Article(id=1197492490354864715, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, issueId=1197492487066530363, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19620/j.cnki.1000-3703.20230972, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=1701100800000, revisedDateStr=2023-11-28, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763434058035, onlineDateStr=2025-11-18, pubDate=1742745600000, pubDateStr=2025-03-24, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763434058035, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763434058035, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763434058035, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1197492487066530363, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, year='2025', volume='', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='62', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763434057251, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763434367830, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1197493789779603575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, issueId=1197492487066530363, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1197493789779603576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, issueId=1197492487066530363, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=8, endPage=14, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1197492491462160973, articleId=1197492490354864715, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, language=EN, title=A Study of Driver Cognitive Distraction Recognition in Turning and Straight Driving Scenarios, columnId=1200009531011985931, journalTitle=Automobile Technology, columnName=Special Topic on Multimodal Information Monitoring and Recognition Technologies for Human Factors in Intelligent Driving, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to explore the underlying mechanisms of driver distraction in turning and straight driving scenarios, this study uses a driving simulator to create straight-driving and turning virtual scenarios. It also collects driving performance and eye-movement data of drivers in different driving states. The KNNImputer algorithm is employed to handle missing data during data collection. Then, a paired samples T test is used to analyze significant differences and extract significant difference feature indexes from sample data with a time window of 1 s length and 75% overlap. Based on these features, an XGBoost classifier is used to build cognitive distraction recognition models for different scenarios. The results show that compared with straight driving, drivers in turning scenarios have higher mental workload, indicated by lower pupil diameter change frequency, higher saccade speed and higher fixation duration percentage. The built cognitive distraction recognition model achieves an accuracy of 91.30% for straight-driving and 83.28% for turning scenarios. This suggests that cognitive distraction behavior in turning scenarios is more dangerous and harder to recognize.

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为了探寻转弯和直行场景下驾驶员分心驾驶的内在机理,通过驾驶模拟器搭建直行与转弯虚拟场景,采集驾驶员不同驾驶状态的驾驶绩效和眼动信息数据,并使用KNNImputer算法对设备在采集过程中缺失的数据进行插补处理;通过配对样本T检验对时间长度为1 s、重叠率为75%的时间窗口提取的样本数据进行显著性差异分析并提取特征指标;基于该特征指标集合,采用XGBoost分类器构建不同场景下的认知分心识别模型。试验结果表明:相比于直行场景,驾驶员在转弯场景中瞳孔直径变化频率更小、扫视速度更高、注视时间百分比更大,脑力负荷更大;构建的认知分心识别模型在直行场景下的准确率达到91.30%,转弯场景下的准确率为83.28%,转弯场景下认知分心行为危险程度更高,识别更加困难。

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曾娟(1973—),副教授,主要研究方向为汽车安全、驾驶员行为分析等,
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指标在直行和转弯场景中显著性差异分析结果

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指标 T P
左眼瞳孔直径均值 -2.98 0.02
右眼瞳孔直径均值 -3.09 0.01
扫视速度均值 -2.64 0.03
左眼瞳孔直径标准差 -0.08 0.94
右眼瞳孔直径标准差 1.74 0.12
扫视速度标准差 -2.56 0.03
注视频率 2.37 0.04
注视时长百分比 2.37 0.04
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同一指标在不同分心场景中配对样本T检验结果

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指标 T P
左眼瞳孔直径均值 -2.98 0.02
右眼瞳孔直径均值 -3.09 0.01
扫视速度均值 -2.64 0.03
左眼瞳孔直径标准差 -0.08 0.94
右眼瞳孔直径标准差 1.74 0.12
扫视速度标准差 -2.56 0.03
注视频率 2.37 0.04
注视时长百分比 2.37 0.04
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参数 取值 参数 取值
学习率 0.05 最先分裂损失 0.2
最大深度 4 子节点最小权重和 2
树的数量 300 下采样 0.9
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XGBoost关键参数

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参数 取值 参数 取值
学习率 0.05 最先分裂损失 0.2
最大深度 4 子节点最小权重和 2
树的数量 300 下采样 0.9
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场景 分心 不分心
直行 2 104 4 103
转弯 2 788 4 354
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数据样本量 条

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场景 分心 不分心
直行 2 104 4 103
转弯 2 788 4 354
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场景 直行 转弯
XGBoost SVM XGBoost SVM
准确率/% 91.30 87.20 83.28 78.17
精确率/% 89.36 88.16 78.00 79.30
召回率/% 83.17 70.05 78.43 58.14
F1分数/% 86.15 78.07 78.21 67.09
AUC 0.95 0.92 0.89 0.84
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模型结果

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场景 直行 转弯
XGBoost SVM XGBoost SVM
准确率/% 91.30 87.20 83.28 78.17
精确率/% 89.36 88.16 78.00 79.30
召回率/% 83.17 70.05 78.43 58.14
F1分数/% 86.15 78.07 78.21 67.09
AUC 0.95 0.92 0.89 0.84
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转弯和直行场景下驾驶员认知分心识别的研究*
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曾娟 1, 2, 3 , 许博 1, 2, 3 , 王昊 1, 2, 3 , 张洪昌 1, 2, 3
汽车技术 | 智能驾驶中人因状态多模态信息监测与识别技术专题 2025,(3): 8-14
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汽车技术 | 智能驾驶中人因状态多模态信息监测与识别技术专题 2025, (3): 8-14
转弯和直行场景下驾驶员认知分心识别的研究*
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曾娟1, 2, 3 , 许博1, 2, 3, 王昊1, 2, 3, 张洪昌1, 2, 3
作者信息
  • 1 武汉理工大学,现代汽车零部件技术湖北省重点实验室,武汉 430070
  • 2 武汉理工大学,汽车零部件技术湖北省协同创新中心,武汉 430070
  • 3 武汉理工大学,湖北省新能源与智能网联车工程技术研究中心,武汉 430070

通讯作者:

曾娟(1973—),副教授,主要研究方向为汽车安全、驾驶员行为分析等,
A Study of Driver Cognitive Distraction Recognition in Turning and Straight Driving Scenarios
Juan Zeng1, 2, 3 , Bo Xu1, 2, 3, Hao Wang1, 2, 3, Hongchang Zhang1, 2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1 Hubei Key Laboratory of Modern Automotive Components Technology, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070
  • 2 Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Automotive Components Technology, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070
  • 3 Hubei Engineering Research Center of New Energy and Intelligent Connected Vehicles, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070
出版时间: 2025-03-24 doi: 10.19620/j.cnki.1000-3703.20230972
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为了探寻转弯和直行场景下驾驶员分心驾驶的内在机理,通过驾驶模拟器搭建直行与转弯虚拟场景,采集驾驶员不同驾驶状态的驾驶绩效和眼动信息数据,并使用KNNImputer算法对设备在采集过程中缺失的数据进行插补处理;通过配对样本T检验对时间长度为1 s、重叠率为75%的时间窗口提取的样本数据进行显著性差异分析并提取特征指标;基于该特征指标集合,采用XGBoost分类器构建不同场景下的认知分心识别模型。试验结果表明:相比于直行场景,驾驶员在转弯场景中瞳孔直径变化频率更小、扫视速度更高、注视时间百分比更大,脑力负荷更大;构建的认知分心识别模型在直行场景下的准确率达到91.30%,转弯场景下的准确率为83.28%,转弯场景下认知分心行为危险程度更高,识别更加困难。

转弯场景  /  直行场景  /  认知分心  /  KNNImputer  /  XGBoost

In order to explore the underlying mechanisms of driver distraction in turning and straight driving scenarios, this study uses a driving simulator to create straight-driving and turning virtual scenarios. It also collects driving performance and eye-movement data of drivers in different driving states. The KNNImputer algorithm is employed to handle missing data during data collection. Then, a paired samples T test is used to analyze significant differences and extract significant difference feature indexes from sample data with a time window of 1 s length and 75% overlap. Based on these features, an XGBoost classifier is used to build cognitive distraction recognition models for different scenarios. The results show that compared with straight driving, drivers in turning scenarios have higher mental workload, indicated by lower pupil diameter change frequency, higher saccade speed and higher fixation duration percentage. The built cognitive distraction recognition model achieves an accuracy of 91.30% for straight-driving and 83.28% for turning scenarios. This suggests that cognitive distraction behavior in turning scenarios is more dangerous and harder to recognize.

Turning scenarios  /  Straight driving scenarios  /  Cognitive distraction  /  KNNImputer  /  XGBoost
曾娟, 许博, 王昊, 张洪昌. 转弯和直行场景下驾驶员认知分心识别的研究*. 汽车技术, 2025 , (3) : 8 -14 . DOI: 10.19620/j.cnki.1000-3703.20230972
Juan Zeng, Bo Xu, Hao Wang, Hongchang Zhang. A Study of Driver Cognitive Distraction Recognition in Turning and Straight Driving Scenarios[J]. Automobile Technology, 2025 , (3) : 8 -14 . DOI: 10.19620/j.cnki.1000-3703.20230972
据美国国家公路安全管理局(National Highway Traffic Safety Administration,NHTSA)公布的数据[1],仅2021年美国本土有3 522人因分心驾驶而丧失生命。引发驾驶员认知分心的因素多为分神、交谈等[2],分心驾驶所致的交通事故给社会和个人带来巨大损失。因此,准确识别监测驾驶员认知分心状况至关重要。
交通事故发生场景主要分为在城市道路和非城市道路,其中,城市道路为交通事故高发场景,高速道路事故发生率较低[3]。在城市道路中,多样化的车载多媒体设备增加了驾驶体验的同时,极易分散驾驶员的注意力[4],此时驾驶员脑力负荷增加,其保持车道行驶的能力降低[5-6]。在高速道路中,驾驶员使用蓝牙通话、交谈等分心驾驶会显著降低扫视速度,但转向盘转角与转向熵增大[7]
道路形状会显著影响驾驶员的安全行驶能力[8]。据统计,弯道造成事故的可能性是直线行驶的1.74倍[9]。弯道驾驶中,驾驶员对视觉的需求增加[10],转向行为和视觉追踪在水平方向的变动性降低[11],使用视觉刺激或人工反应执行非驾驶相关任务的驾驶员在道路上的固定次数较少,持续时间较短,车道保持性能较差[12-14]
因此,本文通过驾驶模拟器搭建城市道路中直线场景和多种典型转弯场景,采集驾驶员驾驶绩效和眼动数据,根据统计学分析确定不同场景中认知分心的显著性差异指标与内在机理。基于显著性差异指标,构建认知分心模型,通过对比试验评估模型的有效性。
本文试验分3批进行,共招募45名被试者。为了避免被试者年龄、驾驶熟练程度等因素影响,选择20~40岁驾驶员(均值为27.27岁,标准差为5.61岁),并要求被试者均具有至少5 000 km的驾驶经验。
由于人体脑力负荷随者工作时间的增加而增大,高强度的脑力负荷会严重影响驾驶者的反应能力[15]。为了减少被试个体因素对试验的影响,要求被试者在试验前保持充足的睡眠以及身心健康,无潜在疾病、听觉和视觉障碍,且试验期间不得饮酒和服用药品。
使用3个不同方位的投影仪,将场景信息投影在车辆正前方的120°环幕上,驾驶模拟器采样频率为100 Hz。同时,配套Tobii公司生产的Tobii Pro Glasses2型号眼动仪,采样频率为50 Hz,试验设备如图1所示。
使用驾驶模拟器配套软件SCANeR Studio搭建虚拟仿真场景,如图2所示。本文设计双向六车道,每条车道的宽度为3.75 m,分为直行和转弯场景。直行场景包括直线路段、丁字路口直线行驶和十字路口直线行驶;转弯场景包括左/右转道路行驶、丁字路口和十字路口转弯行驶。
为了使虚拟场景更加接近实际,各场景中均设有行人、车辆,每个场景出现2次。其中,行人在道路两旁的人行道行驶,密度为2人/m;车辆包括道路正常行驶车辆和停止线内等待红路灯车辆,车流密度为50辆/km。直线道路场景行驶车速为60 km/h,转弯道路场景行驶车速为30 km/h。被试车辆在中间车道行驶,在即将转弯时需提前换道。
本文试验的认知分心次任务为心算计算题,题目选择复杂度相近的2位数加法、3位数与2位数减法。当被试车辆到达设定位置时,副驾驶员会从算数题库中随机选择一道题目,口述给被试者,要求被试者在5 s内提供答案并进行相应记录。
由于采集数据时存在个别数据缺失,为了保证数据的完整性与可靠性,本文采用基于K-最近邻算法(K-Nearest Neighbors,KNN)改进的KNNImputer方法,通过计算欧几里德距离找到最临近的n个样本,使用样本的均值填补缺失值。本文设置n=5。
目前,多数研究[7,16-17]的特征指标主要分为驾驶绩效、眼动信息和生理信息。其中,驾驶绩效指标反映开车过程中车辆的稳定性和安全性,包括横纵向速度、车道偏移量等车辆参数[18]。该类指标可通过车辆的传感器获取,而眼动信息通过特定设备,采集驾驶过程中驾驶员眼睛、头部等变化信息,包括左右眼瞳孔直径、扫视速度等眼部参数,实现分心驾驶检测[19];生理指标用于量化研究者对人类/动物的行为和心理状态,通过检测生理反应了解心理和情感状态,包括脑电、皮电等生理数据信息[20],但脑电设备在采集数据时具有较强的入侵性,易产生不适反应。
分心驾驶识别指标体系分为单一指标和融合指标。单一指标难以全面反映驾驶员分心驾驶的内在机理变化,且搭建分心识别模型时存在指标种类不足,导致模型分类效果较差。而融合指标使用2类及以上的指标进行融合,能够反映驾驶员分心情况,分心识别模型的准确率和可靠性均能提升[21]
考虑到试验设备笨重,对驾驶员的入侵性较强,本文采用的驾驶绩效、眼动信息融合指标为:
a. 驾驶绩效指标,包括车辆速度(横向、纵向)、车辆加速度(横向、纵向)、油门踏板开度、转向盘转角和偏移车道中心线距离。
b. 眼动信息指标,包括注视点位置(X轴、Y轴、Z轴)、瞳孔直径、扫视速度、扫视频率、注视频率、眨眼频率和时长百分比(注视、扫视)。
为了削弱数据短期波动的影响,提高数据准确性,本文采用滑动时间窗口处理数据。滑动时间窗口长度为1 s,窗口重叠率为75%,即时间窗口每隔0.25 s提取一条样本数据。除注视频率、时长百分比、扫视频率和时长百分比以及眨眼频率外的指标计算均值和标准差,最终得到31个指标。
特征指标的显著性差异反映了分心驾驶状态与正常状态的差异,指标差异性越明显,越有助于分心驾驶的识别。
本文使用配对样本T检验,通过计算各场景中两组样本均值T分析数据显著性差异。配对样本T检验需满足正态性假设,采用K-S(Kolmogorsv-Smirnov)检验,计算经验分布和理论分布间距离,将其中的最大距离作为检验统计量。当数据不满足正态分布时,无法采用该方法进行显著性分析,此时可选择非参数检验方法。统计数据与原始假设间概率P判断两组数据的显著性。显著性水平阈值越低,要求越严格,常见的显著性水平为0.05和0.01。选用Wilcoxon符号秩检验,显著性水平α=0.05,各指标在直行场景和转弯场景的显著性分析结果如表1所示。
表1可知,当驾驶员在直行场景中发生认知分心时,由于驾驶次任务的作用,使驾驶员脑力负荷增加,继而表现出瞳孔直径增大、扫视速度加快、注视频率和注视持续时间减少,但驾驶员视线集中在道路中央,使车辆的车道保持能力增强。当驾驶员在转弯场景中发生认知分心时,驾驶员由于脑力负荷增加表现出瞳孔直径增大、直径波动变小、扫视速度增快、注视频率和持续时间减少、眨眼频率增加。在直行和转弯场景下,驾驶员发生/未发生认知分心时,具有显著性差异的指标中,接近70%的指标为共同指标,且指标变化趋势相同。
为了进一步探究相同指标在不同场景中的差异性,对同一指标在不同分心场景下的分心数据变化情况进行配对样本T检验统计学分析,结果如表2所示。
表2可知,眼动信息指标有助于识别驾驶过程中的认知分心,而仅有较少的驾驶绩效在此方面能够表现出显著性差异。这是因为认知分心为驾驶员大脑的内部干扰,难以通过外部行为表现。
在不同场景中,驾驶员在直行和转弯两种不同道路场景中发生认知分心时,虽然有多数眼动指标为同一指标,但其数值变化情况仍然存在显著性差异。因此,为了在转弯场景中提高分心驾驶的识别效果,同一指标在不同场景中变化如图3所示。
图3可知,在直行和转弯场景中,发生分心时,驾驶员左、右眼瞳孔直径增加,变化频率降低。在转弯场景中,驾驶员的瞳孔直径变化频率低于直线场景,表明驾驶员在转弯场景中,发生认知分心时的脑力负荷更大。
不同场景中扫视速度情况见图4,驾驶员发生认知分心时,扫视速度均值和标准差均高于未分心状态,且转弯场景高于直行场景。表明驾驶员发生认知分心时,通过扫视获得更多的环境信息,反映出驾驶员脑力负荷增加,同时,转弯场景中脑力负荷高于直行场景。
不同场景注视时长百分比变化情况见图5,各场景中,驾驶员认知分心状态时的注视势场百分比低于未分心状态,且转弯场景低于直行场景,表明驾驶员发生认知分心时,脑力负荷增加,且转弯场景负荷加剧。
因此,驾驶员发生认知分心时,由于脑力负荷增加,其瞳孔直径增加、扫视速度提高、注视时长百分比降低,且转弯场景中认知分心脑力负荷更大,行车更危险。
XGBoost(eXtreme Gradient Boosting)[22]基于梯度提升决策树(Gradient Boosting Decision Tree,GBDT)算法逐步迭代多个弱分类器,集合成一种强分类器。XGBoost引入了正则化项,可以有效限制模型的复杂度,避免过拟合。当梯度提升机(Gradient Boosting Machine,GBM)为负值时会停止分裂,而XGBoost会继续分类至最大深度,再重新进行剪枝。所以XGBoost分类效果优于单一模型。将数据集以7∶3划分训练集和测试集,XGBoost重要参数如表3所示。
使用准确率(Accuracy)A、精确率(Precision)P、召回率(Recall)R以及F1分数作为模型性能评估指标,分别绘制直行和转弯场景下ROC图,相关公式为:
A = T P + T N T P + F P + T N + F N P = T P T P + F P R = T P T P + F N = T A F 1 = 2 P R P + R F = F P F P + T N
式中:T为正例样本中被正确预测的比例,F为负例样本中被错误预测为正例的比例,TP为真阳性样本数,FP为假阳性样本数,TN为真阴性样本数,FN为假阴性样本数。
为研究驾驶员在不同场景(直行/转弯)下模型认知分心识别性能,通过试验采集直行和转弯场景中驾驶员发生和不发生认知分心时的数据,最终本次试验获取的数据样本情况如表4所示。
本文采用准确率、精确率、召回率、F1值和ROC曲线下面积(Area Under Curve,AUC)等指标对模型性能进行评估。其中,AUC越大,表明模型性能更佳。为了比较XGBoost算法分类性能,对比本文模型与支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)构建的认知分心识别模型,最终测试集评估结果如表5所示,ROC图如图6所示。
表5可知,在算法性能方面,相较于SVM算法,XGBoost算法在直行和转弯场景中各评价指标均表现优异,模型准确率分别提高了4.1百分点和15.11百分点,AUC值分别提高了3百分点和5百分点;在场景分析方面,直线场景的各评价指标均优于转弯场景,这主要归因于转弯场景道路更加复杂,驾驶员在此场景中行驶时识别正常与分心驾驶指标变化不明显。同时,说明在转弯场景中,模型对驾驶员的认知分心检测相较于直行场景检测更加困难。
本文探究了转弯和直行场景中,驾驶员的认知分心的显著性差异指标与内在机理,通过建立认知分心模型,为分心驾驶检测和交通安全提供数据支撑。但由于试验在驾驶模拟器上完成,驾驶分心识别模型在实际场景中的适应程度仍需进一步研究。
  • *教育部创新团队发展计划项目(IRT_17R83)
  • 新能源汽车科学与关键技术学科创新引智基地项目(B17034)
  • 武汉理工大学重庆研究院科技创新研发项目(YF2021-15)
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doi: 10.19620/j.cnki.1000-3703.20230972
  • 首发时间:2025-11-18
  • 出版时间:2025-03-24
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  • 修回日期:2023-11-28
基金
*教育部创新团队发展计划项目(IRT_17R83)
新能源汽车科学与关键技术学科创新引智基地项目(B17034)
武汉理工大学重庆研究院科技创新研发项目(YF2021-15)
作者信息
    1 武汉理工大学,现代汽车零部件技术湖北省重点实验室,武汉 430070
    2 武汉理工大学,汽车零部件技术湖北省协同创新中心,武汉 430070
    3 武汉理工大学,湖北省新能源与智能网联车工程技术研究中心,武汉 430070

通讯作者:

曾娟(1973—),副教授,主要研究方向为汽车安全、驾驶员行为分析等,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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