Article(id=1196563172334284820, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, issueId=1196563171864522772, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19620/j.cnki.1000-3703.20231128, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=1708358400000, revisedDateStr=2024-02-20, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763212491352, onlineDateStr=2025-11-15, pubDate=1745424000000, pubDateStr=2025-04-24, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763212491352, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-15, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763212491352, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763212491352, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1196563171864522772, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, year='2025', volume='', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='62', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763212491241, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763213003025, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1196565318517699116, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, issueId=1196563171864522772, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1196565318517699117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, issueId=1196563171864522772, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1, endPage=9, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1196563172544000022, articleId=1196563172334284820, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, language=EN, title=Lane Keeping Human-Machine Co-Driving Strategy Considering Drivers’ Lateral Driving Habits, columnId=null, journalTitle=Automobile Technology, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to address the issue of human-machine conflict caused by the neglect of human-machine interaction in traditional lane keeping assistance systems, this paper proposes a lane keeping human-machine co-driving strategy. A lane departure decision model considering the drivers’ lateral driving habits is designed by characterizing the drivers’ lateral driving habits based on their historical lateral positions and dynamically dividing the road boundary according to 3σ principles. At the same time, the control of the assisted driving system is allocated based on the risk assessment value and driver fatigue factor. The experimental results show that the proposed human-machine co-driving strategy can effectively avoid lane departure risks caused by fatigue driving and driving errors. The lane keeping assistance systems, which considers the lateral driving habits of drivers can provide drivers with sufficient freedom while applying appropriate constraints to suppress lane departure, effectively reducing human-machine conflicts and ensuring safety.

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为了解决因传统车道保持辅助系统忽略人机交互性所致的人机冲突问题,提出了一种车道保持人机共驾策略。以驾驶员历史横向位置表征驾驶员横向驾驶习惯,根据3σ原则动态划分道路边界,并设计了考虑驾驶员横向驾驶习惯的车道偏离决策模型。同时,根据风险评估值与驾驶员疲劳因子分配辅助驾驶系统的控制权。试验结果表明:所提出的人机共驾策略能够有效避免因疲劳驾驶和驾驶失误导致的车道偏离风险;考虑驾驶员横向驾驶习惯,车道保持辅助系统能够在赋予驾驶员足够自由度的同时,施加适当约束抑制车道偏离,从而有效减少人机冲突,并保证安全性。

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编号 l ˙ h o s t l h o s t 5%累计分布频数 95%累计分布频数
1 -0.043 0.164 -0.340 0.220
2 0.161 0.331 -0.391 0.710
3 -0.170 0.413 -0.861 0.502
4 0.060 0.430 -0.663 0.880
5 0.100 0.232 -0.228 0.485
6 -0.008 0.310 -0.519 0.506
7 0.101 0.409 -0.542 0.770
8 -0.032 0.233 -0.401 0.354
9 -0.260 0.396 -0.924 0.408
10 -0.005 0.262 -0.429 0.428
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驾驶员横向偏离值数据 m

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编号 l ˙ h o s t l h o s t 5%累计分布频数 95%累计分布频数
1 -0.043 0.164 -0.340 0.220
2 0.161 0.331 -0.391 0.710
3 -0.170 0.413 -0.861 0.502
4 0.060 0.430 -0.663 0.880
5 0.100 0.232 -0.228 0.485
6 -0.008 0.310 -0.519 0.506
7 0.101 0.409 -0.542 0.770
8 -0.032 0.233 -0.401 0.354
9 -0.260 0.396 -0.924 0.408
10 -0.005 0.262 -0.429 0.428
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驾驶员状态 安全区左边界 安全区右边界
清醒, μ 0 μ + 2 σ + w 2 - μ + 2 σ + w 2
较清醒, μ 0 μ + σ + w 2 - μ + σ + w 2
清醒, μ 0 - μ + 2 σ + w 2 μ - 2 σ - w 2
较清醒, μ 0 - μ + σ + w 2 μ - σ - w 2
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安全行驶区域边界更新规则

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驾驶员状态 安全区左边界 安全区右边界
清醒, μ 0 μ + 2 σ + w 2 - μ + 2 σ + w 2
较清醒, μ 0 μ + σ + w 2 - μ + σ + w 2
清醒, μ 0 - μ + 2 σ + w 2 μ - 2 σ - w 2
较清醒, μ 0 - μ + σ + w 2 μ - σ - w 2
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疲劳
因子
风险评估值E
NB NM NS ZO PS PM PB
HF VL VL L M L VL VL
MF VL L M S M L VL
LF L M S ZO S M L
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模糊逻辑规则

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疲劳
因子
风险评估值E
NB NM NS ZO PS PM PB
HF VL VL L M L VL VL
MF VL L M S M L VL
LF L M S ZO S M L
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参数 取值 参数 取值
整车质量/kg 1 725 绕轴转动惯量/kg∙m2 4 175
车辆质心至前轴距离/m 1.23 转向盘转动单圈的齿条
位移/mm∙rad-1
43.7
车辆质心至后轴距离/m 1.47 驾驶员模型预瞄时间/s 1
车辆轮距/m 1.6 神经延迟时间/s 0.2
前轮侧偏刚度/kN∙rad-1 67 动作延迟时间/s 0.1
后轮侧偏刚度/kN∙rad-1 67
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车辆与驾驶员模型相关参数

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参数 取值 参数 取值
整车质量/kg 1 725 绕轴转动惯量/kg∙m2 4 175
车辆质心至前轴距离/m 1.23 转向盘转动单圈的齿条
位移/mm∙rad-1
43.7
车辆质心至后轴距离/m 1.47 驾驶员模型预瞄时间/s 1
车辆轮距/m 1.6 神经延迟时间/s 0.2
前轮侧偏刚度/kN∙rad-1 67 动作延迟时间/s 0.1
后轮侧偏刚度/kN∙rad-1 67
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参数 驾驶员单独
驾驶
固定安全
边界
动态安全
边界
均值/m 0.71 0.03 0.51
标准差/m 0.325 0.207 0.254
5%累计分布频数/m 0.25 0.31 0.12
95%累计分布频数/m 1.3 0.38 0.98
车道保持介入次数/次 0 19 6
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车辆横向偏离值分布对比

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参数 驾驶员单独
驾驶
固定安全
边界
动态安全
边界
均值/m 0.71 0.03 0.51
标准差/m 0.325 0.207 0.254
5%累计分布频数/m 0.25 0.31 0.12
95%累计分布频数/m 1.3 0.38 0.98
车道保持介入次数/次 0 19 6
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考虑驾驶员横向驾驶习惯的车道保持人机共驾策略*
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刘平 1, 2 , 田云鹏 1, 2 , 段灏天 1, 2 , 姚佳玉 1, 2
汽车技术 | 2025,(4): 1-9
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汽车技术 | 2025, (4): 1-9
考虑驾驶员横向驾驶习惯的车道保持人机共驾策略*
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刘平1, 2, 田云鹏1, 2, 段灏天1, 2, 姚佳玉1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 西南交通大学机械工程学院,成都 610031
  • 2 西南交通大学先进驱动节能技术教育部工程研究中心,成都 610031
Lane Keeping Human-Machine Co-Driving Strategy Considering Drivers’ Lateral Driving Habits
Ping Liu1, 2, Yunpeng Tian1, 2, Haotian Duan1, 2, Jiayu Yao1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Mechanical Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031
  • 2 Engineering Research Center of Advanced Drive Energy Saving Technology, Ministry of Education, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031
出版时间: 2025-04-24 doi: 10.19620/j.cnki.1000-3703.20231128
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为了解决因传统车道保持辅助系统忽略人机交互性所致的人机冲突问题,提出了一种车道保持人机共驾策略。以驾驶员历史横向位置表征驾驶员横向驾驶习惯,根据3σ原则动态划分道路边界,并设计了考虑驾驶员横向驾驶习惯的车道偏离决策模型。同时,根据风险评估值与驾驶员疲劳因子分配辅助驾驶系统的控制权。试验结果表明:所提出的人机共驾策略能够有效避免因疲劳驾驶和驾驶失误导致的车道偏离风险;考虑驾驶员横向驾驶习惯,车道保持辅助系统能够在赋予驾驶员足够自由度的同时,施加适当约束抑制车道偏离,从而有效减少人机冲突,并保证安全性。

人机共驾  /  车道偏离决策模型  /  车道保持辅助系统  /  横向驾驶  /  人机冲突

In order to address the issue of human-machine conflict caused by the neglect of human-machine interaction in traditional lane keeping assistance systems, this paper proposes a lane keeping human-machine co-driving strategy. A lane departure decision model considering the drivers’ lateral driving habits is designed by characterizing the drivers’ lateral driving habits based on their historical lateral positions and dynamically dividing the road boundary according to 3σ principles. At the same time, the control of the assisted driving system is allocated based on the risk assessment value and driver fatigue factor. The experimental results show that the proposed human-machine co-driving strategy can effectively avoid lane departure risks caused by fatigue driving and driving errors. The lane keeping assistance systems, which considers the lateral driving habits of drivers can provide drivers with sufficient freedom while applying appropriate constraints to suppress lane departure, effectively reducing human-machine conflicts and ensuring safety.

Human machine shared driving  /  Lane departure decision model  /  Lane keep assist system  /  Lateral driving  /  Human-machine conflict
刘平, 田云鹏, 段灏天, 姚佳玉. 考虑驾驶员横向驾驶习惯的车道保持人机共驾策略*. 汽车技术, 2025 , (4) : 1 -9 . DOI: 10.19620/j.cnki.1000-3703.20231128
Ping Liu, Yunpeng Tian, Haotian Duan, Jiayu Yao. Lane Keeping Human-Machine Co-Driving Strategy Considering Drivers’ Lateral Driving Habits[J]. Automobile Technology, 2025 , (4) : 1 -9 . DOI: 10.19620/j.cnki.1000-3703.20231128
车道保持辅助系统(Lane Keeping Assist System,LKAS)作为高级辅助驾驶系统的重要组成部分,通过向驾驶员发出警告(如声音报警、LED显示、转向盘振动等)或直接介入整车控制,避免因车道偏离造成安全事故[1]。车道保持辅助系统准确、及时判定车辆是否存在偏离道路风险,对于完成人机共驾任务[2]、减少人机冲突、提高驾驶员舒适感与行车安全性至关重要。
对于经典的车道偏离时间(Time to Lane Crossing,TLC)决策模型[3],其优势在于车辆偏离车道前警告驾驶员,给予驾驶员足够的反应时间,但该模型的核心假设(如侧向速度恒定、航向角不变)在真实场景中可能失效,如大曲率弯道场景。吴乙万[4]基于动态TLC阈值的车道偏离决策模型,根据车辆状态调节时间阈值,提高了驾驶员对车道偏离辅助系统的信任度,但模型仍难以适应弯道场景。郭烈等[5]基于TLC决策模型,在车道线外侧增加最晚预警边界,当车辆的左/右前轮到达最晚预警边界时,系统将启动警告以降低漏警率,解决了TLC模型在弯道易失效问题,但该警告阈值固定,无法适应所有驾驶员的行驶习惯。
对于易实现的车道中当前车位置(Current Car Position,CCP)偏离决策模型[6-7],通过计算车辆与车道边界间的相对距离,若该距离超出阈值,车辆将发出车道偏离信号。该模型优势在于以车辆当前位置作为车道偏离的先决条件,误报率很低,但车道偏离结果在一定程度上依赖于距离阈值的选择。Sentouh等[8]利用高斯函数表征人类驾驶员与车道保持辅助系统间的驾驶权重,并将车辆实时质心位置作为输入,但该策略导致辅助系统实时介入,人机冲突较严重。Nguyen等[9]根据驾驶员的驾驶辅助需求,设计了类U型控制权重函数,同时指出辅助系统应在过载或欠载条件下介入,从而减轻驾驶负担。孙浩等[10]通过驾驶员面部特征识别驾驶员疲劳状态,并根据行车风险与驾驶员疲劳状态动态分配车辆驾驶权。Benloucif等[11]在轨迹规划层利用驾驶员期望轨迹,指导自动驾驶系统规划轨迹,减缓人机冲突现象。
目前,虽然车道偏离模型已有较多的研究与进展,但在车道偏离判定方面,仍以各类经验阈值、交通环境车辆状态作为依据,未考虑驾驶员操作习惯。因此,本文提出一种考虑驾驶员横向驾驶习惯的车道保持人机共驾策略,从而降低人机冲突风险,提升驾驶舒适感与安全性。
在车道保持场景中,驾驶员对车道中心线的偏离方向(偏左/偏右)和距离均保持一定驾驶习惯。若忽略该类习惯,极可能被辅助系统误判,造成系统误介入的同时,增加人机冲突风险。因此,本文构建了一种考虑驾驶员横向驾驶习惯的车道偏离决策模型,结构如图1所示。
模型将车辆历史横向位置作为输入,实时检测驾驶员驾驶状态,根据驾驶员的横向驾驶习惯和驾驶状态,设置动态安全行驶区和风险评估区,最终输出车辆发生车道偏离的情况。
行车时,相对于车道中心线,驾驶习惯主要可分3种类型,分别为偏左、偏右和正中。不同的偏向与偏离值反映出驾驶员横向驾驶习惯以及对偏离风险的容忍程度,其中,横向偏离值为车辆质心到车道中心线的距离。
为了描述驾驶员的横向驾驶习惯,利用Prescan、Matlab/Simulink、CarSim和罗技G29驾驶模拟器搭建驾驶员在环平台,并根据JTG B01—2014 《公路工程技术标准》[12]搭建3.75 m标准高速车道场景。驾驶模拟试验共征集10名志愿者(男性7名和女性3名),年龄为21~55岁,驾龄为2~25年,驾驶员均在清醒状态下完成车道保持驾驶任务。试验中,如果车辆的左/右前轮越过车道线,此时判定驾驶员未能完成车道保持任务,样本数据无法表征驾驶员的横向驾驶习惯,则需重新采集数据。
模拟车道保持行驶中,1号驾驶员的车辆质心横向偏离值分布如图2所示。经过数据分析,试验中所有驾驶员的数据样本均近似正态分布,车辆横向偏离值统计如表1所示。
根据表1统计情况,本文将以下参数作为横向驾驶习惯的表征参数,在车道保持辅助系统设计中考虑这些因素,从而提高驾驶员对辅助系统的接受度,减少人机冲突风险:
a. l ˙ h o s t为车辆横向偏离均值。 l ˙ h o s t为正数时,表示整体分布偏向于车道中心线左侧区域行驶; l ˙ h o s t为负数时,表示整体分布偏向于车道中心线右侧区域行驶。
b. l h o s t为横向偏离方差。方差越大,表示驾驶员对车道偏离风险的敏感度越低,即驾驶较为随意。
c. 引入横向驾驶习惯偏好区间,反映驾驶员的横向习惯驾驶范围,由一段时间内每位驾驶员横向偏离值的5%与95%累计分布频数获得。若实际横向驾驶区间与该区间重合度较高,表明符合驾驶员的横向驾驶习惯;反之,则表明与驾驶员意愿差异较大。例如,1号驾驶员的横向驾驶习惯偏好区间为[-0.340 m,0.220 m],4号驾驶员的横向驾驶习惯偏好区间为[-0.663 m,0.880 m]。相较于前者,后者的驾驶习惯更加随意,所以4号驾驶员的横向位置区域更大。
车道横向区域可划分为安全行驶区和风险评估区。在安全行驶区内,完全由驾驶员控制车辆,辅助系统不介入,而在风险评估区由辅助系统和驾驶员按照共驾策略控制车辆。
本文设计了一种考虑驾驶员横向驾驶习惯与驾驶员状态的车道横向区域动态划分方法。由于驾驶员在清醒状态中的横向驾驶习惯近似正态分布特性,可采用拉依达准则[13](3σ原则)设定安全行驶区域左、右边界。根据3σ原则,2倍标准差内的数据量应占据总样本量的95.4%,超过2倍标准差的数据为异常值,本文将2倍标准差以内的范围设置为驾驶员习惯横向位置区间,超出此范围则划分为较危险的横向位置区间。因此,在数据处理中,将2倍标准差作为风险评估区与安全行驶区的分界线。
计算车辆横向偏离值的均值和标准差分别为:
μ = 1 N i = 1 N x i σ = 1 N - 1 i - 1 N ( x i - μ ) 2
式中:N为样本容量,xi为横向偏离值。
安全行驶区域的左、右边界根据历史车辆横向偏离数据确定,安全行驶区域的左边界设置为 μ + 2 σ + w 2,右边界为 - μ + 2 σ + w 2,其中,w为车宽。为了实时更新安全行驶区域的左、右边界,设定一个60 s的动态时间窗口,使横向偏离值方差与均值以当前采样时间t实时更新。为了提高运算效率、缓解存储压力,当前采样时刻数据与历史时间内的均值和方差数据设计边界更新为:
μ t = l t + N t - 1 μ t - 1 1 + N t - 1 σ t 2 = σ t - 1 2 + N t - 1 1 + N t - 1 ( l t - μ t - 1 ) 2
式中:lt为车辆当前横向偏离值,Nt-1为前一时刻的样本容量。
若驾驶员处于未清醒状态,则忽略当前采样时刻数据,边界将停止更新,直到驾驶员处于清醒状态,边界继续更新。
安全行驶区域的左、右边界可根据驾驶员的状态动态调整,如图3所示。清醒状态下,较大的安全区域范围能够降低人机冲突。驾驶员在轻度疲劳状态下,能够适当缩小安全区域范围,保证乘员安全的同时具有一定的人机共享性;驾驶员在重度疲劳状态下,驾驶操作能力急剧下降,将不再分配安全区。
动态安全行驶区边界根据表2进行更新,其中,若驾驶员处于疲劳状态,则无安全行驶区。
本文基于驾驶员面部特征的疲劳识别方法确定驾驶员驾驶状态,为了便于描述,使用归一化后的驾驶员疲劳因子表征驾驶员驾驶状态。其中,驾驶员疲劳因子为 0   1 / 3 ),表示驾驶员处于清醒状态;疲劳因子为 [ 1 / 3 ,   2 / 3 ),表示驾驶员处于较清醒状态;疲劳因子为 [ 2 / 3 ,   1,表示驾驶员处于疲劳状态。
经典车道偏离决策模型以车辆前轮位置为判定依据,模型简单且误报率低。但在实际车道保持任务中,安全行驶区域边界实时更新,区域最大边界为车道边界,若安全行驶边界接近车道边界,使用前轮位置作为模型判定依据,容易导致车道保持系统介入过晚,存在车辆冲出车道的风险,如图4所示。
车辆相对车道的航向角以及车辆的行驶速度可以体现车辆偏离车道的横向速率。为了提升车道保持辅助系统的安全性,当安全区域边界与车道中心线距离超过一定阈值时,将不再使用当前时刻车辆的横向位置作为判断车辆偏离的条件,此时需根据车辆航向角、车辆当前位置以及车辆行驶速度,预测未来时刻车辆位置,进一步计算未来时刻左/右前轮位置,对其是否越过安全区域边界进行判定,判定流程如图5所示。
恒定转弯率和速度(Constant Turn Rate and Velocity,CTRV)模型广泛用于预测和跟踪[14],可预测未来时刻车辆质心的位置,如图6所示。其中,( x g , y g)为车辆当前位置, ( x p ( τ p ) , y p ( τ p ) ) τ p时间后车辆的预测位置, r d为航向角速率, φ v是车辆相对道路的航向角。
CTRV模型的表达式为:
ξ ( t + τ p ) =           x g ( t ) + μ ( t ) { s i n [ φ v ( t ) + τ p r d ( t ) ] - s i n [ φ v ( t ) ] } y g ( t ) + μ ( t ) { s i n [ φ v ( t ) ] - c o s [ φ v ( t ) + τ p r d ( t ) ] } φ v ( t ) + τ p r d ( t ) v x ( t ) r d ( t )
其中,

ξ = x g y g φ g v x r d φ v = φ d - φ r o a d μ = v x / r d

式中: ξ为车辆当前状态量, φ v为车辆相对道路航向角, v x为自车车速,τp为预测时间。
τ p的取值对车道偏离决策模型至关重要,若 τ p取值过小,预测轨迹与当前轨迹过近,无法起到预警作用,车道保持系统控制介入不及时;若 τ p取值过大,预测轨迹与真实轨迹偏差过大,导致车道保持系统误介入,同样会产生人机冲突问题。为了选取合适的 τ p取值,利用Prescan设计一段弯曲道路进行模拟试验,驾驶员使用罗技G29驾驶模拟器执行车道保持任务,仿真试验结果如图7所示。
图7可知:当 τ p = 1   s时,能够预测自车的未来轨迹,最大横向预测误差仅为0.14 m; τ p = 2   s时,最大横向预测误差为0.21 m,预测精度下降; τ p = 3   s时,出现较大预测误差。因此,本文采用 τ p = 1   s可以满足预测精度,同时满足提前预警的需求。
根据多次试验,当安全区域边界与车道中心线的距离超过1.6 m时,可能会因车道保持辅助系统介入过晚导致偏离车道风险,此时以车辆预测前轮位置作为车道偏离决策模型判定依据;当距离低于1.6 m时,则以车辆实时前轮位置作为判定依据。
为了进一步减少人机冲突,本文在风险评估区域中,采用基于模糊规则的人机共驾策略,其框架如图8所示。通过使用人机驾驶权重λ分配车道保持系统与驾驶员的控制量,λ的取值范围为 0 ~ 1,当λ=0时,车辆完全由人类驾驶员控制;当λ=1时,车辆完全由车道保持辅助系统控制。
在车道保持任务中,车辆驾驶权随着驾驶员状态和驾驶环境动态变化,为了实时合理地分配驾驶权,本文提出一种考虑风险评估和驾驶员疲劳状态的驾驶权动态分配策略。将车辆前轮的横向偏离值作为风险评估标准,偏离绝对值越大,风险评估越高。
由于风险评估值与驾驶员疲劳因子F、驾驶权重 λ无法直接使用函数准确表达,故通过模糊逻辑规则确定驾驶权重,其输入为风险评估值与驾驶员疲劳因子,输出为车道辅助系统驾驶权重。
定义风险评估值的论域为[-1.875,1.875],其模糊子集为{负大(Negative Big,NB)、负中(Negative Medium,NM)、负小(Negative Small,NS)、ZO、正小(Positive Small,PS)、正中(Positive Medium,PM)、正大(Positive Big,PB)},各元素采用三角隶属度函数描述。定义疲劳因子论域为[0,1],其模糊子集为{LF(Low Fatigue)、MF(Medium Fatigue)、HF(High Fatigue)},分别代表清醒、较疲劳、疲劳;车道保持系统驾驶权重 λ论域为[0,1],其模糊子集为{ZO、S、M、L、VL},各元素分别代表零、小、中、大、极大,模糊逻辑规则如表3所示。
模糊控制隶属度函数三维关系如图9所示,当驾驶员疲劳值F一定时,风险评估值E越大,车道保持辅助系统的驾驶权重越高;当风险评估值E一定时,驾驶员疲劳因子F越高,将赋予车道保持辅助系统更高的驾驶权重。根据模糊逻辑规则,得到车道保持辅助系统的驾驶权重,加权求和后输出的前轮转角为:
θ s w = λ θ a + ( 1 - λ ) θ d
式中:θa为车道保持辅助系统输出的前轮转角,θd为驾驶员输出的前轮转角。
为了验证本文提出策略的安全性与舒适性,搭建Carsim、Simulink与Prescan联合仿真平台。其中,运行路径由OpenStreetMap下载成都部分绕城高速匝道环境,并导入Prescan生成场景模型,车道宽度为Dr=3.75 m,路面附着系数为μ=0.85,仿真路况如图10所示。
本文车辆横向控制策略与驾驶员模型可参考文献[15],车辆及驾驶员模型仿真参数如表4所示。在疲劳驾驶场景与驾驶失误场景进行仿真试验,仿真步长为Δ t=0.01 s。
在驾驶员疲劳驾驶场景中,车辆直线行驶300 m后进入匝道,并通过增加驾驶员模型延时参数模拟驾驶员因疲劳导致操作能力下降。在未搭载车道保持辅助系统情况下,驾驶员由于未能及时操作转向盘,在48 s后冲出车道。相同工况下,通过搭载本文车道保持辅助系统进行仿真测试,结果如图11所示。
图11a可知,由于驾驶员处于疲劳驾驶状态,车道保持辅助系统始终处于介入状态,辅助系统控制权重始终保持在0.5以上,车道保持辅助系统根据控制权重以不同程度介入。图11b中,通过对比车辆质心处横向偏离值,车道保持辅助系统能够保证车辆在车道内行驶,且横向偏移量平均下降42.17%。图11c图11d中,车辆横摆角速度与侧向加速度分别下降39.47%、37.68%,车辆行驶的稳定性与舒适性更佳。
驾驶员处于清醒状态下完成驾驶任务,但在直线行驶中,驾驶员因操作失误,持续施加了25°转向盘转角,且未能及时修正车辆,导致车身向左偏移且有冲出车道迹象。仿真试验结果如图12所示,安全行驶区域边界设置为±1.6 m。
图12a可知,搭载预测前轮位置的车道偏离模型,车辆的左前轮虽然未跨过安全行驶区域,但已跨过区域边界,伴有车道偏离迹象。因此,车道偏离信号被提前激活,此时车道保持辅助系统开始介入。图12b中,未采用预测模块的车道偏离模型能够保证车辆不会冲出车道,但由于辅助系统介入较晚,车辆的横向偏差较大;搭载预测模块的车道偏离模型,车道保持辅助系统提前介入,车辆的最大横向偏差下降62.5%,保证了车辆的安全性。
图12c中,搭载预测模块的车道偏离模型提前激活,辅助系统以最大0.22控制权重介入,轻微辅助控制即可抑制车辆偏离;无预测模块车道偏离模型的最大控制权重需要达到0.62,才可抑制车辆偏离。图13d图13e中,车道保持系统提前介入,最大侧向加速度与横摆角速度分别下降25.6%和24.4%,车辆在行驶过程中具有更好的稳定性与舒适性。
本文提出的考虑驾驶员横向驾驶习惯的人机共驾策略中,根据安全行驶区域描述驾驶员习惯的车辆横向位置分布范围,并根据表2对安全行驶区域边界更新。
为了进一步验证策略的有效性,对比驾驶员单独驾驶的车道保持策略、固定安全行驶边界的人机共驾策略以及动态安全行驶边界的人机共驾策略。固定安全边界根据文献[5]确定,车道保持任务里程为4 km,安全区域边界动态更新如图13所示。对比试验结果如图14所示。
图14可知,相较于自然车道保持行为,使用车道偏离干预进行辅助控制时,车辆横向位置的均值更靠近车道中心,分布范围更加集中;当固定动态边界调整为动态行驶边界,车道保持系统对中能力降低;使用考虑驾驶员横向驾驶习惯的人机共驾策略,车道偏离干预对车辆横向位置偏移量的分布影响相对较弱。考虑驾驶员横向驾驶习惯、动态更新安全区域边界的情况下,驾驶员的行为受到了约束,但一定程度上仍具有自由度。
根据驾驶员横向偏差值5%与95%累计分布频数(见表5),确定驾驶员90%时间的驾驶习惯偏好区间。自然驾驶时,驾驶员驾驶习惯偏好区间为[0.25 m,1.3 m];固定安全边界时,驾驶习惯偏好区间为[-0.31 m,0.38 m],仅覆盖自然驾驶习惯偏好区间的12.4%;动态更新安全边界时,驾驶习惯偏好区间为[0.12 m,0.98 m],能够覆盖自然驾驶习惯偏好区间的70%。相比于固定边界,采用动态安全边界驾驶时更契合驾驶员的横向驾驶习惯。
依据车道偏离信号判断车道保持辅助系统介入情况,如图15所示。在车道保持任务中,当安全边界固定时,系统介入19次;利用动态安全边界策略,系统介入仅6次,大幅降低了人机冲突发生概率。
因此,本文提出的车道保持辅助系统能够有效地缩小车辆横向位置偏移量的分布范围,降低车道偏离风险,考虑驾驶员横向驾驶习惯的车道保持辅助系统能够保证驾驶安全性与舒适性。其中,相比于固定安全区域边界,动态安全区域边界更新降低了对驾驶员自然车道保持行为的干预频率。安全边界的更新调整,虽然降低了车道保持辅助系统提高安全性的能力,但提高了驾驶员对车道保持辅助系统控制介入的接受度。
本文设计了一种考虑驾驶员横向驾驶习惯的车道保持辅助系统,利用驾驶员历史横向驾驶数据表征驾驶员横向驾驶习惯,并对车道安全行驶区域边界进行更新,解决了车道保持辅助系统过度干预带来的人机冲突问题;加入预测模块改进该模型,解决了车道偏离模型介入过晚的问题;考虑驾驶员疲劳因子及风险评估值对车辆驾驶权进行分配,提高了车道保持辅助系统安全性与舒适性。未来,将针对驾驶员疲劳表征进行研究,并通过实车试验进一步本文验证策略的合理性。
  • *四川省自然科学基金面上项目(2023NSFSC0395)
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2025年第卷第4期
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doi: 10.19620/j.cnki.1000-3703.20231128
  • 首发时间:2025-11-15
  • 出版时间:2025-04-24
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  • 修回日期:2024-02-20
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*四川省自然科学基金面上项目(2023NSFSC0395)
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    1 西南交通大学机械工程学院,成都 610031
    2 西南交通大学先进驱动节能技术教育部工程研究中心,成都 610031
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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