Article(id=1197492488324821570, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, issueId=1197492487066530363, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19620/j.cnki.1000-3703.20240216, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=1715616000000, revisedDateStr=2024-05-14, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763434057551, onlineDateStr=2025-11-18, pubDate=1742745600000, pubDateStr=2025-03-24, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763434057551, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763434057551, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763434057551, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1197492487066530363, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, year='2025', volume='', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='62', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763434057251, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763434367830, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1197493789779603575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, issueId=1197492487066530363, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1197493789779603576, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, issueId=1197492487066530363, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=22, endPage=29, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1197492488513565253, articleId=1197492488324821570, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, language=EN, title=A Driving Fatigue Detection Method Based on Ensemble Learning and Multidimensional Pulse Feature Fusion, columnId=1200009531011985931, journalTitle=Automobile Technology, columnName=Special Topic on Multimodal Information Monitoring and Recognition Technologies for Human Factors in Intelligent Driving, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to enhance accuracy of driving fatigue detection, this paper takes drivers’ physiological signal pulse wave as the data source, introduces hemodynamic-based blood pressure waveform features based on the extraction of Heart Rate Variability (HRV) features. Moreover, a feature indicator set that can effectively characterize driving fatigue is constructed, and a three-classification model of driver fatigue is constructed based on ensemble learning. Then, a resampling method is introduced in the data preprocessing stage, and the effects of different sampling methods on the detection performance of the model are contrasted. Test results show that multidimensional feature fusion of pulse signals can significantly improve the detection accuracy of driver fatigue by 24.68 percentage points on average in all scenarios compared with the method of using only HRV features; resampling can further enhance the detection performance of the ensemble learning model, and the model achieves the best detection performance in a scenario with a sampling window width of 2 min, a sampling window overlap of 80%, and a fusion of HRV features with pulse waveform features.

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为了提升驾驶疲劳检测准确性,以驾驶员的生理信号脉搏波为数据源,在提取心率变异性特征的基础上,引入基于血液动力学的脉搏波波形特征进行多维特征融合,构建可以有效表征驾驶疲劳的特征数据集,并基于集成学习构建驾驶员疲劳状态三分类模型,在数据预处理阶段引入重采样方法,并对比不同采样方式对模型检测性能的影响。试验结果表明:脉搏信号多维特征融合可以显著提高对驾驶疲劳的检测精度,相对于仅采用心率变异性特征的方法,在各场景下检测精度能够平均提高24.68百分点;重采样可进一步提高集成学习模型的检测性能,在采样窗口宽度为2 min、采样窗口重叠为80%、心率变异性特征与脉搏波波形特征融合的场景下,模型的检测性能达到最佳。

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刘强(1981—),教授,研究方向为交通安全与轻量化电动汽车,
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KSS 疲劳程度描述
1 极度警觉
2 很警觉
3 警觉
4 有点警觉
5 既不警觉,也不疲劳
6 出现疲劳迹象
7 疲劳,但可以保持清醒
8 疲劳,需要努力保持清醒
9 非常疲劳,常陷入瞌睡
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KSS疲劳等级划分

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KSS 疲劳程度描述
1 极度警觉
2 很警觉
3 警觉
4 有点警觉
5 既不警觉,也不疲劳
6 出现疲劳迹象
7 疲劳,但可以保持清醒
8 疲劳,需要努力保持清醒
9 非常疲劳,常陷入瞌睡
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分析域 名称 描述
时域 MeanNN 平均搏动间期
RangeNN 搏动间期极差
MedianNN 搏动间期连续差值绝对值中位数
MeanHR 平均心率
MinHR 最小心率
MaxHR 最大心率
StdHR 心率标准差
RMSSD 相邻搏动间期差值的均方根
SDNN 搏动间期标准差
CVNN SDNN与MeanNN的比值
CVSD RMSSD与MeanNN的比值
SDSD 相邻搏动间期之间差值的标准差
pNN20 大于20 ms的搏动间期占比
pNN50 大于50 ms的搏动间期占比
Sampen 搏动间期的时域样本熵
频域 LF 低频范围(0.04~0.15 Hz)功率
HF 高频范围(0.15~0.4 Hz)功率
LF/HF LF与HF的比值
VLF 极低频范围(0.003 3~0.04 Hz)功率
TP 全部频率范围内的总功率
非线
性域
SD1 庞加莱图椭圆长轴标准差
SD2 庞加莱图椭圆短轴标准差
SD1/SD2 SD1与SD2的比值
CVI 心脏迷走神经指数
CSI 心脏交感神经指数
mCSI 改良心脏交感神经指数
), ArticleFig(id=1200009545461363400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, articleId=1197492488324821570, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

HRV特征

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分析域 名称 描述
时域 MeanNN 平均搏动间期
RangeNN 搏动间期极差
MedianNN 搏动间期连续差值绝对值中位数
MeanHR 平均心率
MinHR 最小心率
MaxHR 最大心率
StdHR 心率标准差
RMSSD 相邻搏动间期差值的均方根
SDNN 搏动间期标准差
CVNN SDNN与MeanNN的比值
CVSD RMSSD与MeanNN的比值
SDSD 相邻搏动间期之间差值的标准差
pNN20 大于20 ms的搏动间期占比
pNN50 大于50 ms的搏动间期占比
Sampen 搏动间期的时域样本熵
频域 LF 低频范围(0.04~0.15 Hz)功率
HF 高频范围(0.15~0.4 Hz)功率
LF/HF LF与HF的比值
VLF 极低频范围(0.003 3~0.04 Hz)功率
TP 全部频率范围内的总功率
非线
性域
SD1 庞加莱图椭圆长轴标准差
SD2 庞加莱图椭圆短轴标准差
SD1/SD2 SD1与SD2的比值
CVI 心脏迷走神经指数
CSI 心脏交感神经指数
mCSI 改良心脏交感神经指数
), ArticleFig(id=1200009545582998217, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, articleId=1197492488324821570, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
特征变量 符号 计算公式 特征描述
搏动指数 P i P i = 2 × ( P s - P d ) P s + P d 衡量脉搏波形在心脏收缩和舒张间变化
搏动间期脉搏压均值 P m P m = 1 T 0 T P ( t ) d t 脉搏压在一个心动周期的积分,即曲线下面积。其中,一个心动周期为T=Tn+Td
射血上升期比率 C T R C T R = T p T n + T d 射血上升期与整个心动周期的比值
心内膜下活性比 S E V R S E V R = D a S a × 100 % 舒张压面域与收缩压面域的比值
收缩压面域比 S A R S A R = S a S a + D a × 100 % 收缩压面域面积占整个心动周期脉搏压面积的百分比
收缩末期平均舒张压 P m d P m d = S a T n 收缩末期整个脉搏波平均压力增量
脉搏波波形指数 W i W i = P m - P d P s - P d 表征脉搏波的形状特性
直流分量比率 r D C r D C = P d P m × 100 % 血容量脉冲包含直流分量和脉动分量,直流分量比率为直流分量在血容量脉冲中的占比
每搏输出量 S V S V = P m d ( 1 + S a D a ) α 射血期流过动脉的血液流量,本文使用经验常数 α=0.66,即射血期时间与心动周期的比例
心输出量 C O C O = S V × 60 T p   i + 1 + T d   i + T f   i 每搏输出量与心率的乘积,即射血期脉搏波下的面积,心率使用心跳间隔计算:60/ ( T p   i + 1 + T d   i + T f   i )
脉搏压变异率 P P V P P V = P m a x - P m i n ( P m a x + P m i n ) / 2 脉搏压的变化率,本文使用5个心动周期(3~5 s),PmaxPmin分别为脉搏压最大值和最小值
每搏输出量变异率 S V V S V V = S V   m a x - S V   m i n S V   m e a n 单位时间内最大每搏量与最小每搏量的差值通每搏量平均值的比值,其中,SVmeanSVmaxSVmin分别为近期20 s内每搏输出量的均值、最大值和最小值
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一个心动周期中BPW特征指标参数

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特征变量 符号 计算公式 特征描述
搏动指数 P i P i = 2 × ( P s - P d ) P s + P d 衡量脉搏波形在心脏收缩和舒张间变化
搏动间期脉搏压均值 P m P m = 1 T 0 T P ( t ) d t 脉搏压在一个心动周期的积分,即曲线下面积。其中,一个心动周期为T=Tn+Td
射血上升期比率 C T R C T R = T p T n + T d 射血上升期与整个心动周期的比值
心内膜下活性比 S E V R S E V R = D a S a × 100 % 舒张压面域与收缩压面域的比值
收缩压面域比 S A R S A R = S a S a + D a × 100 % 收缩压面域面积占整个心动周期脉搏压面积的百分比
收缩末期平均舒张压 P m d P m d = S a T n 收缩末期整个脉搏波平均压力增量
脉搏波波形指数 W i W i = P m - P d P s - P d 表征脉搏波的形状特性
直流分量比率 r D C r D C = P d P m × 100 % 血容量脉冲包含直流分量和脉动分量,直流分量比率为直流分量在血容量脉冲中的占比
每搏输出量 S V S V = P m d ( 1 + S a D a ) α 射血期流过动脉的血液流量,本文使用经验常数 α=0.66,即射血期时间与心动周期的比例
心输出量 C O C O = S V × 60 T p   i + 1 + T d   i + T f   i 每搏输出量与心率的乘积,即射血期脉搏波下的面积,心率使用心跳间隔计算:60/ ( T p   i + 1 + T d   i + T f   i )
脉搏压变异率 P P V P P V = P m a x - P m i n ( P m a x + P m i n ) / 2 脉搏压的变化率,本文使用5个心动周期(3~5 s),PmaxPmin分别为脉搏压最大值和最小值
每搏输出量变异率 S V V S V V = S V   m a x - S V   m i n S V   m e a n 单位时间内最大每搏量与最小每搏量的差值通每搏量平均值的比值,其中,SVmeanSVmaxSVmin分别为近期20 s内每搏输出量的均值、最大值和最小值
), ArticleFig(id=1200009545838850766, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, articleId=1197492488324821570, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型 超参数 名称 取值
Random Forest n_estimators 基学习器数量 350
max_depth 最大深度 None
min_samples_split 节点分裂所需的最小样本数 2
min_samples_leaf 叶节点所需的最小样本数 1
bootstrap 自助采样 False
AdaBoost n_estimators 基学习器数量 400
learning_rate 学习率 1.5
Gradient Boosting n_estimators 基学习器数量 250
learning_rate 学习率 0.5
max_depth 最大深度 5
Bagging n_estimators 基学习器数量 50
max_samples 采样的最大样本数 1.0
max_features 采样的最大特征数 0.1
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模型相关超参数

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模型 超参数 名称 取值
Random Forest n_estimators 基学习器数量 350
max_depth 最大深度 None
min_samples_split 节点分裂所需的最小样本数 2
min_samples_leaf 叶节点所需的最小样本数 1
bootstrap 自助采样 False
AdaBoost n_estimators 基学习器数量 400
learning_rate 学习率 1.5
Gradient Boosting n_estimators 基学习器数量 250
learning_rate 学习率 0.5
max_depth 最大深度 5
Bagging n_estimators 基学习器数量 50
max_samples 采样的最大样本数 1.0
max_features 采样的最大特征数 0.1
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方案 特征 算法 类别 F1/%
文献[4] HRV RF 2 91.00
文献[6] HRV RF 2 86.36
文献[7] HRV SVM、KNN 2 96.00
文献[16] HRV RF 2 85.00
文献[9] BPW D-S 2 91.80
文献[24] BPW BA-RF 3 96.70
本文 HRV RF 3 88.63
BPW RF 3 97.64
HRV、BPW RF 3 98.77
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疲劳检测模型性能对比

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方案 特征 算法 类别 F1/%
文献[4] HRV RF 2 91.00
文献[6] HRV RF 2 86.36
文献[7] HRV SVM、KNN 2 96.00
文献[16] HRV RF 2 85.00
文献[9] BPW D-S 2 91.80
文献[24] BPW BA-RF 3 96.70
本文 HRV RF 3 88.63
BPW RF 3 97.64
HRV、BPW RF 3 98.77
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基于集成学习和脉搏多维特征融合的驾驶疲劳检测方法*
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赵国亮 1 , 辛聪 2 , 刘强 1, 3 , 陈泽平 1 , 叶青 4
汽车技术 | 智能驾驶中人因状态多模态信息监测与识别技术专题 2025,(3): 22-29
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汽车技术 | 智能驾驶中人因状态多模态信息监测与识别技术专题 2025, (3): 22-29
基于集成学习和脉搏多维特征融合的驾驶疲劳检测方法*
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赵国亮1, 辛聪2, 刘强1, 3 , 陈泽平1, 叶青4
作者信息
  • 1 中山大学智能工程学院,深圳 518107
  • 2 广州汽车集团股份有限公司汽车工程研究院,广州 511434
  • 3 广东玛西尔电动科技有限公司,肇庆 523268
  • 4 招商局重庆交通科研设计院有限公司,重庆 400067

通讯作者:

刘强(1981—),教授,研究方向为交通安全与轻量化电动汽车,
A Driving Fatigue Detection Method Based on Ensemble Learning and Multidimensional Pulse Feature Fusion
Guoliang Zhao1, Cong Xin2, Qiang Liu1, 3 , Zeping Chen1, Qing Ye4
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Shenzhen 518107
  • 2 Guangzhou Automobile Group Co., Ltd., Automotive Research & Development Center, Guangzhou 511434
  • 3 Guangdong Marshell Electric VEHICLE Co., Ltd, Zhaoqing 523268
  • 4 China Merchants Chongqing Communications technology Research & Design Institute Co., Ltd, Chongqing 400067
出版时间: 2025-03-24 doi: 10.19620/j.cnki.1000-3703.20240216
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为了提升驾驶疲劳检测准确性,以驾驶员的生理信号脉搏波为数据源,在提取心率变异性特征的基础上,引入基于血液动力学的脉搏波波形特征进行多维特征融合,构建可以有效表征驾驶疲劳的特征数据集,并基于集成学习构建驾驶员疲劳状态三分类模型,在数据预处理阶段引入重采样方法,并对比不同采样方式对模型检测性能的影响。试验结果表明:脉搏信号多维特征融合可以显著提高对驾驶疲劳的检测精度,相对于仅采用心率变异性特征的方法,在各场景下检测精度能够平均提高24.68百分点;重采样可进一步提高集成学习模型的检测性能,在采样窗口宽度为2 min、采样窗口重叠为80%、心率变异性特征与脉搏波波形特征融合的场景下,模型的检测性能达到最佳。

公路运输  /  疲劳驾驶检测  /  集成学习  /  脉搏波  /  心率变异性

In order to enhance accuracy of driving fatigue detection, this paper takes drivers’ physiological signal pulse wave as the data source, introduces hemodynamic-based blood pressure waveform features based on the extraction of Heart Rate Variability (HRV) features. Moreover, a feature indicator set that can effectively characterize driving fatigue is constructed, and a three-classification model of driver fatigue is constructed based on ensemble learning. Then, a resampling method is introduced in the data preprocessing stage, and the effects of different sampling methods on the detection performance of the model are contrasted. Test results show that multidimensional feature fusion of pulse signals can significantly improve the detection accuracy of driver fatigue by 24.68 percentage points on average in all scenarios compared with the method of using only HRV features; resampling can further enhance the detection performance of the ensemble learning model, and the model achieves the best detection performance in a scenario with a sampling window width of 2 min, a sampling window overlap of 80%, and a fusion of HRV features with pulse waveform features.

Highway transportation  /  Fatigue driving detection  /  Ensemble learning  /  Pulse wave  /  Heart rate variability
赵国亮, 辛聪, 刘强, 陈泽平, 叶青. 基于集成学习和脉搏多维特征融合的驾驶疲劳检测方法*. 汽车技术, 2025 , (3) : 22 -29 . DOI: 10.19620/j.cnki.1000-3703.20240216
Guoliang Zhao, Cong Xin, Qiang Liu, Zeping Chen, Qing Ye. A Driving Fatigue Detection Method Based on Ensemble Learning and Multidimensional Pulse Feature Fusion[J]. Automobile Technology, 2025 , (3) : 22 -29 . DOI: 10.19620/j.cnki.1000-3703.20240216
疲劳驾驶是导致交通事故的主要原因之一,对于行车安全及公共安全具有较大威胁[1]。基于驾驶员脑电、心电、脉搏等生理信号开展疲劳检测成为常见的研究方法[2-3]。光电容积脉搏波描记法(PhotoPlethysmoGraphy,PPG)传感器通过光束照射皮肤表面,接收透射/反射后的光束,记录皮下血液的脉动性变化,具有便捷、非入侵等优势,广泛应用于采集耳垂、手腕等部位的脉搏信号,对驾驶员的干扰较小。因此,基于脉搏信号监测驾驶员的疲劳状态,对保障行车安全具有重要意义。
传统脉搏信号检测驾驶状态常通过提取相关心率变异性(Heart Rate Variability,HRV)特征,经统计分析或采用机器学习方法获得特征与疲劳状态间的关系。Lee等[4]将搏动间期生成的3种递归图特征作为卷积神经网络的输入,提高了二分类任务(清醒/疲劳状态)的准确性;Halomoan等[5]提取HRV特征并使用集成学习模型对疲劳状态进行分类,准确率达81.82%;Murugan等[6]提取了13个HRV指标,使用支持向量机(Support Vector Machine, SVM)和K近邻算法,虽然二分类任务的准确性略有提高,但多分类任务的准确性较低。传统的HRV分析方法仅提取搏动间期时间间隔的整体变异性信息,忽略了脉搏波包含的其他数据信息,导致模型对驾驶疲劳的检测精度较低。
对于不同的特征提取方式,Wang等[7]通过利用脉搏波传输时间和低于20 Hz的脉搏波信号的小波熵,能够区分清醒和疲劳状态。Li等[8]使用波形分析方法提取表征驾驶疲劳的特征指标,基于D-S证据理论(Dempster-Shafer Evidence Theory)建立了驾驶疲劳检测模型,检测精度达91.8%。但基于脉搏信号中单一特征提取方法无法获得表征驾驶疲劳的足够信息,导致驾驶疲劳检测精度较低。且在预处理阶段缺乏对数据采样方式的探究[9]
因此,本文通过设计模拟驾驶试验,采集驾驶员脉搏信号,在提取HRV特征的基础上,引入基于血液动力学的脉搏波波形(Blood Pressure Waveform,BPW)特征进行多维特征融合,构建基于集成学习的驾驶疲劳三分类检测模型;同时,在数据预处理阶段引入重采样方法,寻找适用于驾驶疲劳检测模型的最优采样方式。
本文试验的被试者由16名男性和14名女性组成,年龄为23~48岁,身体健康、无严重神经系统及心脑血管疾病史,无3D眩晕症。所有被试者均拥有C1驾照,且熟悉试验流程与驾驶疲劳等级标准。被试者需填写包含年龄、性别、累计驾驶里程等基本信息调查问卷,使用模拟驾驶器完成测试,并由主试者记录特定阶段的疲劳状态。
试验前,由主试者向被试者介绍仪器的操作方法及试验流程,并在其耳垂正中部佩戴ErgoLAB耳夹式智能穿戴PPG传感器,用于采集脉搏波信号,将血容量脉搏作为原始数据;然后,允许被试者进行3~5 min预驾驶,使其适应操作流程的同时,缓解兴奋或紧张情绪;最后,被试者将在隔声良好的驾驶舱内操作驾驶模拟器,通过传感器采集脉搏波信号,由配套的人因生理记录软件以64 Hz的采样频率存储至计算机。
当被试者进入轻度疲劳/重度疲劳状态时,可点击驾驶座椅旁按钮,将信息反馈至主试者,降低主试者干预;当被试者无法承担驾驶任务时,点击特定按钮,即可结束数据传输,此时试验结束。
为了降低路况变化对试验的干扰,加快被试者进入疲劳驾驶状态,将道路平直、环境单调的高速公路作为驾驶场景。主试者在驾驶舱外,通过摄像头及记录仪采集信号,确保试验正常进行,试验环境如图1所示。
通过卡罗林斯卡嗜睡量表[10](Karolinska Sleepiness Scale,KSS)量化驾驶疲劳程度,如表1所示。根据各阶段划分,KSS取值1~5为清醒阶段,6~7为轻度疲劳阶段,8~9为重度疲劳阶段。试验结束后,主试者与被试者共同查看视频回放,确认被试者的实际驾驶疲劳表现与主观自评一致。
自主神经系统活动可有效表征生理、心理状态在清醒和疲劳间的交替变化[11]。心率变异性生理特征可以量化自主神经系统对交感神经与副交感神经的平衡调节[12],进而表征驾驶员的疲劳状态。但心率变异性仅提供搏动间期的整体变异性信息,忽略了单个搏动间期内波形包含的信息。
脉搏波是血压脉冲变化的生物信号,血压在交感神经和副交感神经系统的协同调节下会产生相应的动态变化[13]。所以,脉搏波也可作为交感神经和副交感神经平衡调节的量化指标,反映驾驶员的疲劳状态。脉搏波形特征关注单个搏动间期内的细节变化,更直接地反映心脏的动力学特性,包含了更多动力学信息。
因此,本文引入血液动力学方法,通过对脉搏波波形的血液动力学参数进行计算,提取血压波形的特征指标。将HRV与BPW的信息融合,充分提取生理信号整体和局部特征,如图2所示。
本文基于最大重叠离散小波变换和上包络方法[14]提取搏动间期,即窦性心搏RR间期(简称NN间期)。HRV特征与驾驶疲劳状态的相关性较高,能够反映连续NN间期的微小变化[15-17],因此,可从时域、频域和非线性域中提取HRV特征,如表2所示。
时域HRV特征通过计算NN间期的数理统计指标评估心率变异性,揭示信号随时间变化规律,主要反映交感神经与副交感神经张力大小,进而评价自主神经系统总体程度[18];频域HRV特征通过提取功率谱密度(Power Spectral Density,PSD)特征估计功率分布,量化NN间期序列中的周期性波动。
由于HRV特征具有非平稳、非线性的特性,本文采用Welch Periodogram方法计算PSD,提取不同频率范围内的频域HRV特征,使用庞德加来散点图对NN间期进行分析,提取非线性特征。
通过血液动力学参数计算方法,分析驾驶疲劳特征指标,如图3所示。一个心动周期脉搏波为从心脏收缩开始,到下一次心脏收缩,外周动脉血管血压的时变过程[9]。其中,BPW形状参数包括4个脉搏压特征点,分别为射血期开始点Pd、脉搏压最高点PS、重搏拐点PDN、舒张期结束点 P d '。重搏拐点将整个心动周期分为射血期Tn和舒张期Td;脉搏压最高点PS将射血期Tn分为射血上升期Tp和射血下降期Tf;收缩压面域为Sa,舒张压面域为Da[19]
基于振幅、斜率、曲线下面积等形状特征参数,提取连续脉搏波信号部分血液动力学特征指标及参数,如表3所示。其中,PPVSVV分别为心动周期内脉搏压和每搏输出量的波动幅度,其变化能够反映心理和生理状态的波动[20]
大脑皮层对外界变化的响应以及神经系统的调节需要92 s,单个心动周期脉搏压的特征参数无法表征生理心理状态随驾驶任务的累积变化过程[21]。因此,引入时间序列动态统计指标,计算一定时间尺度内的BPW特征参数,可以更好地表征驾驶疲劳累积和变化过程。
在检测周期中,动态统计特征指标选取脉搏信号时间序列的均值、方差、自相关系数均值、自相关系数方差和相对幅值。在连续的脉搏波信号中,单个心动周期内,每个波形特征指标参数(见表3)均会在检测周期内派生出上述5个动态统计特征,由此产生60个脉搏波波形动态统计特征指标。
集成学习模型的性能依赖于数据信息的多样性[22],目前,多数研究使用无重叠采样,未考虑采样方式对模型性能的影响。因此,本文在训练集中使用重采样,设Tw为采样窗口宽度,To为相邻采样窗口间重叠长度,且ToTw。使用4种采样窗口宽度、5种采样窗口重叠度,共20种采样场景,流程如图4所示。鉴于驾驶疲劳动态检测的时效性为2~5 min[23],将Tw分别设置为2 min、3 min、4 min、5 min,采样窗口重叠度为 R o = T o T w,分别设置为0%、20%、40%、60%、80%。重采样方式如图5所示。
测试集与训练集使用相同的采样窗口宽度,并使用无重叠采样。通过不同重采样方案,对比评估集成学习模型的检测性能差异。
本文基于集成学习进行驾驶疲劳检测,通过混合多个模型,弥补单学习器泛化能力和鲁棒性差等缺陷,避免模型过拟合,同时降低计算成本。为了提升模型精度,使用4种集成学习分类器,分别为AdaBoost、自由聚合(Bagging)、梯度提升(Gradient Boosting)和随机森林(Random Forest,RF)。
采集30名被试者的脉搏信号数据,剔除异常样本后,剩余27名被试者的脉搏数据作为模型输入。将20种重采样场景的切分数据生成数据集,提取HRV特征和BPW特征,分别输入至4种集成学习模型中,进行对比分析。
通过随机抽样将数据集按照8∶2划分训练集与测试集。为了避免产生随机误差及训练过拟合,对所有集成学习方模型进行五折交叉验证(Fold Cross-Validation)。采用网格搜索策略进行超参数优化,得到最优超参数,如表4所示。
为了评估不同模型对驾驶疲劳的分类效果,将F1分数作为评价指标,即精确率(Precision)P和召回率(Recall)R的调和平均,相关公式为:
P = T P T P + F P R = T P T P + F N F 1 = 2 × P + R P × R
式中:TP为正确识别疲劳状态的样本数,FP为误识别疲劳状态的样本数,FN为未识别出疲劳状态的样本数。
不同采样场景下模型性能如图6所示。引入重采样方法后,模型检测性能显著提升。采样窗口宽度和重叠度对模型检测性能均有不同程度的影响。随着采样窗口重叠度Ro增加,集成学习模型的F1分数均会增加,当Ro=80%时,各模型检测性能达到最佳。
相较于无采样窗口重叠方法,重采样模型提取HRV特征、BPW特征和两种特征融合时,F1分数分别提升23.63百分点、16.33百分点和16.76百分点。随着采样窗口宽度Tw增加,仅提取HRV特征作为模型数据输入时集成学习模型的F1随之增大,而仅提取BPW特征和两种特征融合作为模型数据输入时集成学习模型的F1随之降低。主要原因在于BPW特征在短时间内即可获取,而HRV特征需要更长时间,同时,较小的采样窗口宽度能够有效提升模型检测的实时性。
在特征提取方面,采样窗口宽度Tw=2 min、采样窗口重叠度Ro=80%时,对比HRV特征、BPW特征及两者特征融合3种特征提取方案,结果如图7所示。
相对于采用单一特征提取方法,以多维特征融合作为模型输入,模型检测性能在各场景(20种采样场景和4种分类模型场景)下均有不同程度的提升。相较于仅HRV特征,本文模型F1分数平均提高24.68百分点。其中,随机森林模型取得了最佳检测性能,对驾驶疲劳状态进行三分类的F1值达到99.08%,比HRV特征作为模型输入的F1值提升20.47百分点。
为了进一步分析模型的分类性能,使用最佳采样方式和特征提取,即采样窗口宽度Tw=2 min、采样窗口重叠度Ro=80%、两种特征融合(HRV和BPW)时,在五折交叉验证下对3种驾驶疲劳状态类别进行预测,同时绘制受试者工作特征(Receiver Operating Characteristic,ROC)曲线和混淆矩阵,结果如图8所示。其中,标签0、1、2分别为清醒状态、疲劳状态及重度疲劳状态。
图8可知,相较于AdaBoost模型,Random Forest、Gradient Boosting和Bagging模型五折交叉验证的各类别曲线均接近(0,1),且各类别ROC曲线下面积相近,模型分类性能较均衡。AdaBoost模型ROC曲线面积从小到大依次为清醒状态、重度疲劳状态和轻度疲劳状态,表明该模型对清醒状态的检测性能最高,对轻度疲劳状态检测性能较差。从混淆矩阵中可知,Random Forest模型分类中错误最少,显著优于其他模型。
相较于二分类任务仅区分清醒阶段与疲劳阶段,本文基于集成学习和脉搏多维特征融合的驾驶疲劳检测方法在三分类任务(清醒阶段/轻度疲劳阶段/重度疲劳阶段)中检测精度更高,能够更好地适应辅助安全驾驶和驾驶疲劳预警场景,如表5所示。
本文通过提取心率变异性特征,结合血液动力学的脉搏波波形特征并进行多维融合,基于集成学习搭建了驾驶疲劳三分类检测模型,测精度最高可达98.77%。同时,在数据预处理阶段引入重采样方法,大幅提升了模型检测的准确率,能够更好地适应辅助安全驾驶和驾驶疲劳预警场景,为驾驶者提供更加坚实的安全保障。
  • *重庆市科技创新重大研发项目(CSTB2023TIADSTX0030)
  • 广东省重点领域研发计划项目(2022B0701180001)
  • 深圳市科技计划项目(KCXFZ20240903093911016)
  • 深圳市科技计划项目(KJZD20240903103806009)
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doi: 10.19620/j.cnki.1000-3703.20240216
  • 首发时间:2025-11-18
  • 出版时间:2025-03-24
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  • 修回日期:2024-05-14
基金
*重庆市科技创新重大研发项目(CSTB2023TIADSTX0030)
广东省重点领域研发计划项目(2022B0701180001)
深圳市科技计划项目(KCXFZ20240903093911016)
深圳市科技计划项目(KJZD20240903103806009)
作者信息
    1 中山大学智能工程学院,深圳 518107
    2 广州汽车集团股份有限公司汽车工程研究院,广州 511434
    3 广东玛西尔电动科技有限公司,肇庆 523268
    4 招商局重庆交通科研设计院有限公司,重庆 400067

通讯作者:

刘强(1981—),教授,研究方向为交通安全与轻量化电动汽车,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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