Article(id=1197502602456908419, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, issueId=1197502600254894452, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19620/j.cnki.1000-3703.20230970, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=1702396800000, revisedDateStr=2023-12-13, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763436468948, onlineDateStr=2025-11-18, pubDate=1740326400000, pubDateStr=2025-02-24, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763436468948, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763436468948, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763436468948, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1197502600254894452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, year='2025', volume='', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='62', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763436468423, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763437713537, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1197507822717026735, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, issueId=1197502600254894452, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1197507822717026736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, issueId=1197502600254894452, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=55, endPage=62, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1197502602670817925, articleId=1197502602456908419, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, language=EN, title=Prediction of Remaining Useful Life of Lithium-Ion Batteries Based on Intelligent Digital-Analogue Fusion, columnId=null, journalTitle=Automobile Technology, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to improve the accuracy of predicting the Remaining Useful Life (RUL) of batteries, an intelligent digital-analogue fusion method of Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) optimized Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) combined with Random Perturbation Untraceable Particle Filtering (RP-UPF) is used to predict the RUL of batteries B0005, B0006 and B0018 based on fusion of the health indexes and the constructed battery capacity decline model. The research results show that the proposed intelligent digital-analogue fusion method not only significantly improves the accuracy of battery RUL prediction, but also maintains high prediction accuracy throughout the life cycle of the battery.

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为了提高电池剩余使用寿命(RUL)的预测准确性,基于融合健康指标和构建的电池容量衰退模型,采用粒子群(PSO)优化极限学习机(ELM),结合随机扰动无迹粒子滤波(RP-UPF)的智能数模融合方法对B0005、B0006、B0018号电池的RUL进行预测。研究结果表明:该方法在电池的整个生命周期保持了较高的预测准确性,同时,显著提升了电池RUL预测的精度。

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郑燕萍(1965—),教授,主要研究方向为新能源汽车和汽车现代设计方法等,
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Spacecraft Environmental Engineering, 2021, 38(6): 648-654., articleTitle=A Prediction Method for the RUL of Lithium-Ion Battery Based on Indirect Health Indicator, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1197505743244014581, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, articleId=1197502602456908419, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=54, issue=9, pageStart=111, pageEnd=121, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[26], rfOrder=42, authorNames=贺宁, 钱成, 李若夏, journalName=哈尔滨工业大学学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=贺宁, 钱成, 李若夏. 自适应模型与改进粒子滤波的电池RUL预测[J]. 哈尔滨工业大学学报, 2022, 54(9): 111-121., articleTitle=自适应模型与改进粒子滤波的电池RUL预测, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1197505743306929142, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, articleId=1197502602456908419, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=54, issue=9, pageStart=111, pageEnd=121, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[26], rfOrder=43, authorNames=HE N, QIAN C, LI R X, journalName=Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=HE N, QIAN C, LI R X. RUL Prediction for Lithium-Ion Batteries via Adaptive Modeling and Improved Particle Filter[J]. Journal of Harbin Institute of Technology, 2022, 54(9): 111-121., articleTitle=RUL Prediction for Lithium-Ion Batteries via Adaptive Modeling and Improved Particle Filter, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1197505743369843703, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, articleId=1197502602456908419, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[27], rfOrder=44, authorNames=姜萌, journalName=基于改进粒子滤波算法的锂离子电池剩余寿命预测, refType=null, unstructuredReference=姜萌. 基于改进粒子滤波算法的锂离子电池剩余寿命预测[D]. 武汉: 武汉科技大学, 2021., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1197505743424369656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, articleId=1197502602456908419, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[27], rfOrder=45, authorNames=JIANG M, journalName=Remaining Life Prediction of Lithium-Ion Battery Based on Improved Particle Filtering Algorithm, refType=null, unstructuredReference=JIANG M. Remaining Life Prediction of Lithium-Ion Battery Based on Improved Particle Filtering Algorithm[D]. Wuhan: Wuhan University of Science and Technology, 2021., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1197505735350334353, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, articleId=1197502602456908419, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1197505735358722962, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, articleId=1197502602456908419, companyId=1197505735350334353, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 College of Automobile and Traffic Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1197505735371305875, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, articleId=1197502602456908419, companyId=1197505735350334353, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 南京林业大学汽车与交通工程学院,南京 210037)]), AuthorCompany(id=1197505735446803348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, articleId=1197502602456908419, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1197505735455191957, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, articleId=1197502602456908419, companyId=1197505735446803348, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 Shanghai Institute of Space Power Supply, Shanghai 200000), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1197505735467774870, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, articleId=1197502602456908419, companyId=1197505735446803348, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 上海空间电源研究所,上海 200000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1197505737132913589, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, articleId=1197502602456908419, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=RKzJ6krGC6P2z4TVWaqj2g==, figureFileBig=Ozr+4SHswccWFSXBjT8NUw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197505737187439542, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, articleId=1197502602456908419, language=CN, label=图1, caption=电池容量衰退曲线, figureFileSmall=RKzJ6krGC6P2z4TVWaqj2g==, figureFileBig=Ozr+4SHswccWFSXBjT8NUw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197505737275519927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, articleId=1197502602456908419, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=xwSciThMSnDSfqMXaTX/SQ==, figureFileBig=lKZ7dk12XY9AJggFzi/NfA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197505737342628792, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, articleId=1197502602456908419, language=CN, label=图2, caption=B0007电池SOH估算结果, figureFileSmall=xwSciThMSnDSfqMXaTX/SQ==, figureFileBig=lKZ7dk12XY9AJggFzi/NfA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197505737405543353, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, articleId=1197502602456908419, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=IXCAegil4sxdO1s56crKEQ==, figureFileBig=LOmZGh+Aph4Wsda49WVovw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197505737464263610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, articleId=1197502602456908419, language=CN, label=图3, caption=7种构建模型性能指标分布情况, figureFileSmall=IXCAegil4sxdO1s56crKEQ==, figureFileBig=LOmZGh+Aph4Wsda49WVovw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1197505737535566779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, articleId=1197502602456908419, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
健康指标 B0005 B0006 B0007 B0018
r ρ r ρ r ρ r ρ
HI-1 0.992 1 0.977 9 0.948 1 0.952 8 0.912 8 0.937 5 0.819 2 0.883 7
HI-2 0.976 5 0.959 2 0.954 6 0.961 0 0.891 4 0.946 7 0.795 6 0.878 8
HI-3 0.938 7 0.954 3 0.951 9 0.956 9 0.901 0 0.952 7 0.847 4 0.917 3
HI-4 -0.968 7 -0.992 3 -0.898 5 -0.954 4 -0.927 9 -0.952 6 -0.890 5 -0.927 8
HI-5 0.983 9 0.976 3 0.942 3 0.954 2 0.871 0 0.950 1 0.791 5 0.900 8
HI-6 -0.969 6 -0.967 0 -0.968 9 -0.986 0 -0.905 3 -0.927 2 -0.854 2 -0.863 2
HI-7 0.926 8 0.954 3 0.937 1 0.955 8 0.992 4 0.986 5 0.846 8 0.931 2
), ArticleFig(id=1197505737615258556, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, articleId=1197502602456908419, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

间接健康指标与电池容量的相关性分析

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健康指标 B0005 B0006 B0007 B0018
r ρ r ρ r ρ r ρ
HI-1 0.992 1 0.977 9 0.948 1 0.952 8 0.912 8 0.937 5 0.819 2 0.883 7
HI-2 0.976 5 0.959 2 0.954 6 0.961 0 0.891 4 0.946 7 0.795 6 0.878 8
HI-3 0.938 7 0.954 3 0.951 9 0.956 9 0.901 0 0.952 7 0.847 4 0.917 3
HI-4 -0.968 7 -0.992 3 -0.898 5 -0.954 4 -0.927 9 -0.952 6 -0.890 5 -0.927 8
HI-5 0.983 9 0.976 3 0.942 3 0.954 2 0.871 0 0.950 1 0.791 5 0.900 8
HI-6 -0.969 6 -0.967 0 -0.968 9 -0.986 0 -0.905 3 -0.927 2 -0.854 2 -0.863 2
HI-7 0.926 8 0.954 3 0.937 1 0.955 8 0.992 4 0.986 5 0.846 8 0.931 2
), ArticleFig(id=1197505737686561725, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, articleId=1197502602456908419, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
电池型号 第一主成分 第二主成分 第三主成分 第四主成分 第五主成分 第六主成分 第七主成分
B0005 95.505 4 2.422 0 1.545 1 0.328 0 0.145 0 0.045 9 0.006 6
B0006 96.445 9 2.493 6 0.739 7 0.218 0 0.072 9 0.023 5 0.006 3
B0007 94.719 7 3.128 0 1.826 2 0.223 6 0.064 8 0.030 1 0.007 4
B0018 94.032 7 3.508 4 1.211 4 1.014 5 0.184 2 0.035 3 0.013 6
), ArticleFig(id=1197505737762059198, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, articleId=1197502602456908419, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

主成分分析结果

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电池型号 第一主成分 第二主成分 第三主成分 第四主成分 第五主成分 第六主成分 第七主成分
B0005 95.505 4 2.422 0 1.545 1 0.328 0 0.145 0 0.045 9 0.006 6
B0006 96.445 9 2.493 6 0.739 7 0.218 0 0.072 9 0.023 5 0.006 3
B0007 94.719 7 3.128 0 1.826 2 0.223 6 0.064 8 0.030 1 0.007 4
B0018 94.032 7 3.508 4 1.211 4 1.014 5 0.184 2 0.035 3 0.013 6
), ArticleFig(id=1197505737879499711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, articleId=1197502602456908419, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
电池型号 第一主成分
r ρ
B0005 0.990 1 0.984 4
B0006 0.960 2 0.960 6
B0007 0.986 3 0.977 0
B0018 0.860 7 0.908 5
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第一主成分与电池容量的相关性分析

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电池型号 第一主成分
r ρ
B0005 0.990 1 0.984 4
B0006 0.960 2 0.960 6
B0007 0.986 3 0.977 0
B0018 0.860 7 0.908 5
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误差 ELM PSO-ELM
MAE 0.016 4 0.003 6
MAPE/% 2.140 0 0.470 0
RMSE 0.017 9 0.004 6
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B0007号电池SOH估算误差结果

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误差 ELM PSO-ELM
MAE 0.016 4 0.003 6
MAPE/% 2.140 0 0.470 0
RMSE 0.017 9 0.004 6
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电池型号 R a d j 2 RMSE
多项式模型 双指数模型 高斯模型 C5构建模型 多项式模型 双指数模型 高斯模型 C5构建模型
NASA B0005 0.975 4 0.985 9 0.993 2 0.993 0 0.029 9 0.022 6 0.015 2 0.015 0
B0006 0.980 8 0.980 8 0.985 9 0.985 0 0.035 0 0.034 9 0.030 0 0.031 9
B0007 0.978 5 0.979 5 0.987 8 0.993 8 0.023 6 0.023 0 0.018 2 0.012 7
B0018 0.958 7 0.961 7 0.951 1 0.964 9 0.031 4 0.030 3 0.034 2 0.030 2
CALCE A5 0.877 6 0.994 5 0.961 0 0.996 8 0.035 9 0.007 6 0.020 5 0.005 8
A12 0.952 9 0.969 1 0.987 4 0.998 7 0.058 1 0.047 1 0.030 0 0.009 8
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4种模型拟合效果对比结果

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电池型号 R a d j 2 RMSE
多项式模型 双指数模型 高斯模型 C5构建模型 多项式模型 双指数模型 高斯模型 C5构建模型
NASA B0005 0.975 4 0.985 9 0.993 2 0.993 0 0.029 9 0.022 6 0.015 2 0.015 0
B0006 0.980 8 0.980 8 0.985 9 0.985 0 0.035 0 0.034 9 0.030 0 0.031 9
B0007 0.978 5 0.979 5 0.987 8 0.993 8 0.023 6 0.023 0 0.018 2 0.012 7
B0018 0.958 7 0.961 7 0.951 1 0.964 9 0.031 4 0.030 3 0.034 2 0.030 2
CALCE A5 0.877 6 0.994 5 0.961 0 0.996 8 0.035 9 0.007 6 0.020 5 0.005 8
A12 0.952 9 0.969 1 0.987 4 0.998 7 0.058 1 0.047 1 0.030 0 0.009 8
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), ArticleFig(id=1197505738399593414, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, articleId=1197502602456908419, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

基于智能数模融合方法的电池RUL预测结果

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), ArticleFig(id=1197505738496062407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, articleId=1197502602456908419, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
电池型号 预测方法 T/次 tcycle/次 pcycle/次 ecycle/次 相对误差/% PDF宽度/次
B0005 RP 50 74 69 5 6.76 19
PF-UPF 76 2 2.70 9
RP 80 45 42 3 6.47 9
PF-UPF 45 0 0 6
B0006 RP 50 59 54 5 8.62 7
PF-UPF 57 2 3.39 6
RP 80 29 26 3 10.34 8
PF-UPF 31 2 6.89 5
B0018 RP 50 47 42 5 10.64 12
RP-UPF 46 1 2.13 7
RP 80 17 14 3 17.65 8
PF-UPF 18 1 5.89 6
), ArticleFig(id=1197505738655445960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, articleId=1197502602456908419, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

基于智能数模融合方法的电池RUL预测性能分析

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电池型号 预测方法 T/次 tcycle/次 pcycle/次 ecycle/次 相对误差/% PDF宽度/次
B0005 RP 50 74 69 5 6.76 19
PF-UPF 76 2 2.70 9
RP 80 45 42 3 6.47 9
PF-UPF 45 0 0 6
B0006 RP 50 59 54 5 8.62 7
PF-UPF 57 2 3.39 6
RP 80 29 26 3 10.34 8
PF-UPF 31 2 6.89 5
B0018 RP 50 47 42 5 10.64 12
RP-UPF 46 1 2.13 7
RP 80 17 14 3 17.65 8
PF-UPF 18 1 5.89 6
), ArticleFig(id=1197505738743526345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, articleId=1197502602456908419, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法 寿命阈值/A∙h T/次 tcycle/次 pcycle/次 ecycle/次 相对误差/%
文献[26] 1.42 50 52 46 6 11.54
1.42 90 12 14 2 16.67
文献[27] 1.35 60 80 79 1 1.25
1.35 100 40 38 2 5.00
本文 1.40 50 74 76 2 2.70
1.40 80 45 45 0 0
), ArticleFig(id=1197505738839995338, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, articleId=1197502602456908419, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

不同方法的电池RUL预测结果对比

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方法 寿命阈值/A∙h T/次 tcycle/次 pcycle/次 ecycle/次 相对误差/%
文献[26] 1.42 50 52 46 6 11.54
1.42 90 12 14 2 16.67
文献[27] 1.35 60 80 79 1 1.25
1.35 100 40 38 2 5.00
本文 1.40 50 74 76 2 2.70
1.40 80 45 45 0 0
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基于智能数模融合的锂离子电池剩余使用寿命预测
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周文璐 1 , 郑燕萍 1 , 杨丞 2 , 晏莉琴 2
汽车技术 | 2025,(2): 55-62
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汽车技术 | 2025, (2): 55-62
基于智能数模融合的锂离子电池剩余使用寿命预测
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周文璐1, 郑燕萍1 , 杨丞2, 晏莉琴2
作者信息
  • 1 南京林业大学汽车与交通工程学院,南京 210037
  • 2 上海空间电源研究所,上海 200000

通讯作者:

郑燕萍(1965—),教授,主要研究方向为新能源汽车和汽车现代设计方法等,
Prediction of Remaining Useful Life of Lithium-Ion Batteries Based on Intelligent Digital-Analogue Fusion
Wenlu Zhou1, Yanping Zheng1 , Cheng Yang2, Liqin Yan2
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Automobile and Traffic Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037
  • 2 Shanghai Institute of Space Power Supply, Shanghai 200000
出版时间: 2025-02-24 doi: 10.19620/j.cnki.1000-3703.20230970
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为了提高电池剩余使用寿命(RUL)的预测准确性,基于融合健康指标和构建的电池容量衰退模型,采用粒子群(PSO)优化极限学习机(ELM),结合随机扰动无迹粒子滤波(RP-UPF)的智能数模融合方法对B0005、B0006、B0018号电池的RUL进行预测。研究结果表明:该方法在电池的整个生命周期保持了较高的预测准确性,同时,显著提升了电池RUL预测的精度。

锂离子电池  /  剩余使用寿命  /  融合健康指标  /  智能数模融合方法

In order to improve the accuracy of predicting the Remaining Useful Life (RUL) of batteries, an intelligent digital-analogue fusion method of Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) optimized Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) combined with Random Perturbation Untraceable Particle Filtering (RP-UPF) is used to predict the RUL of batteries B0005, B0006 and B0018 based on fusion of the health indexes and the constructed battery capacity decline model. The research results show that the proposed intelligent digital-analogue fusion method not only significantly improves the accuracy of battery RUL prediction, but also maintains high prediction accuracy throughout the life cycle of the battery.

Lithium-ion batteries  /  Remaining Useful Life (RUL)  /  Fusion of health indicators  /  Intelligent digital-analogue fusion method
周文璐, 郑燕萍, 杨丞, 晏莉琴. 基于智能数模融合的锂离子电池剩余使用寿命预测. 汽车技术, 2025 , (2) : 55 -62 . DOI: 10.19620/j.cnki.1000-3703.20230970
Wenlu Zhou, Yanping Zheng, Cheng Yang, Liqin Yan. Prediction of Remaining Useful Life of Lithium-Ion Batteries Based on Intelligent Digital-Analogue Fusion[J]. Automobile Technology, 2025 , (2) : 55 -62 . DOI: 10.19620/j.cnki.1000-3703.20230970
动力电池作为新能源汽车的核心部件,其性能直接影响新能源汽车的续驶里程和安全性[1-2]。因此,电池剩余使用寿命(Remaining Useful Life,RUL)预测对于动力电池健康状态(State Of Health,SOH)监测和安全性能维护至关重要。
目前,电池RUL预测方法主要分为基于模型、基于数据驱动的方法和融合方法[3]。基于模型的方法深入电池内部,利用电化学特性和性能退化机理构建老化模型,虽可精准反映电池系统运行规律,但易受电池个体差异和复杂环境影响[4-5]。基于数据驱动的方法侧重于电池外部数据的动态变化,无需深究电池内部机理,能够灵活应对电池性能衰退中的非线性和非稳定性因素[6]。然而,单一数据驱动方法在处理复杂多变的电池数据时,对预测精度的局限性较大。相较之下,模型与数据驱动的融合方法更加有助于提高预测精度[7]。曾文文等[8]通过数据驱动建立误差补偿模型,有效提升了经验衰退模型的准确性。Liu等[9]利用自回归时间序列模型和粒子滤波算法,实现了对电池RUL的高效预测,但健康指标(Health Indicators,HI)的选取存在不足。
直接HI包括电池容量和电池内阻,虽直观有效,但获取过程复杂且耗时,因此可以从检测状态参数中提取间接HI[10-12]。由于单一的间接HI受外部环境和测量误差影响,容易导致电池健康状态评估出现偏差,因此,本文基于融合健康指标和具有更高拟合优度的电池容量衰退经验模型,通过粒子群优化(Particle Swarm Optimization,PSO)极限学习机(Extreme Learning Machine,ELM),结合随机扰动无迹粒子滤波(Randomly Perturbed Unscented Particle Filter,RP-UPF)使模型能够更好地适应电池系统的非线性、动态特性,同时对构建模型的参数进行在线更新,从而实现电池RUL的高精度预测。
本文基于美国航空航天局(National Aeronautics and Space Administration,NASA)动力系统研究中心公开数据集[13],对18650型锂电池中B0005、B0006、B0007和B0018号数据开展研究,各型号电池容量衰退曲线如图1所示。
以B0005号电池为例,对充电阶段电池的电流、电压及温度数据进行分析,并提取7个间接HI分别为:3.8~4.2 V电压间等压升充电时间、1 000~1 500 s内平均充电电压升、恒流充电时间、经过1 500 s的等时间间隔电流差值、电压为4 V时的容量增量(Incremental Capacity,IC)值、IC曲线峰值对应的电压以及电池达到最高温度的时间。
通过皮尔逊(Pearson)和斯皮尔曼(Spearman)的相关系数,分析间接HI与电池容量衰退的相关性。其中,Pearson相关系数r用于衡量变量间线性关系强度,取值范围为[-1,1],绝对值越大,线性关系越强。Spearman相关系数ρ用于衡量变量间单调相关程度,取值范围为[-1,1],绝对值越大,单调相关性越强[14]
将7个间接HI分别编号为HI-1~HI-7,电池容量的相关性分析如表1所示。
表1可知,7个HI与容量间均具有较强的线性单调相关性,HI-4、HI-6与容量呈负相关,其余呈正相关。若提取多个健康指标,每个HI均可视为数据的一个特征维度。随着特征维度的增加,算法的计算复杂度呈指数级增长,且多个特征间可能存在冗余或相关,造成信息重叠,导致模型计算负担增加。因此,采用主成分分析(Principal Component Analysis,PCA)对7个间接HI进行融合处理[15],结果如表2所示。
表2可知,第一主成分对各编号电池的贡献率均超过94%,所以将其作为融合健康指标,用于后续电池RUL预测。各型号电池的第一主成分与电池容量的Pearson和Spearman相关系数如表3所示。
为了提高电池RUL预测的准确性,本文采用数据驱动和数学模型相结合的融合方法。通过将电池衰退模型作为状态方程,结合粒子群优化和极限学习机(PSO-ELM)预测模型作为观测方程,获得模型后验参数,并不断靠近电池的真实衰退曲线,进行电池RUL的预测。
ELM算法具有训练速度快、鲁棒性强等优势,广泛用于模式识别、时间序列预测等领域[16],但该算法随机给定权值及偏差,预测性能不稳定。因此,将ELM输入层、隐藏层间权值及隐含层的偏差作为PSO的粒子进行寻优,建立PSO-ELM预测模型。
对于电池SOH在线估算模型,以融合HI作为PSO-ELM模型输入,以电池SOH为输出。以平均绝对误差(Mean Absolute Error,MAE)、平均绝对百分比误差(Mean Absolute Percentage Error,MAPE)、均方根误差(Root Mean Square Error,RMSE)为性能评价指标。其中,MAE越小,模型的预测结果与真实值间的差异越小,模型的预测效果越好;MAPE以百分数形式表示误差,常用于评估时间序列数据预测模型的预测精度;RMSE越小,预测值与真实值间的差异越小,即预测的精度越高。
以B0007号电池为例,当预测起始点为第80次循环周期时,比较ELM算法和PSO-ELM算法对电池SOH的预测,结果如图2所示。电池SOH估算结果如表4所示。相较于ELM算法,PSO-ELM算法的误差波动较小,准确性更高,估算结果也更加稳定。
为了解决粒子滤波(Particle Filter,PF)算法中粒子退化和粒子多样性降低问题[17],本文从重采样和重要性函数2个方面对PF进行优化。在重采样过程中,采用随机扰动使每个粒子被选中的概率更加平均,从而增加粒子的多样性[18]。同时,由于随机扰动重采样在一定程度上可以降低计算量,提高算法效率。其实现过程为:
a. 将粒子集XK按照权值降序排列为Xd
b. 计算有效粒子数Neff
c. 从Xd中取出有效粒子:
X K i = X d i , i = 1,2 , , n n = r o u n d ( N e f f )
式中:n为取整的有效粒子数,round( )为就近取整函数, X K iK时刻的粒子集合, X d i为原始粒子集 X K i进行权值降序排列后的粒子集。
d. 使用扰动粒子替换退化粒子:
X m = 1 n i = 1 n X K i σ M = κ i = 1 n ( X K i - X m ) 2 , i = 1,2 , , n X K i = X m + M K , i = n + 1 , n + 2 , , N M K ~ N 0 , σ M ,           0 κ 1
式中:XmK时刻n个粒子的均值, σ MK时刻N个粒子的标准差, κ为扰动的缩放参数, M K为随机扰动。
e. 更新粒子权值 w K i = 1 n
在PF算法中, κ越大,扰动越大,本文使用 κ=0.5。直接选取已采样的先验概率密度,而未考虑系统状态观测值,状态量的选取容易依赖模型的精确度[19]。因此,在PF算法框架下,通过无迹卡尔曼滤波(Unscented Kalman Filter,UKF)算法获得的分布作为重要性函数,其核心思想是利用UKF中的无迹变换方法,对非线性系统进行线性化处理,从而得到与真实系统状态更接近的高斯分布近似值,即UPF算法,主要流程如下:
a. 初始化阶段,从先验分布中采样,获取粒子集初始化状态。
b. 预测阶段,根据系统状态转移方程,对每个粒子的状态进行更新,估计下一时刻的状态。
c. 测量更新,利用当前的观测值,结合UKF精确计算似然函数,对每个粒子的权重进行更新。
d. 权重归一化,将所有粒子的权重进行归一化。
e. 重采样,根据粒子权重进行重采样。
f. 状态估计,根据粒子的权重和状态,计算当前时刻的状态估计值。
g. 迭代更新,将上述预测和更新步骤进行迭代,估计后续时刻的状态。
RP-UPF算法在UPF基础上采用随机扰动重采样实现粒子集的重采样。
由于电池性能衰退过程涉及复杂电化学反应,所以准确地建立电池性能衰退模型难度较大[20-21]。为了更好地表征电池容量衰退,通过对常用的双指数模型、高斯模型以及多项式模型进行组合分析,构建结构简单、拟合优度更佳的电池容量衰退经验模型。
经过分析,双指数模型和高斯模型中的单一项,以及多项式中的单项均在电池容量衰退过程中起关键作用。因此,将模型中的单一项和多项式中的单项进行不同组合,构建C1~C7模型:
C 1 = C e 1 + C p 1 = a 1 e a 2 k + b 1 k 2 C 2 = C e 1 + C p 2 = a 1 e a 2 k + b 2 k C 3 = C e 1 + C p 1 + C p 2 = a 1 e a 2 k + b 1 k 2 + b 2 k C 4 = C g 1 + C p 1 = c 1 e - ( k - d 1 f 1 ) 2 + b 1 k 2 C 5 = C g 1 + C p 2 = c 1 e - ( k - d 1 f 1 ) 2 + b 2 k C 6 = C g 1 + C p 1 + C p 2 = c 1 e - ( k - d 1 f 1 ) 2 + b 1 k 2 + b 2 k C 7 = C e 1 + C g 1 = a 1 e a 2 k + c 1 e - ( k - d 1 f 1 ) 2
式中:CeCpCg为构建C1~C7模型中电池的实际容量,k为充/放电循环周期,a1a2b1b2c1d1f1为模型中的位置参数。
为了综合考虑各模型拟合精度和未知参数量,采用校正决定系数[22](Adjusted R-Square) R a d j 2衡量回归方程整体的拟合度,并引入可对模型复杂度和拟合优度进行平衡的赤池信息量准则(Akaike Information Criterion,AIC)[23]作为辅助评判标准。当模型AIC绝对值越大、 R a d j 2越接近1,模型拟合的效果越好,即模型的拟合优度更高。各模型的 R a d j 2AIC指标分布情况如图3所示。其中,C5模型的AIC绝对值最大, R a d j 2值最接近1,所围成的三角形面积最大,所以C5模型的数据拟合效果更优,且发生过拟合的可能性较小。
选取NASA数据集中4种型号电池以及马里兰大学CALCE公开的额定容量为0.9 A∙h的A5、A12号电池试验数据[24],对比3种常用的经验模型的电池容量衰退拟合效果,各模型的拟合优度如表5所示。结果表明:C5模型对6种型号电池的拟合优度均优于其他模型,且C5模型中仅包含4个未知参数,比高斯模型更简单。因此,本文选取构建的C5模型用于电池RUL预测。
本文提出的基于智能数模的融合方法利用PSO-ELM算法对电池容量进行在线估算,再结合RP-UPF算法实现电池RUL预测。
由于构建电池容量衰退模型存在动态参数,因此,将模型中4个参数作为观测模型的状态量,结合PSO-ELM及粒子滤波算法建立状态转换方程和观测方程:
x k = a k e - ( k - b k ) 2 ( c k ) 2 + d k k + w a k = a k - 1 + w a ,   w a ~ N ( 0 ,   δ a ) b k = b k - 1 + w b ,   w b ~ N 0 ,   δ b c k = c k - 1 + w c ,   w c ~ N 0 ,   δ c d k = d k - 1 + w d ,   w d ~ N 0 ,   δ d y k = f n H I ,   k + γ ,   w d ~ N 0 ,   δ d
式中:xkyk分别为电池的状态估计和观测值,abcd分别为电池容量衰退模型拟合参数,wγ分别为过程噪声和测量噪声,δ为噪声方差,f( )为基于PSO-ELM模型当前循环周期的电池容量拟合函数,N( )为正态分布函数, n H I , k为第k次循环周期的健康指标。
本文将锂离子电池的寿命阈值设为额定容量的70%,获得电池剩余使用寿命:
0.7 Q r a t e d = α k e - R R U L , k - b k 2 c k 2 + d k × R R U L , k + w k
式中:Qrated为电池额定容量,RRUL,k为第k次迭代中状态估计xk所预测的电池RUL。
将电池容量衰退方程中的后验参数akbkckdk代入式(5),得到循环周期为k次、电池寿命达到阈值时电池RUL的预测值,其概率密度函数为 P ( R R U L , k | Q 1 : k ) i = 1 N w k i δ ( R R U L , k - R R U L , k i ),其中, R R U L , k i为第k次循环周期、第i个粒子的状态估计 x k i所预测的电池RUL。
鉴于粒子滤波算法对初始状态分布较敏感,容易使算法的偏差和方差较大,从而影响估计精度。为了得到可靠的模型参数,通过相关向量机(Relevance Vector Machine,RVM)确定模型初始参数,解决因电池组的差异性,使用平均值作为初值而精确度降低的问题[25]
采用智能数模融合方法预测电池RUL时,需要将PSO-ELM模型估算的容量值作为观测值。将B0007电池的168个融合HI和电池容量数据作为训练集,B0005、B0006、B0018电池的融合HI数据作为测试集,并将PSO-ELM预训练模型用于B0005、B0006、B0018电池的容量估算。
为了验证本文方法在不同阶段的表现,基于RVM,选择前期第50次循环周期和后期第80次循环周期作为预测起始点,当电池容量达到额定容量70%(1.4 A∙h)时,电池RUL预测终止。得到模型初始参数后,对比基本文PF算法和RP-UPF算法的RUL及其概率密度函数(Probability Density Function,PDF)分布如表6所示,各性能指标分析如表7所示。其中,T为预测的起始循环周期;tcycle为电池实际失效的循环周期;pcycle为预测电池失效的循环周期;ecycle为预测电池失效与电池实际循环周期的绝对误差;PDF宽度反映了预测电池失效循环周期的不确定性范围,PDF宽度越小,预测结果具有更小的不确定性,即预测结果更稳定、可靠。
表6可知,RP-UPF算法在预测精度上具有显著优势,在电池寿命前期与后期,RP-UPF算法的RUL预测结果的绝对误差和相对误差均低于PF算法,即预测电池剩余使用寿命更为准确。RP-UPF算法的PDF宽度小于PF算法,表明该算法的预测结果具有更小的不确定性,即预测结果更为可靠和稳定。
为了进一步验证本文方法预测电池RUL的有效性,以B0005号电池的预测结果为例,对比文献[26]、文献[27]及本文方法的预测结果,如表8所示。其中,本文方法基于构建模型;文献[26]为基于自适应模型,结合天牛须搜索优化粒子滤波的预测方法;文献[27]为基于双指数经验模型,结合遗传算法、支持向量机优化无迹粒子滤波的预测方法。
由于各参考文献中所设电池寿命阈值略有不同,所以电池的实际RUL也有所不同。根据表8可知,在电池寿命衰退前期,本文方法和文献[27]对于电池RUL预测的绝对误差和相对误差较小,具有较高的预测精度;在电池寿命衰退后期,本文方法的预测精度高于其他方法。试验结果表明:本文方法具有较高的RUL预测精度,且随着循环周期的增加,RUL预测精度更高,PDF范围更精确,更具参考价值。
本文提出智能数模融合方法,能够高精度地预测电池的RUL,其PDF的宽度范围更小,不确定性表达能力更强。未来,将进一步深入研究RP-UPF算法在不同类型电池及工况下的适用性,为电池健康管理提供技术支持。
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doi: 10.19620/j.cnki.1000-3703.20230970
  • 首发时间:2025-11-18
  • 出版时间:2025-02-24
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  • 修回日期:2023-12-13
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    1 南京林业大学汽车与交通工程学院,南京 210037
    2 上海空间电源研究所,上海 200000

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郑燕萍(1965—),教授,主要研究方向为新能源汽车和汽车现代设计方法等,
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