、行车充电模式、混动模式、纯电机模式、制动/滑行模式等。在仿真车辆的动力系统中,内燃机采用1.3 L自然吸气内燃机,电机选用15 kW永磁同步电机,变速器为5挡机械式自动变速器,电池选用ANR26650型号的LiFePO4电芯,通过串并联组合得到400 V额定电压。仿真车辆的动力系统架构如图1所示,整车参数如表1所示。图1中, m ˙ f u e l为内燃机燃油质量流率, P e n g为内燃机输出功率, R b a t为电池内阻, V b a t , o c为电池开路电压, P b a t , E为电池输出功率, i b a t为电池输出电流, P e m为电机输出功率, r t r s为变速器挡位, P p t r为动力总成输出功率, P D为驾驶员需求功率, P l o a d为车辆行驶负载功率。
HEV能量管理策略的综合经济性指标主要取决于驾驶的纵向动力需求。因此,模拟驾驶过程中驾驶员主要操纵加速/制动踏板在给定速度工况下行驶。该给定速度工况包含城市道路循环工况(Urban Dynamometer Driving Schedule,UDDS),高速公路燃油经济性测试(Highway Fuel Economy Test,HWFET)以及激进驾驶工况(US06 Supplemental Federal Test Procedure,US06),速度工况如图2所示。在模拟时驾驶员跟随标准速度工况行驶,速度跟随平均偏差在5%以内。加速/制动踏板是驾驶员驾驶车辆的直接操纵机构,其变化数据是驾驶意图的直观体现。加速/制动踏板开度和变化率直接反映驾驶员的动力需求,且加速和制动踏板通常不会同时踩下,因此,为降低数据维度,降低计算成本,本文将加速和制动踏板数据拼接后进行驾驶风格识别,使用串行信号整合驾驶员动力需求,组合踏板信号为:
S ( t ) = S a p ( t ) + β S b p ( t )
β = a b p _ m a x a a p _ m a x
式中: t为当前时刻, S为组合踏板信号, S a p为加速踏板信号, S b p为制动踏板信号, β为加减速比例系数, a b p _ m a x为车辆的最大制动减速度, a a p _ m a x为车辆最大加速度。
组合循环速度曲线下的组合踏板信号如图3所示。总体时长2 736 s,其中城市道路工况1 370 s、高速工况766 s、激进驾驶工况600 s,从对应的速度曲线和踏板信号可以看出,城市工况过程中踏板变化较为均匀,呈现出连续的加减速工况,并且踏板开度范围覆盖全面;在高速工况下踏板信号较为稳定,维持在一个较小的范围,并且变化幅度较小;激进驾驶工况下踏板信号变化剧烈,并且变化幅度较大,最大踏板开度为100%。
将采集的踏板信号进行特征提取,踏板信号为0~1之间的数值,0代表踏板处在初始位置,表示未踩下加速踏板,1代表加速踏板踩到最深处。使用滑窗的方式截取10 s数据作为识别信号,然后每3 s截取一次数据片段,并更新1次特征[10]。使用10 s加速踏板信号的最大值 S m a x、踏板信号的平均值 S m e a n、踏板变化率的最大值 S ˙ m a x、踏板变化率的平均值 S ˙ m e a n以及踏板变化率的方差 S ˙ v a r作为驾驶行为识别的特征,并且假设踏板在急速踩下和急速放松时都能体现驾驶风格的急迫程度,所以在计算踏板变化率时使用绝对值:
S m e a n = i = 1 n 1 n S i
S m a x = m a x ( S 1 , S 2 , S 3 , , S i )
S ˙ m e a n = i = 1 n 1 n S ˙ i
S ˙ m a x = m a x ( S ˙ 1 , S ˙ 2 , S ˙ 3 , , S ˙ i )
S ˙ v a r = 1 n i = 1 n ( S ˙ i - S ˙ m e a n ) 2
式中: S i i = 1 ,   2 ,   3 ,   ,   n为时间窗口内的踏板信号,n=10 s为时间窗口的长度, S ˙ i为加速踏板信号变化率的绝对值。
组合循环的特征信号如图4所示,从图4中可以看出,在测试中,车辆处于停车状态,此时踏板信号为0,其所有特征也都为0,在处理数据时并没有剔除此类数据,因为在实时驾驶模式识别时也会有类似的情况发生,所以保留了为0的信号,并且将其认为是保守型驾驶风格。
k-means聚类算法能在较短时间内处理大规模数据集且具有较佳的鲁棒性[13],聚类之后得到的每个簇中的元素都有很强的相似性。使用k-means聚类算法将处理后的909组特征进行聚类,得到3类聚类结果,各类对应数量和特征值如表2所示。
表2可以看出,第一类数据的各个特征平均值小于其他两类,第三类数据各个特征平均值大于其他两类。对聚类结果特征数据参考孙晓鹏等[7]的驾驶风格辨识方法,通过加速踏板、制动踏板开度及其所引起的车辆加速度和车速变化,以及加速踏板、制动踏板开度超过阈值的次数计算各驾驶片段风格评价指标,表2聚类结果经领域专家确认分类结果后,将第一类定义为保守型驾驶风格,第二类定义为正常型驾驶风格,第三类定义为激进型驾驶风格。然后搭建BP神经网络分类模型进行训练,将909组数据分为训练集和测试集,训练集占70%,测试集占30%,并且对数据进行随机排序。BP神经网络设置为单隐藏层,节点个数设置为5,最大迭代次数为1 000,目标学习误差为10-6,学习率为0.01,激活函数选择sigmoid函数,使用梯度下降的训练方法。
训练结果如图5所示,其中,图5a为训练集的识别结果,准确率为99.7%,图5b为测试集的识别结果,准确率为98.9%。图5c图5d为训练结果的混淆矩阵,真实类为聚类后得到的驾驶风格,识别类为神经网络的识别结果,类别1为保守型,类别2为正常型,类别3为激进型。
为确保识别结果的实时性,在滚动时域下进行驾驶风格的实时识别,时域长度选择10 s,一般情况下,短时间内驾驶风格相对于驾驶员来说是基本固定的,相对较慢的驾驶风格更新周期更利于消除驾驶员对踏板的误操作,进而影响能量管理策略的决策过程,因此本文选择了3 s的滑窗更新周期。
为测试该实时驾驶风格识别的准确性,使用3个不同的循环工况(UDDS、HWFET、US06)对该模型进行测试,3种工况的速度曲线包含了不同比例的驾驶风格时间占比,且代表着不同的汽车驾驶情况。使用驾驶模拟仿真平台进行模拟,实时采集加速踏板信号并进行识别,识别结果如图6所示。
图6a为城市驾驶循环,起停、加减速频繁,所以踏板信号快速变化,信号大于0.8的时间占比为3.7%,激进驾驶风格占比16.6%。图6b为高速驾驶循环,踏板信号变化缓慢并且平稳,平均踏板信号在0.3左右,仅在工况开始的快速加速阶段踏板开度为100%,激进型驾驶风格占比仅为1.1%,正常型驾驶风格占比29.3%,在第400 s~600 s的高速工况处于速度相对稳定阶段,踏板开度小且几乎不变化,所以驾驶风格识别为保守型。图6c为激进驾驶循环,平均踏板开度大且变化剧烈,激进驾驶风格占比达到了39.5%。对比3个曲线的识别结果,驾驶循环速度曲线变化越快,踏板信号变化越剧烈,激进驾驶占比越高。并且从高速工况可以看出,尽管车速相对较快,但踏板变化依然非常稳定,这种情况下驾驶风格为保守型。
不同的驾驶风格会对车辆的燃油经济性产生影响,ECMS是基于庞特里亚金最小值原理和变分法开发的混合动力汽车能量管理策略[14],其基本思想是使用等效系数将电能消耗等效为油耗,仅考虑燃油经济性的ECMS最优控制向量为:
u * = a r g   m i n   u { 0 t f m ˙ f u e l ( x , u ) d t }
式中: m ˙ f u e l为燃油质量流率, t f为整个驾驶循环结束时间, u为控制动作的矢量, u *为最优控制动作的向量(*表示最优), x为状态变量。
系统约束定义为:
u U
P D t = P p t r t + P b r k t
x ˙ = - P b a t ,   C x t ,   u t Q b a t V b a t , o c x t
x L x x H
式中: U为许用控制集; P b r k为制动系统提供的功率; x为系统的状态变量,在本文中为电池的荷电状态(State of Charge,SOC); P b a t ,   C为电池的功率; Q b a t为电池的容量; V b a t , o c为电池的开路电压; x L x H分别为 S O C的下边界和上边界;式(12)是为了限制电池 S O C保持在上下边界之间。
在能量管理策略中考虑电池老化的影响,能够降低电池的退化速度,从而降低综合经济性和减少热逃逸带来的自燃危险。本文使用基于安培小时电荷通量(Ah-throughput)的电池容量退化半经验模型对电池的老化进行量化。电池模型为额定容量1 kW·h的磷酸铁锂电池组,电池SOC计算方法为:
x t = x 0 - 1 Q b a t 0 t I b a t t τ d τ
式中: x 0为初始荷电状态, I b a t t为电池电流。
电池容量退化 Q l o s s %由半经验方程式表征:
Q l o s s % = α x + β e x p - E a R T c e l l h z
式中: α β z通过实验数据拟合得到; E a为总活化能; R为气体常数; h为电荷通量; T c e l l为电芯温度,由Debert[15]的车用电池组温度场模型计算得到。
当电池容量退化 Q l o s s %达到20%时,认为电池寿命达到使用极限。
有效电荷通量 h e f f用于表征实时电池寿命衰退程度:
h e f f t = 0 t σ I c , T c e l l , x I τ d τ
式中: σ为严重性因子,由额定工况电池电荷通量与实际工况电池电荷通量的比值计算:
σ I c , T c e l l , x = Γ n o m γ I c , T c e l l , x = 0 E O L I n o m t d t 0 E O L I t d t
式中: Γ n o m为额定工况电荷通量, γ为实际电荷通量。
σ大于1时表示当前工况电池寿命衰退大于额定工况,电池老化程度相对严重。
当电池有效电荷通量 h e f f累加至额定电荷通量 Γ n o m时,表示电池容量损耗 Q l o s s %达到20%。因此,定义电池的健康状态(State of Health,SOH)为:
Q S O H = 1 - h e f f Γ 100 %
在ECMS中同时考虑燃油经济性和电池老化成本,则最优控制问题可表述为:
u * = a r g   m i n u { 0 t f m ˙ f u e l ( x , u ) + k h ˙ e f f σ , I b a t d t
k = a · k r · k 0
式中: k为电池老化系数,用于权衡电池老化和燃油经济性成本; a为电池衰退成本的权重系数, a越大,电池衰退成本越高; k r为电池和燃油可用能量的比值; k 0用于单位转换; u为控制输出:
u t = r t r s t     P e m t T
式中: r t r s为变速器的挡位输出; P e m为电机的输出功率。
考虑到不同的驾驶风格下对车辆的动力性和经济性需求不同,所以在不同风格下对电池的衰退成本的权重系数进行自适应调整,以满足在不同风格下对电池的放电需求。
定义风格系数为 γ ϵ { 1,2 , 3 },当 γ = 1时为保守型驾驶风格,当 γ = 2时为正常型驾驶风格,当 γ = 3时为激进型驾驶风格。则式(19)中 a可以表述为:
a = A γ 2 + B γ + C
因为有3种驾驶风格,所以定义 η γ为关于 γ的二次函数,ABC为常数,使用拉格朗日插值得到。
由变分法的基本引理,考虑电池衰退的最优控制的哈密尔顿函数为:
H = m ˙ f u e l u t ,   P D t + k h ˙ e f f x t ,   u t + p t x ˙ x t ,   u t
式中: p t为协态变量。
对式(22)关于状态变量 x求偏导:
p ˙ t = - H x
结合式(11)、式(15)、式(19)、式(21),其中 m ˙ f u e l σ k x无关。当车辆运行在电荷维持模式下时SOC维持在式(12)的范围内, V b a t , o c几乎维持恒定且 P b a t ,   C I c由需求功率决定,均与 x无关。因此:
p ˙ t = - H x 0 p *
定义等效因子 λ = - p ( t ) / ( Q b a t V b a t ,   o c x ),则式(22)可改写为:
H = m ˙ f u e l u t ,   P D t + k h ˙ e f f   x t , u t + λ P b a t , C x t , u t
由式(24)可知,在式(12)的范围内当车辆处于电荷维持模式下时,最优等效因子也为常数。而电池的累计老化损耗与SOC无关,独立叠加在成本函数中阻止电池的快速充放电,延缓电池的老化速度。
等效因子 λ的大小决定了混合动力汽车工作模式的优先程度,例如,当等效因子较大时电机功率的增加会使得成本大幅升高,工作模式就会优先选择纯内燃机模式;相反,当等效因子较小时,工作模式就会优先选择纯电动模式。当等效因子增加或减小到某一值时再增加或减小等效因子的值对功率的分配几乎不再产生影响,这一极限的最大和最小值称为等效因子的范围。等效因子已被证明处于以下范围内[16]
1 Q l h v λ * η - e m η - i n v η - b a t Q l h v η - e n = η - Q l h v
式中: η - e m η - i n v η - b a t η - e n η -分别为电机、逆变器、电池、内燃机和驱动系统整体的平均工作效率。
ECMS解决的是具有两点边值的非线性系统控制问题,这类问题需要通过迭代找到不违反任何约束的最优解 λ *。但是等效因子的最优解需要驾驶条件的先验知识,在实时控制系统中对未来的驾驶条件是未知的,只能通过预测来获得与最优解相近的结果。式(26)给出了等效因子的范围,并且在前面已经证明了最优等效因子为常数,所以在给出的范围内,围绕最优等效因子进行自适应调整,可以实现实时最优。
在前面已经提出了驾驶风格的实时识别方法,需要对每种类型的驾驶风格的最优等效因子进行估计,然后即可根据当前的驾驶风格实时调整最优等效因子实现基于驾驶风格的自适应。
λ * = D γ 2 + E γ + F
式中:DEF为常数,同样根据驾驶风格和所对应的最优等效因子通过拉格朗日插值获得。
a λ基于风格自适应调整,一方面能满足不同风格下对于电池的不同放电需求,例如当 a较小时,允许电池快速放电以满足动力需求,当 a较大时则阻止电池快速放电,延缓电池老化从,而降低综合成本。另一方面能够实现不同风格下的最优功率分配。
不同风格的最优 a λ的估计方法如下:
a. 采集不同风格的驾驶数据,形成不同风格的驾驶循环。
b. 使用考虑电池老化固定等效因子的ECMS对不同风格的驾驶循环进行测试,得到该循环的最优功率分配结果以及能耗。
c. 在允许范围内对 a λ进行调整,重复步骤b,获得不同 a λ组合下的最优功率分配结果的能耗和循环结束SOH。
d. 根据不同的驾驶风格选择不同的 a λ的组合,使用能耗最小且SOH降低最小的 a λ的组合作为该风格下的最优 a λ
不同驾驶风格的驾驶数据获取方法为:以中国轻型汽车行驶工况(China Light Vehicle Test Cycle,CLTC)标准测试循环作为参考,使用不同驾驶风格完成驾驶循环,要求循环测试中所有停车的位置偏差在5 m以内,整个循环完成时的距离偏差在6 m以内。循环时间都为1 800 s。除去停车时间,所有运行时间中单一风格占比95%以上。不同风格所对应的循环数据如表3所示,速度曲线如图7所示。
CLTC驾驶循环分为3个区间,分别代表城市、郊区和公路工况。从图7可以看出,循环一的速度曲线较为平滑,保守型驾驶风格占比为98%。循环三加减速频繁,速度变化剧烈,激进型驾驶风格占比为97%。循环二的速度波动情况处于两个循环之间,正常型驾驶风格占比为95%。因此将循环一定义为保守型驾驶风格循环,循环二定义为正常型驾驶风格循环,循环三定义为激进型驾驶风格循环。
在3种不同的驾驶风格循环下使用固定等效因子和电池衰退权重系数的ECMS对需求功率进行分配,不同等效因子和 a的组合得到的燃油经济性和循环结束SOH三维图如图8所示。从图中可以看出,相较于电池衰退成本权重系数,等效因子对于能耗及SOH的影响更为显著。并且对比3种风格可以看出,在CLTC参考循环下保守驾驶风格最优百公里燃油消耗量可以达到2.7 L,正常型驾驶风格最优百公里燃油消耗量可以达到4 L,激进型驾驶风格只能达到8 L,由于激进驾驶对动力性需求较高所以经济性较低,而正常驾驶风格兼顾经济性和动力性,所以经济性居中。在仿真时, a λ的增加量都为0.1,且选取的值有2个参考目标,分别为能耗和SOH。
选取适当的 a λ以保证能耗和SOH保持相对最优。本文采用遗传算法求解,将 a λ作为变量,能耗和SOH作为优化目标。根据不同的风格和图8的结果,确定不同风格下 a λ的范围作为遗传算法变量的约束,已有研究证明了等效因子的最小值为1,且在证明过程只使用了与车辆本身设计相关的参数,只有最大值范围取值相对保守,所以根据图8,最大值范围确定为使得能耗改变量小于5%的值。电池衰退成本权重系数a的取值范围为[1,3.5],等效因子在保守型、正常型、激进型驾驶风格下的范围分别为[1,4.2]、[1,3.6]、[1,3.5]。
设置优化参数的边界条件为 a和不同风格下等效因子的范围,将 a λ作为变量进行编码,适应度函数为在 a λ的组合下得到的能耗以及SOH,初始种群数量为50,交叉概率为0.8,使用高斯分布的随机数对个体进行变异概率为0.1,迭代终止条件为100代。各风格对应的帕累托前沿如图9所示。
根据图9的帕累托前沿,因为相较于电池衰退成本权重系数,等效因子对于能耗及SOH的影响更为显著,所以在选择参数时优先考虑等效因子。优先目标为以降低能耗为主,同时减少电池的退化,所以选择能耗较低且SOH下降相对较小的 a λ的组合。不同风格对应最优等效因子 λ和电池衰退成本权重系数 a表4所示。
本文提出考虑驾驶风格的混合动力汽车自适应能量管理策略,同时兼顾电池老化,实现混合动力汽车综合表现的提升。在第3节中证明了固定等效因子能实现最优,并且得到了不同风格下所对应的最优等效因子和电池衰退成本权重系数。但是,如果电池SOC处于上边界 x H或者下边界 x L时,固定等效因子会在特定情况下出现节能机会的损失,例如:当SOC处于上边界且此时存在制动需求,由于SOC边界的限定无法启动再生制动模式为电池充电,此时动能回收的节能机遇将会损失;当电池SOC处于下边界时,会由于电池边界限制无法使用电机辅助内燃机运行。
本文提出基于SOC构建人工势场的思想,通过基于SOC的势力场对等效因子进行自适应调节,从而捕获上述节能机会。
当SOC增加时,等效因子受到势力场的影响而减小,增加使用电池的机会,使得即使SOC较高时也存在给电池充电的机会;当SOC减小时,同理增加等效因子。当车辆处于电荷维持模式下时SOC尽量围绕 x m波动,同时等效因子在该风格下的最优等效因子附近小幅度变化。要实现在最优等效因子附近缓慢变化,而在接近SOC边界时快速增加斥力调整等效因子,故以最优等效因子作为基线,采用指数函数构建斥力场,将斥力场设计为由 x m作为分界线的分段函数,并根据SOC相对于 x m偏移的距离动态调整等效因子, x m为一个相对接近下边界的值,因为要实现最优的燃油经济性,需要确保在循环结束时SOC尽量处于下边界,充分利用电池提供的能量。基于SOC的势力场如图10所示,斥力场函数定义如下:
F r e p t = r 1 e r 1 x - x m - b 1 - k 1 ,         x t x m r 1 e r 1 x m - x - b 2 - k 2 ,         x t x m
式中: r 1 b 1 b 2 k 1 k 2为系数, r 1调整等效因子的变化速度, b 1 b 2的作用是调整变化的趋势, k 1 k 2是为了保证在同一风格下SOC处于 x m时势力场的连续, x为状态变量SOC。
斥力场为分段函数,在哈密尔顿函数中使用协态变量对斥力场添加约束:
x ˙ 2 ( t ) = e r 1 x t - x 0 - b 1 - k 1 x t δ ( x m - x t ) + e r 1 x 0 - x t - b 1 - k 1 x t δ ( x t - x m )
式中: δ为条件函数,当 ( x m - x t ) ( x t - x m )为负时 δ = 1,否则 δ = 0。因此式(25)引入协态变量 p 2后变为:
H = m ˙ f u e l u t , P D t + k h ˙ e f f x t , u t + λ P b a t , C x t , u t + p 2 x ˙ 2 x t
对哈密顿方程关于状态变量求微分,由于在电荷维持模式下 m ˙ f u e l h ˙ e f f x ˙ I b a t t σ x x 2无关; k为关于风格的函数由式(19)、式(21)和表4确定,也与 x x 2无关; x ˙ 2 x 2无关。因此:
p ˙ 1 * = - H x - p 2 * x ˙ 2 x
p ˙ 2 * = - H x 2 = 0 p 2 *
等效因子 λ = - p 1 / ( Q b a t V b a t ,   o c x ),在同一种驾驶风格下,当 x t x m时:
λ ˙ p 2 * Q b a t V b a t ,   o c x ˙ 2 x
结合式(28)和式(29):
λ ˙ = p 2 * F r e p t Q b a t V b a t ,   o c
当前一时刻 x t = x m时,取当前驾驶风格下的最优等效因子 μ γ,经过时间 d τ后在 t 1时刻时,由(34)可知:
λ = μ γ + p 2 * Q b a t V b a t ,   o c t 1 t F r e p τ d τ
同理,当 x t x m时:
λ = μ γ - p 2 * Q b a t V b a t ,   o c t 1 t F r e p τ d τ
等效因子在给出的范围内进行调节,为保证不超出范围的约束,则当 x t x m
0 p 2 t 1 t F r e p τ d τ μ γ - λ m a x 1 / Q b a t V b a t ,   o c
当式(28)中定义的斥力处于极限时,等效因子的补偿应该具有以下特征:
l i m F r e p t 0 p 2 t 1 t F r e p τ d τ = 0 p 2 t 1 t F r e p τ d τ F r e p t = F r e p m a x = μ γ - λ m a x 1 / Q b a t V b a t ,   o c
结合式(37)和式(38)可得:
p 2 = μ γ - λ m a x 1 / Q b a t V b a t ,   o c F r e p t / F r e p m a x t 1 t F r e p τ d τ
同理,当 x t x m时,等效因子在同一驾驶风格下的下边界调整,则:
0 p 2 t 1 t F r e p τ d τ λ m i n - μ γ 1 / Q b a t V b a t ,   o c
因此:
p 2 = λ m i n - μ γ 1 / Q b a t V b a t ,   o c F r e p t / F r e p m a x t 1 t F r e p τ d τ
结合式(35)、式(36)、式(39)、式(41)可以得到等效因子的自适应控制律:
λ t = μ γ - μ γ - λ m i n F r e p t F r e p m a x ,         x t x m μ γ + λ m a x - μ γ F r e p t F r e p m a x ,         x t x m
式中: μ γ根据式(27)和表4确定, λ m i n λ m a x根据表4确定,都基于驾驶风格进行调整。
该自适应策略根据电池SOC和驾驶风格进行调节,在不同的风格下调整等效因子的变化范围和当前风格的最优等效因子,并且当SOC变化时,根据SOC偏离 x m的距离对等效因子进行补偿,当在离SOC边界较远时, λ在最优等效因子上下缓慢调整,当SOC快接近边界时等效因子快速增加或减少,以减少或增加电机的功率输出,给可提升燃油经济性的操作留出可调整的空间。
为了验证本文所提出的能量管理策略的有效性,使用Matlab/Simulink建模仿真,驾驶循环为图7所示的不同驾驶风格跟随的CLTC循环,为了更好地研究所提出的能量管理策略对电池衰退的影响,将每个驾驶循环延长为3倍,总时长5 400 s,本文所提策略在不同循环下的仿真速度偏差如图11所示。
图11可以看出,激进驾驶风格的速度跟随情况略差于正常型和保守型驾驶风格,但整体速度误差在1.5 m/s以内,所提策略基本满足不同驾驶风格下的动力性需求。
将本文所提出的能量管理策略(Sty-ECMS)和使用固定等效因子的Com-ECMS、考虑电池老化的Aging-ECMS[11]以及基于节能机会捕获的CESO-ECMS[12]进行对比,能耗结果如表5所示,电池最终SOH损耗如表6所示,其中相对于最优固定等效因子的提升用百分比显示。
表5可以看出,所提出的基于风格的自适应能量管理策略能耗表现优异,其中在保守型风格下的燃油经济性相较于固定等效因子的ECMS提升了2.82%,在正常型风格下提升了3.25%,激进型风格下提升了2.34%。并且从表6可以看出,所提出的能量管理策略有效地降低了电池老化速度,尤其是在保守型风格下相较于固定等效因子的ECMS降低了25%,结合图12可以看出,在保守型风格下由于动力需求较低,没有考虑电池老化的能量管理策略会经常快速地充放电来提高燃油经济性,所以SOC曲线波动幅度较大,电池老化速度较快。而对于正常型和激进型驾驶风格,动力需求较高,需要电机对动力进行补偿,所以SOC下降速度更快,即使考虑了电池老化也要优先满足动力需求,所以电池老化速度降低不够明显。
综上所述,所提出的能量管理策略在满足不同驾驶风格动力性需求前提下,提升了车辆的燃油经济性同时,改善了电池的老化速度,提高了ECMS在驾驶经济性方面对于不同驾驶风格的适应性。
本文针对HEV电池衰退过快和ECMS对于驾驶风格的适应性不足问题,在考虑电池衰退成本的ECMS框架下,通过构建驾驶风格实时识别模型,提出了考虑驾驶风格的混合动力汽车自适应等效能耗最小化策略。该策略在驾驶风格实时识别的基础上计算了不同驾驶风格下的最优等效因子,然后将最优等效因子作为基线,考虑电荷维持模式下的节能机会损失情况,通过人工势场法捕获节能机会,制定等效因子的自适应策略。仿真结果表明,本文所提策略能够满足不同驾驶风格下的动力性需求,并且在提升了燃油经济性的同时改善了电池老化成本,为提高HEV对于不同驾驶风格的适应性提供了新的解决思路。
  • *国家自然科学基金面上项目(52075292)
  • 湖北省自然科学基金青年项目(2022CFB798)
  • 湖北省自然科学基金面上项目(2023AFB1116)
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doi: 10.19620/j.cnki.1000-3703.20240849
  • 首发时间:2025-11-18
  • 出版时间:2025-01-24
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  • 修回日期:2024-11-25
基金
*国家自然科学基金面上项目(52075292)
湖北省自然科学基金青年项目(2022CFB798)
湖北省自然科学基金面上项目(2023AFB1116)
作者信息
    1 三峡大学机械与动力学院,宜昌 443002
    2 水电机械设备设计与维护湖北省重点实验室,宜昌 443002

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董元发(1988—),教授、博士研究生导师,研究方向为智能装备系统设计与优化,
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
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