Article(id=1196058107634827714, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, issueId=1196058106951156162, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19620/j.cnki.1000-3703.20241044, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=1742140800000, revisedDateStr=2025-03-17, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1763092074545, onlineDateStr=2025-11-14, pubDate=1748016000000, pubDateStr=2025-05-24, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1763092074545, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-14, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1763092074545, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763092074545, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1196058106951156162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, year='2025', volume='', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='62', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1763092074382, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1763092350927, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1196059266915288024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, issueId=1196058106951156162, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1196059266915288025, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, issueId=1196058106951156162, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1, endPage=10, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1196058107823571397, articleId=1196058107634827714, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, language=EN, title=Intelligent Transportation Visible Light Communication System Assisted by Intelligent Reflective Surface, columnId=null, journalTitle=Automobile Technology, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To address the challenges in the communication between infrastructure and vehicles in intelligent transportation systems, this paper applies the Intelligent Reflecting Surface (IRS) to the intelligent transportation system based on visible light transmission, and deeply analyzes its channel transmission model and the influence of road infrastructure parameters. By modeling the Non-Line-of-Sight (NLOS) channel between the infrastructure and vehicles,the transmission performance of signals in the NLOS channel is analyzed. The closed-form analytical solutions of the system performance are derived for the bit error rate, downtime probability, and block error rate of the IRS-assisted NLOS communication. The impact of the compound pointing error on the bit error rate, downtime probability, and block error rate of the IRS-assisted NLOS communication system is analyzed. The bit error rate performance under M-ary Phase Shift Key (MPSK) modulation and traditional key control modulation is also analyzed. The experimental results show that under the IRS-assisted NLOS transmission condition, when the link follows the double-Rayleigh distribution or the Rayleigh-Rice combined distribution, increasing the distance between the transceiver devices and the height of the street lamp will increase the bit error rate. Increasing the downtime threshold can increase the downtime probability. Increasing the number of transmitted bit blocks can improve the block error rate. MPSK modulation can reduce the system bit error rate more rapidly, and the performance is enhanced as the modulation order increases. After considering the pointing error to the system, its bit error rate, downtime probability and block error rate all increase. The proposed scheme can effectively enhance system communication performance.

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为了解决智能交通系统中基础设施与车辆间通信的难题,采用智能反射界面(IRS)可见光通信系统,深度剖析了信道传输模型及道路基础设施参数的影响。通过基础设施与车辆间非视距信道建模,分析非视距信道中信号的传输性能;利用IRS辅助的非视距通信误码率、停机概率及块误码率,推导系统性能的闭式解析式;探究复合指向误差对IRS的非视距通信系统的误码率、停机概率以及块误码率的影响,并对比M元相移键控(MPSK)调制方式与传统开关键控调制方式下的误码率性能。试验结果表明:在IRS辅助的非视距传输条件下,当链路服从双瑞利分布或瑞利-莱斯联合分布时,增加收发装置距离和路灯高度将增大误码率;提高停机阈值可增加停机概率;增加发送比特块个数可改善块误码率;M-ary相位调制可更快地降低系统误码率,并随调制阶数增加而提升性能;考虑指向误差后,误码率、停机概率及块误码率均上升,提出的方案能够有效增强通信性能。

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牛明博(1981—),教授,主要研究方向为智能电网与储能科学、无线感知与传输、集成交通系统与智能道路技术等,
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参数 取值 参数 取值
光电探测器孔径/cm 2.5 道路宽度/m 3.75
视野/(°) 90 车辆长度/m 4.67
光电探测器响应度/A∙W-1 0.4 车辆宽度/m 1.84
噪声密度/A2∙Hz-1 1×10-2 车辆高度/m 1.37
带宽/MHz 5 路灯间距/m 30
路灯高度/m 2~15 路灯数量/个 4
), ArticleFig(id=1196558488441762338, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, articleId=1196058107634827714, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

仿真参数

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参数 取值 参数 取值
光电探测器孔径/cm 2.5 道路宽度/m 3.75
视野/(°) 90 车辆长度/m 4.67
光电探测器响应度/A∙W-1 0.4 车辆宽度/m 1.84
噪声密度/A2∙Hz-1 1×10-2 车辆高度/m 1.37
带宽/MHz 5 路灯间距/m 30
路灯高度/m 2~15 路灯数量/个 4
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智能反射界面辅助的智慧交通可见光通信系统*
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杨建 1 , 李国兴 1 , 黄小琼 1, 2 , 牛明博 1
汽车技术 | 2025,(5): 1-10
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汽车技术 | 2025, (5): 1-10
智能反射界面辅助的智慧交通可见光通信系统*
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杨建1, 李国兴1, 黄小琼1, 2, 牛明博1
作者信息
  • 1 长安大学能源与电气工程学院,西安 710018
  • 2 比亚迪汽车股份有限公司,西安 710018

通讯作者:

牛明博(1981—),教授,主要研究方向为智能电网与储能科学、无线感知与传输、集成交通系统与智能道路技术等,
Intelligent Transportation Visible Light Communication System Assisted by Intelligent Reflective Surface
Jian Yang1, Guoxing Li1, Xiaoqiong Huang1, 2, Mingbo Niu1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Energy and Electrical Engineering, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710018
  • 2 BYD Auto Company Limited, Xi’an 710018
出版时间: 2025-05-24 doi: 10.19620/j.cnki.1000-3703.20241044
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为了解决智能交通系统中基础设施与车辆间通信的难题,采用智能反射界面(IRS)可见光通信系统,深度剖析了信道传输模型及道路基础设施参数的影响。通过基础设施与车辆间非视距信道建模,分析非视距信道中信号的传输性能;利用IRS辅助的非视距通信误码率、停机概率及块误码率,推导系统性能的闭式解析式;探究复合指向误差对IRS的非视距通信系统的误码率、停机概率以及块误码率的影响,并对比M元相移键控(MPSK)调制方式与传统开关键控调制方式下的误码率性能。试验结果表明:在IRS辅助的非视距传输条件下,当链路服从双瑞利分布或瑞利-莱斯联合分布时,增加收发装置距离和路灯高度将增大误码率;提高停机阈值可增加停机概率;增加发送比特块个数可改善块误码率;M-ary相位调制可更快地降低系统误码率,并随调制阶数增加而提升性能;考虑指向误差后,误码率、停机概率及块误码率均上升,提出的方案能够有效增强通信性能。

智能反射界面  /  可见光通信  /  误码率  /  停机概率  /  块误码率

To address the challenges in the communication between infrastructure and vehicles in intelligent transportation systems, this paper applies the Intelligent Reflecting Surface (IRS) to the intelligent transportation system based on visible light transmission, and deeply analyzes its channel transmission model and the influence of road infrastructure parameters. By modeling the Non-Line-of-Sight (NLOS) channel between the infrastructure and vehicles,the transmission performance of signals in the NLOS channel is analyzed. The closed-form analytical solutions of the system performance are derived for the bit error rate, downtime probability, and block error rate of the IRS-assisted NLOS communication. The impact of the compound pointing error on the bit error rate, downtime probability, and block error rate of the IRS-assisted NLOS communication system is analyzed. The bit error rate performance under M-ary Phase Shift Key (MPSK) modulation and traditional key control modulation is also analyzed. The experimental results show that under the IRS-assisted NLOS transmission condition, when the link follows the double-Rayleigh distribution or the Rayleigh-Rice combined distribution, increasing the distance between the transceiver devices and the height of the street lamp will increase the bit error rate. Increasing the downtime threshold can increase the downtime probability. Increasing the number of transmitted bit blocks can improve the block error rate. MPSK modulation can reduce the system bit error rate more rapidly, and the performance is enhanced as the modulation order increases. After considering the pointing error to the system, its bit error rate, downtime probability and block error rate all increase. The proposed scheme can effectively enhance system communication performance.

Intelligent Reflecting Surface (IRS)  /  Visible light communication  /  Bit error rate  /  Downtime probability  /  Block error rate
杨建, 李国兴, 黄小琼, 牛明博. 智能反射界面辅助的智慧交通可见光通信系统*. 汽车技术, 2025 , (5) : 1 -10 . DOI: 10.19620/j.cnki.1000-3703.20241044
Jian Yang, Guoxing Li, Xiaoqiong Huang, Mingbo Niu. Intelligent Transportation Visible Light Communication System Assisted by Intelligent Reflective Surface[J]. Automobile Technology, 2025 , (5) : 1 -10 . DOI: 10.19620/j.cnki.1000-3703.20241044
车载通信技术能够促进车辆、行人和基础设施间的互联互通,对于改善交通流量、提升道路安全性和驾乘舒适度至关重要[1-2]。随着车载通信对高数据传输速率和低延迟的需求不断增加,可见光通信(Visible Light Communication,VLC)技术已逐渐成为该领域极具潜力的方案[3]。VLC利用车辆外部照明灯具、交通信号灯和路灯中发光二极管实现照明和数据传输功能[4],但光源强度分布不对称、车辆移动性和长距离通信等因素均会影响车载可见光通信系统性能。为此,智能反射界面(Intelligent Reflective Interface,IRS)技术应运而生。
智能反射界面能够将物理传播信道转换为可控介质,从而提供虚拟视距连接,提升信号质量,增加通信距离[5]。其中,可见光通信智能反射界面的设计需要对材料进行优化,要求材料具有高光学反射率、低吸收率,并且对环境因素高度敏感。目前,IRS在射频和室内可见光通信中被广泛研究[6-8]。但可见光自身独特的光学特性以及较短的波长,使得用于可见光通信的IRS设计与射频场景存在较大差异[9]
IRS辅助的车载可见光通信系统显著提升了车载通信的覆盖范围和传输效率。Zhan等[10]设计了一种基于反射镜阵列的IRS辅助VLC系统,分析了不同反射镜数量和传输距离下的系统性能。Rabiepoor等[11]提出了一种IRS辅助车辆间(Vehicle-to-Vehicle,V2V)可见光通信系统的信道建模方案,并考虑了非对称和对称波束的配置。Eldeeb等[12]推导出V2V-VLC中实现能效和频谱效率所需IRS元素数量的闭式表达式。另外,IRS可以协助车辆通信的资源分配和频谱共享。吴微等[13]提出了一种基于IRS辅助的设备间(Device-to-Device,D2D)混合通信车联网资源优化策略,通过联合优化功率分配、IRS相移和频谱资源分配,提升了系统速率和频谱效率。张雷等[14]通过优化基站端发送预编码和IRS反射相移矩阵,提升了车联网系统的频谱效率。
尽管现有研究在多种车载通信系统中取得了显著进展,但多数研究未关注在路灯环境下的车辆与基础设施(Infrastructure-to-Vehicle, I2V)间VLC系统的性能表现。因此,本文基于IRS对信号传输性能进行分析,通过建立交通基础设施与车辆间的非视距传输模型,分析非视距链路服从双瑞利分布和瑞利-莱斯联合分布时系统的误码率(Bit Error Rate,BER)、停机概率以及块误码率(BLock Error Rate,BLER)的影响,对比不同调制方式对系统性能的影响。
本文构建了IRS辅助的车载通信网络无线通信系统,如图1所示。车辆安装光电探测器、透镜和反射镜等设备,实时接收、转换光电信号,同时进行解调、相位调控。将路灯作为信号发射器,部署于车辆附近,IRS安装在道路旁的建筑物上,用于辅助车辆通信。同时,本文定义了3种通信链路,分别为:
a. 非视距链路:IRS辅助的通信链路。
b. I2R链路:路灯到IRS的链路。
c. R2V链路:IRS到车辆的链路。
在IRS辅助的车载通信网络无线通信系统中,由于信号传播经过反射、折射和散射等现象,导致多个信号路径到达接收端,形成多径效应。在实际交通场景中,信号会产生多次散射和衰减,I2R链路和R2V链路将会经历不同程度的衰减。为了降低多径衰落对系统性能的负面影响,IRS可通过对齐信号的相位,使多径分量在接收端相互抵消或减弱。同时,IRS通过调整反射单元的相位,实现对信号的波束赋形,即将信号能量集中指向目标接收器,从而提高信号的接收功率。
本文使用文献[15]的车辆与基础设施间VLC系统模型,该模型采用非典型双车道道路设计,每个行车道均能容纳同向行驶的两辆车,路边灯杆呈均匀分布状态,如图2所示。
假设接收端具有相同的背景噪声系数 σ k 2,此时基础设施发射端的信道状态信息(Channel State Information,CSI)是完整的[16],且视距链路上的小尺度衰落均为瑞利衰落[17]。在传输环境相近的情况下,R2V链路会服从双瑞利分布或莱斯分布,由公式(1)得到双瑞利分布的概率密度函数(Probability Density Function,PDF)为:
K 0 ( x ) = k = 0 x 2 k 2 2 k ( k ! ) 2 - l n x 2 + ψ ( k + 1 )
P α , P D F ( x ) = 4 x K 0 2 x ) = 4 k = 0 x 2 k + 1 ( k ! ) 2 - l n ( x ) + ψ ( k + 1 ) ,   x 0
式中: ψ ( k )为迪伽马函数, K 0 ( x )为第二类零阶修正贝塞尔函数,k为级数求和的索引。
双瑞利分布的累积分布函数(Cumulative Distribution Function,CDF)为:
P α , C D F ( x ) = 1 - 2 x K 1 2 x )                                       = 1 + k = 0 x 2 k ( k ! ) 2 2 k ψ ( k + 1 ) - 2 k l n x - 1 ] ,   x 0 x K 0 ( x ) d x = - x K 1 ( x ) x K 1 ( x ) = 1
式中: K 1 ( x )为第二类一阶修正贝塞尔函数。
莱斯分布的概率密度函数为:
f P D F ( x ) = x σ m 2 e x p - x 2 + F 2 2 σ m 2 Ι 0 x F σ m 2                 = k = 0 x σ m 2 e x p - x 2 + F 2 2 σ m 2 x 2 k 2 2 k ( k ! ) 2 F σ m 2 2 k
式中: F为主信号的峰值幅度, σ m 2为多径信号分量的功率, Ι 0为第一类零阶修正贝塞尔函数。
莱斯分布的累积分布函数为[18]
f C D F ( x ) = 1 - e x p - K + x 2 2 σ m 2 0 F x m I m x F σ m 2 K = F 2 2 σ m 2
式中: 0 F x m为一个无限项的求和, I m为第一类m阶修正贝塞尔函数,K为衡量 F σ m 2相对大小的莱斯因子。
信号在传输路径中以固定速率衰减,在移动通信环境中,由于车辆的移动性和周围环境的变化,路径损耗是不确定的。本文采用封闭形式的路径损耗表达式,将路径损耗设定为[15]
h d B = C P T + C S A T = c o s 2 π d T d
式中:CPCSA分别为接收功率的峰值和正弦轴,d为车辆的移动距离,T为信号的接收时间。
结合文献[15]中不同场景的参数,由于路径损耗 h l = 10 h d B / 10,所以 h l的概率密度函数为[19]
f ( h l ) = 10 l n ( 10 ) h l π C P 2 - 10 l o g 10 ( h l ) - C S A 2 10 C S A - C P 10 h l 10 C S A + C P 10
非零视轴指向误差取决于收发器间视线准确性,如果收发器间的对准不够精确,即使微小的偏差也会令光束偏离接收器的有效区域,导致接收功率的显著下降。指向误差的概率密度函数为:
f h p ( h p ) = D 2 A 0 D 2 h p D 2 - 1 D = ω r e q 2 σ s
式中:A0为光束质心到检测器中心的瞬时径向位移z=0时的光束振幅,D为接收器的等效光束宽度ωreq与指向误差位移标准偏差 σ s的比值,hp为指向误差的随机信道损耗。
本文将IRS辅助的非视距链路分为非视距链路服从双瑞利分布和非视距链路服从瑞利-莱斯联合分布。IRS辅助的非视距链路中,两种分布的接收信号的信噪比(Signal to Noise Ratio,SNR)分别为:
γ 2 = R 2 ( A I 2 R T Θ g R 2 V ) 2 P l 2 η 2 h 2 2 σ k 2 + R 2 i = 1 , i l L ( A k , i 1 P i ) 2 = γ 02 h 2 2 γ 3 = R 2 ( A I 2 R T Θ g R 2 V ) 2 P l 2 η 2 h 3 2 σ k 2 + R 2 i = 1 , i l L ( A k , i 2 P i ) 2 = γ 03 h 3 2 Θ = d i a g ( β 1 e j θ 1 ,   β 2 e j θ 2 ,   ,   β N e j θ N ) θ = θ 1 ,   θ 2 ,   ,   θ n
式中:h2为服从双瑞利分布的衰落,h3为随机信道损耗,Pl为路灯的发射功率,γ02为服从双瑞利分布的平均信噪比,γ03为大气湍流服从瑞利-莱斯联合分布的平均信噪比, R 2 i = 1 , i l L ( A k , i 1 P i ) 2 R 2 i = 1 , i l L ( A k , i 2 P i ) 2分别为双瑞利分布和瑞利-莱斯联合分布下不同信号源(除路灯信号源)的干扰信号功率,AI2R为路灯到IRS的通信链路的信道增益,gR2V为IRS到车辆的通信链路的信道增益, Θ为IRS的反射系数,diag( )为对角矩阵函数,θ为相位矩阵。
通过最大化信噪比优化IRS的反射系数,改善信号的传播路径,降低多径衰落的影响:
Θ = a r g m a x Θ h r , m H Θ h b , r + h b , m 2 σ 2 + l P l + h r , l H Θ h b , l 2
式中:H为接收端与发射端间的信道增益向量hr,m的共轭转置,hb,rhb,mhb,l为基站(路灯、电杆)与接收端、发射端和干扰源间的信道增益,hr,l为接收端与干扰源间的信道增益。
在信号传输过程中,通信链路可能存在遮挡,导致视距链路无法传输信号,可将IRS部署在路侧建筑物增强通信链路,扩大信号接收范围。为了避免因信号接收器位置、环境等因素影响信号传输质量,本文通过部署IRS提高边缘目标接收器的信号可达率。
当通信链路服从双瑞利分布时,采用双瑞利分布的概率密度函数表征信号经历的损耗,得到服从双瑞利分布复合信道的概率密度函数为:
f ( h 2 ) = 10 C S A - C P 10 10 C S A + C P 10   f h a ( h 2 h l ) f h l ( h l ) d h l                         = 4 k = 0 i = 1 n h 2 k + 1 ψ ( k + 1 ) - l n h + l n W ( k ! ) 2 n W 2 k + 2 W = 10 0.1 ( c o s 2 i - 1 ) π 2 n C P + C S A )
式中:ha为路径损耗,hl为大气湍流,W为调节信号传输特性的权重因子,n为路径i的数量。
根据服从双瑞利分布的各通信链路瞬时信噪比 γ 2 = γ 02 h 2 2,其中h2=hlha,则在双瑞利环境下,复合瞬时信噪比的概率密度函数为:
$\begin{aligned} f\left(\gamma_{2}\right)= & \sum_{k=0}^{\infty} \sum_{i=1}^{n}\left[\frac{2}{\gamma_{02}^{k+1}(k!)^{2} n W^{2 k+2}} \times[(\psi(k+1)+\right. \\ & \left.\left.\left.\frac{1}{2} \ln \gamma_{02}+\ln W\right) \gamma_{2}^{k}-\frac{1}{2} \gamma_{2}^{k} \ln \gamma_{2}\right]\right] \end{aligned}$
根据瞬时信噪比和误码率的关系,由式(13)和式(14)得到服从双瑞利分布的非视距链路的误码率 P e为:
0 γ 2 k Q ( γ 2 ) d γ 2 = 2 k k ! ( 2 k + 1 ) ! ! 2 k + 2 ) ! !
0 1 2 γ 2 k l n γ 2 Q ( γ 2 ) d γ 2 = 1 2 2 k k ! ( 2 k + 1 ) ! ! 2 k + 2 ) ! ! ×                                                                                                     l n 2 + ψ k + 3 2 - 1 k + 1
$\begin{aligned} P_{\mathrm{e}}= & \int_{0}^{\infty} Q\left(\sqrt{\gamma_{2}}\right) f\left(\gamma_{2}\right) \mathrm{d} \gamma_{2} \\ = & \sum_{k=0}^{\infty} \sum_{i=1}^{n}\left[\frac{2^{k+1}(2 k+1)!!}{\gamma_{02}^{k+1} k!\ln W^{2 k+2}(2 k+2)!!} \times\right. \\ & {\left[\left(\psi(k+1)+\ln W \sqrt{\gamma_{02}}\right)-\right.} \\ & \left.\left.\frac{1}{2}\left(\ln 2+\psi\left(k+\frac{3}{2}\right)-\frac{1}{k+1}\right)\right]\right] \end{aligned}$
式中:Q( )为高斯错误概率函数。
在服从双瑞利分布的非视距链路中,当瞬时信噪比低于阈值时,传输信号会发生停机中断事件[20]。假设 Λ 1 = 2 R T - 1为停机阈值,其中, R T为数据传输速率,则非视距链路下的停机概率为 P [ γ ( k ) Λ 1 ]
通过 0 Λ γ 2 k d γ 2 = Λ 1 k + 1 k + 1计算信噪比低于阈值时的概率,利用 0 Λ 1 γ 2 k l n γ 2 d γ 2 = Λ 1 k + 1 l n Λ 1 k + 1 - 1 ( k + 1 ) 2计算复杂信道模型对数衰落特性,则服从双瑞利分布的非视距链路的停机概率为:
P [ γ ( k ) Λ 1 ] = 0 Λ 1 f ( γ 2 ) d γ 2 = k = 0 i = 1 n 2 γ 02 k + 1 ( k ! ) 2 n W 2 k + 2 ×                                                             ( ψ ( k + 1 ) + l n W γ 02 ) Λ 1 k + 1 k + 1 -                                                             Λ 1 k + 1 2 l n Λ 1 k + 1 - 1 ( k + 1 ) 2
在服从双瑞利分布的非视距链路中,由于信号发射装置的错误编码、传输扰动等改变信号,导致信号发射源发送大量比特块时发生误码,常使用BLER进行表征。通过式(17)和式(18)计算信道增益的指数多项式积分和包含对数多项式的积分,得到服从双瑞利分布的非视距链路中的块误码率为:
0 h 2 2 k + 1 e x p ( - γ 02 C h 2 2 ) d h 2 = Γ ( k + 1 ) 2 ( γ 02 C ) k + 1
$\begin{aligned} \int_{0}^{\infty} h_{2}^{2 k+1} \ln h_{2} \exp \left(-\gamma_{02} C h_{2}^{2}\right) \mathrm{d} h_{2}= & \frac{1}{4} \frac{\Gamma(k+1)}{\left(\gamma_{02} C\right)^{k+1}}(\psi(k+1)- \\ & \left.\ln \left(\gamma_{02} C\right)\right) \end{aligned}$
$\begin{aligned} P_{\text {BLER }}= & \int_{0}^{\infty} f_{h}\left(h_{2}\right) P\left(M, N, h_{2}\right) \mathrm{d} h_{2} \\ = & \sum_{k=0}^{\infty} \sum_{i=1}^{n}\left[\frac{2 B}{(k!)^{2} n W^{2 k+2}} \times \frac{\Gamma(k+1)}{\left(\gamma_{02} C\right)^{k+1}} \times\right. \\ & \quad\left[\frac{1}{2}\left(\psi(k+1)+\ln W+\frac{1}{2} \ln \left(\gamma_{02} C\right)\right]\right] \end{aligned}$
式中:Γ( )为伽马函数,BC分别为系统带宽和信道特性参数,MN分别为误码和发送比特块的数量。
根据公式(11)中大气湍流服从双瑞利分布衰落的概率密度函数,本文将指向误差与路径损耗、大气湍流等衰落因素进行复合,得到服从双瑞利分布的非视距链路的复合概率密度函数为:
$\begin{aligned} f(x)= & \int_{0}^{A_{0}} \frac{1}{h_{\mathrm{p}}} f\left(\frac{x}{h_{\mathrm{p}}}\right) f\left(h_{\mathrm{p}}\right) \mathrm{d} h_{\mathrm{p}} \\ = & \sum_{k=0}^{\infty} \sum_{i=1}^{n}\left[\frac{4 x^{2 k+1} D^{2} A_{0}^{-2 k-2}}{(k!)^{2} n W^{2 k+2}\left(D^{2}-2 k-2\right)} \times\right. \\ & {\left.\left[\psi(k+1)-\ln x+\ln W A_{0}-\frac{1}{D^{2}-2 k-2}\right]\right] } \end{aligned}$
由瞬时信噪比γ2=γ02x2,其中,x=hlhahp为复合衰落后的信道增益,则复合瞬时信噪比的概率密度函数为:
$\begin{aligned} f\left(\gamma_{2}\right)=\sum_{k=0}^{\infty} \sum_{i=1}^{n} & {\left[\frac{2 D^{2} A_{0}^{-2 k-2} \gamma^{k}}{(k!)^{2} n W^{2 k+2}{ }^{2 k+2}\left(D^{2}-2 k-2\right) \gamma_{02}^{k+1}} \times\right.} \\ & {\left.\left[\psi(k+1)+\ln \frac{W A_{0} \sqrt{\gamma_{02}}}{\sqrt{\gamma_{2}}}-\frac{1}{D^{2}-2 k-2}\right]\right] } \end{aligned}$
因此,服从复合指向误差的双瑞利分布的非视距链路的误码率为:
P e = 0 P f ( γ 2 ) d γ 2 = k = 0 i = 1 n 2 D 2 A 0 - 2 k - 2 k ! n W 2 k + 2 ( D 2 - 2 k - 2 ) γ 02 k + 1 2 k 2 k + 1 ) ! ! 2 k + 2 ) ! ! ×                           ψ ( k + 1 ) - 1 2 ψ k + 3 2 + l n W A 0 γ 02 2 +                           1 2 k + 2 - 1 D 2 - 2 k - 2
根据复合瞬时信噪比的概率密度函数,通过计算复杂信道模型对数衰落特性,得到服从复合指向误差的双瑞利分布的非视距链路的停机概率为:
$\begin{aligned} \int_{0}^{\Lambda_{1}} f\left(\gamma_{2}\right) \mathrm{d} \gamma_{2}=\sum_{k=0}^{\infty} \sum_{i=1}^{n} & {\left[\frac{2 D^{2} A_{0}^{-2 k-2}}{(k!)^{2} n W^{2 k+2}\left(D^{2}-2 k-2\right) \gamma_{02}^{k+1}} \times \frac{\Lambda_{1}^{k+1}}{k+1} \times\right.} \\ & {\left[\psi(k+1)+\ln W A_{0} \sqrt{\gamma_{02}}-\frac{1}{D^{2}-2 k-2}-\right.} \\ & \left.\left.\frac{1}{2}\left(\ln \Lambda_{1}-\frac{1}{k+1}\right)\right]\right] \end{aligned}$
因此,服从复合指向误差的双瑞利分布的非视距链路的块误码率为:
$\begin{aligned} P_{\mathrm{BLER}}= & \int_{0}^{\infty} f(x) P(M, N ; x) \mathrm{d} x \\ = & \sum_{k=0}^{\infty} \sum_{i=1}^{n}\left[\frac{2 B}{(k!)^{2} n W^{2 k+2}} \frac{D^{2} A_{0}^{-2 k-2}}{D^{2}-2 k-2} \frac{\Gamma(k+1)}{\left(\gamma_{02} C\right)^{k+1}}\right. \\ & {\left[\frac{1}{2} \psi(k+1)+\ln W A_{0} \sqrt{\gamma_{02} C}-\right.} \\ & \left.\left.\frac{1}{D^{2}-2 k-2}\right]\right] \end{aligned}$
在信号传输中,IRS通过改变信号的相位,使信号在到达目标车辆前改变反射角度,较大程度地优化信号传输路径。信号到达IRS的反射单元,其路径经历属于瑞利分布模型的大气湍流,并服从莱斯分布模型。因此,IRS辅助的非视距通信链路中,复合瑞利和莱斯分布的大气湍流的联合概率密度函数为:
f ( h a ) = k = 0 q = 0 F 2 k e x p - F 2 2 σ m 2 ( - 1 ) q Γ ( k - q ) 2 k + 2 q + 1 ( σ m 2 ) k + q + 1 ( k ! ) 2 q ! σ 0 2 q + 2 × h 2 q + 1
式中:q为级数求和的索引, σ 0 2 q + 2为信道的方差。
由于ha服从瑞利-莱斯的联合分布,在大气湍流级联路径损耗后的联合概率密度函数为:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l} f\left(h_{3}\right)=\int_{10^{\frac{c_{\mathrm{sa}}-c_{\mathrm{p}}}{10}} f_{h_{\mathrm{a}}}^{\frac{c_{\mathrm{s}}+c_{\mathrm{p}}}{10}}}\left(h_{3} \mid h_{1}\right) f_{h_{1}}\left(h_{1}\right) \mathrm{d} h_{1} \\ =\sum_{i=1}^{n} \sum_{k=0}^{\infty} \sum_{q=0}^{\infty}\left[\frac{F^{2 k} \exp \left(-\frac{F^{2}}{2 \sigma_{m}^{2}}\right)(-1)^{q} \Gamma(k-q)}{2^{k+2 q+1}\left(\sigma_{m}^{2}\right)^{k+q+1}(k!)^{2} \mathrm{q}!\sigma_{0}^{2 q+2}} \times\right. \\ \left.\frac{h^{2 q+1}}{n W^{2 q+2}}\right] \\ h_{3}=h_{1} h_{\mathrm{a} 1} h_{\mathrm{a} 2} \end{array}\right.$
式中:ha1为路灯和IRS的大气湍流衰落,ha2为IRS到车辆的大气湍流衰落。
根据瞬时信噪比γ3和衰落h3的关系 γ 3 = γ 03 h 3 2,计算瞬时信噪比 γ 3的概率密度函数为:
$\begin{array}{c} f\left(\gamma_{3}\right)=\sum_{i=1}^{n} \sum_{k=0}^{\infty} \sum_{q=0}^{\infty}\left[\frac{F^{2 k} \exp \left(-\frac{F^{2}}{2 \sigma_{m}^{2}}\right)(-1)^{q} \Gamma(k-q)}{2^{k+2 q+1}\left(\sigma_{m}^{2}\right)^{k+q+1}(k!)^{2} q!\sigma_{0}^{2 q+2}} \times\right. \\ \left.\frac{\gamma^{q}}{2 n W^{2 q+2} \gamma_{03}^{q+1}}\right] \end{array}$
因此,大气湍流服从瑞利-莱斯联合分布的误码率为:
P e = 0 P f ( γ 3 ) d γ 3 = i = 1 n k = 0 q = 0 F 2 k e x p - F 2 2 σ m 2 ( - 1 ) q Γ ( k - q ) 2 k + 2 q + 1 ( σ m 2 ) k + q + 1 ( k ! ) 2 σ 0 2 q + 2 ×                                         2 q 2 q + 1 ) ! ! 2 n W 2 q + 2 γ 03 q + 1 2 q + 2 ) ! !
为了分析大气湍流服从瑞利-莱斯分布的非视距通信链路的停机概率,设定停机阈值设置为 Λ 2 = σ k 2 ( ( 2 R T - 1 ) / p l )[21],则大气湍流服从瑞利-莱斯湍流分布的非视距链路的停机概率为:
0 Λ 2 f ( γ 3 ) d γ 3 = i = 1 n k = 0 q = 0 F 2 k e x p - F 2 2 σ m 2 ( - 1 ) q Γ ( k - q ) 2 k + 2 q + 1 ( σ m 2 ) k + q + 1 ( k ! ) 2 q ! σ 0 2 q + 2 ×                                     Λ 2 q + 1 2 n W 2 q + 2 γ 03 q + 1 ( q + 1 )
当信号发射后,在信号发射与传输阶段均可能发生误码。在大气湍流服从瑞利-莱斯联合分布的非视距传输过程中,存在因信号扰动导致比特块发生误码问题,大气湍流服从瑞利-莱斯湍流分布的BLER为:
$\left\{\begin{array}{l} P_{\mathrm{BLER}}=\int_{0}^{\infty} f\left(h_{3}\right) P\left(M, N ; h_{3}\right) \mathrm{d} h_{3} \\ =\sum_{i=1}^{n} \sum_{k=0}^{\infty} \sum_{q=0}^{\infty}\left[\frac{F^{2 k} \exp \left(-\frac{F^{2}}{2 \sigma_{m}^{2}}\right)(-1)^{q} \Gamma(k-q)}{2^{k+2 q+1}\left(\sigma_{m}^{2}\right)^{k+q+1}(k!)^{2} q!\sigma_{0}^{2 q+2}} \times\right. \\ \left.\frac{B \Gamma(q+1)}{2 n W^{2 q+2}\left(C \gamma_{03}\right)^{q+1}}\right] \\ \Gamma(x)=\int_{0}^{+\infty} t^{x-1} e^{-t} \mathrm{~d} t, x>0 \end{array}\right.$
式中:x为伽马函数的阶数,t为积分变量。
复合指向误差的大气湍流服从瑞利-莱斯联合分布的非视距通信链路的衰落 x 1 = h l h a 1 h a 2 h p的概率密度函数为:
f ( x 1 ) = 0 A 0 1 h p f ( x 1 h p ) f ( h p ) d h p = i = 1 n k = 0 q = 0 F 2 k e x p - F 2 2 σ m 2 ( - 1 ) q Γ ( k - q ) 2 k + 2 q + 1 ( σ m 2 ) k + q + 1 ( k ! ) 2 q ! σ 0 2 q + 2 ×                                         D 2 n W 2 q + 2 ( D 2 - 2 q - 2 ) A 0 2 q + 2 × x 2 q + 1
根据瞬时信噪比 γ 3和衰落 x 3的关系 γ 3 = γ 03 x 3 2,得到瞬时信噪比 γ 3的概率密度函数为:
f ( γ 3 ) = i = 1 n k = 0 q = 0 F 2 k e x p - F 2 2 σ m 2 ( - 1 ) q Γ ( k - q ) D 2 γ 3 q 2 k + 2 q + 1 ( σ m 2 ) k + q + 1 ( k ! ) 2 q ! σ 0 2 q + 2 n ×                                       1 W 2 q + 2 ( D 2 - 2 q - 2 ) A 0 2 q + 2 2 γ 03 q + 1
根据平均信噪比和误码率的关系,计算复合指向误差的瑞利-莱斯联合分布的非视距通信链路的误码率为:
P e = 0 P f ( γ 3 ) d γ 3 = i = 1 n k = 0 q = 0 F 2 k e x p - F 2 2 σ m 2 ( - 1 ) q Γ ( k - q ) 2 k + 2 q + 1 ( σ m 2 ) k + q + 1 ( k ! ) 2 q ! σ 0 2 q + 2 ×                                         D 2 n W 2 q + 2 ( D 2 - 2 q - 2 ) A 0 2 q + 2 ×                                         2 q q ! ( 2 q + 1 ) ! ! 2 γ 03 q + 1 2 q + 2 ) ! !
根据复合瞬时信噪比,服从复合指向误差的瑞利-莱斯联合分布的非视距链路的停机概率为:
0 Λ 2 f ( γ 3 ) d γ 3 = i = 1 n k = 0 q = 0 F 2 k e x p - F 2 2 σ m 2 ( - 1 ) q Γ ( k - q ) 2 k + 2 q + 1 ( σ m 2 ) k + q + 1 ( k ! ) 2 q ! σ 0 2 q + 2 ×                                         D 2 n W 2 q + 2 ( D 2 - 2 q - 2 ) A 0 2 q + 2 ×                                         Λ 2 q + 1 2 γ 03 q + 1 ( q + 1 )
因此,复合指向误差的瑞利-莱斯联合分布的非视距通信链路的块误码率为:
$\begin{aligned} P_{\text {BLER }}= & \int_{0}^{\infty} f\left(x_{1}\right) P\left(M, N ; x_{1}\right) \mathrm{d} x_{1} \\ = & \sum_{i=1}^{n} \sum_{k=0}^{\infty} \sum_{q=0}^{\infty}\left[\frac{F^{2 k} \exp \left(-\frac{F^{2}}{2 \sigma_{m}^{2}}\right)(-1)^{q} \Gamma(k-q)}{2^{k+2 q+1}\left(\sigma_{m}^{2}\right)^{k+q+1}(k!)^{2} q!\sigma_{0}^{2 q+2}} \times\right. \\ & \left.\frac{D^{2}}{n W^{2 q+2}\left(D^{2}-2 q-2\right) A_{0}^{2 q+2}} \times \frac{B \Gamma(q+1)}{2\left(\gamma_{03} C\right)^{q+1}}\right] \end{aligned}$
本文采用M元相移键控(M-ary Phase Shift Keying,MPSK)调制方式,并分析该方式与通断键控(On-Off Keying,OOK)调制方式在误码率性能上的差异。
MPSK相位调制方式下的双瑞利分布和瑞利-莱斯分布的非视距链路的误码率分别为:
P e = 0 P f ( γ 2 ) d γ 2 = k = 0 i = 1 n 2 J D 2 A 0 - 2 k - 2 k ! n W 2 k + 2 ( D 2 - 2 k - 2 ) γ 02 k + 1 2 k 2 k + 1 ) ! ! N d k + 1 2 k + 2 ) ! ! ×                         ψ ( k + 1 ) + l n ( W A 0 γ 02 ) - 1 D 2 - 2 k - 2 -                         1 2 l n 2 N d + ψ ( k + 1.5 ) - 1 k + 1
式中:Nd为每个符号的平均误码数。
$\left\{\begin{array}{l} P_{\mathrm{e}}=\int_{0}^{\infty} P f\left(\gamma_{3}\right) \mathrm{d} \gamma_{3} \\ =\sum_{i=1}^{n} \sum_{k=0}^{\infty} \sum_{q=0}^{\infty}\left[\frac{J F^{2 k} \exp \left(-\frac{F^{2}}{2 \sigma_{m}^{2}}\right)(-1)^{q}}{2^{k+2 q+2}\left(\sigma_{m}^{2}\right)^{k+q+1}(k!)^{2} \sigma_{0}^{2 q+2} n} \times\right. \\ \left.\quad \frac{\Gamma(k-q) D^{2} 2^{q}(2 q+1)!!}{W^{2 q+2}\left(D^{2}-2 q-2\right) A_{0}^{2 q+2} \gamma_{03}^{q+1} N_{\mathrm{d}}^{q+1}(2 q+2)!!}\right] \\ J=\frac{j-1}{j \log _{2}(j)}, N_{\mathrm{d}}=\frac{3}{2(j-1)(2 j-1)} \end{array}\right.$
式中:J为每个符号携带的比特数,j为调制阶数。
根据表1的仿真参数,对非视距传输下的误码率、停机概率以及块误码率进行仿真分析。为了更符合实际交通场景,车辆的尺寸(长4.67 m、宽1.84 m、高1.37 m)设置符合常规小型车标准;路灯间距为30 m,处于城市主干道(20~40 m)的合理区间;光电探测器孔径为2.5 cm,适配可见光通信系统需求,兼顾接收效率与成本;路灯高度为7 m,能够保证信号灯的可视性;车道宽度为3.5~3.75 m,车辆横向偏移上限为2 m,可以覆盖最大偏移。
在非视距通信中,收发信号的距离、路灯高度等因素对误码率的影响如图3所示,其中,r为道路传输距离,hp为路灯高度,DR、R-L分别为服从双瑞利分布和服从瑞利-莱斯分布。
图3a可知,随着路灯和车辆间的距离增加,误码率性能呈现衰减趋势,主要原因为信号传输过程中,距离的增加会导致路径损耗增大,接收信号的强度下降,从而导致SNR降低,误码率上升。
图3b可知,随着路灯高度的增加,误码率性能同样为衰减趋势。虽然增加路灯高度能够扩大光通信信号的可视范围,但信号从路灯到IRS,再到车辆的总路径长度增加,导致信号强度下降。同时,路灯高度能够改变信号到达IRS的入射角和反射角,从而影响IRS的反射效率。当反射角度偏离最佳范围时,信号的能量集中度降低,信号强度下降,从而误码率提高。
因此,在复杂的城市环境中,路灯与车辆间距离、路灯高度的增加使信号易受到建筑物、树木等障碍物的遮挡,导致信号强度波动。为了降低误码率,可通过调整IRS的位置和角度,使其反射效率最大化,也可采用高增益天线或信号放大器增强信号强度。
复合指向误差的IRS辅助非视距传输的误码率曲线如图4所示,其中,PE为考虑指向误差,NPE为未考虑指向误差。
图4可知,当考虑指向误差时,IRS辅助的非视距通信系统的误码率性能显著下降,这是因为信号在传输过程中会受路径损耗和大气湍流的影响,导致信号难以直接到达光电探测器的中心位置。而且车辆行驶过程中抖动、交通基础设施的轻微摇摆也会引起信号传输路径的变化,从而导致指向误差。上述因素均可增加信号传输过程中的损耗,降低接收信号的强度,导致误码率上升。
在考虑指向误差的情况下,信道中服从瑞利-莱斯分布的系统性能优于服从双瑞利分布的系统。由于瑞利-莱斯分布中存在明显的直射分量,即使存在指向误差,直射分量在一定程度上能够补偿信号的损耗,保持较高的信号强度,使信号在传输过程中具有更高的稳定性和更强的抗干扰能力。而双瑞利分布由于无明显的直射分量,信号完全依赖于反射路径,所以对指向误差更敏感。
当系统SNR低于某一设定阈值,通过验证停机概率可以评估系统在不同条件下(如不同信道状态、发射功率等),因信噪比不足导致通信中断通信的可能性,提高了系统在复杂环境下的可靠性。IRS辅助的非视距通信链路的停机概率曲线如图5所示。本文停机阈值设置为1~5,不同的停机阈值有助于分析系统在不同通信质量下的表现,较低的停机阈值表示对通信质量的要求较低,允许较高的中断概率;而较高的停机阈值表示系统要求更高的通信质量,停机的容忍度较低。
图5可知,两种通信分布方式下,停机阈值越小,系统性能越好,且服从瑞利-莱斯联合分布的整体系统性能优于双瑞利分布。当停机阈值较小时,系统对SNR的要求较低,即使在较差的信道条件下,系统仍能维持通信,所以停机概率较低;当停机阈值较大时,系统对SNR的要求较高,仅在信道条件较好时,才能够维持通信,所以停机概率较高。而且瑞利-莱斯联合分布的直射分量提供了更稳定的信号传输路径,能够补偿部分损耗,使SNR的波动较小,因此,在停机概率方面性能表现更佳。
IRS辅助的非视距通信链路复合指向误差的停机概率曲线,如图6所示。当非视距链路的初始阈值为5时,系统考虑了指向误差后,停机阈值有所增加。
信号发射端发送比特块数量N=3和N=6时,在接收端有1个误码比特块的BLER曲线,如图7所示。
图7可知,当发送比特块数量N=6时,信道服从双瑞利分布和服从瑞利-莱斯联合分布,系统性能优于发送3个比特块的BLER。当N=3时,BLER的初始值小于10-2;当N=6时,BLER的初始值在10-5附近,表明随着数据块数量增加,BLER显著降低。当发送较大的数据块时,系统可以进行交织和重传,其中,交织可将连续的误码分散至不同的数据块中,从而降低BLER;重传机制可在检测误码后,重新发送数据块,进一步降低BLER。
图8展示了在发送比特块数量N=7时,考虑指向误差和不同误码比特块数的BLER曲线与SNR的关系。随着错误数据块的数量由M=1增加至M=2,系统的BLER性能显著下降,信道中噪声、衰落或干扰加剧。信道中噪声随机改变信号的幅度和相位,导致接收信号的误判;信道衰落导致信号强度明显下降,其他信号源或环境因素可能引入干扰,进一步破坏信号质量。同时,当误码比特块数固定时,考虑指向误差会进一步恶化信号接收情况。
对比MPSK调制与OOK调制的BER性能,结果如图9所示。相较于OOK调制方式,MPSK调制能够快速降低系统的误码率。MPSK调制通过改变信号的相位表示多个比特的信息,在相同的带宽内传输更多的数据,能够高效地利用频谱资源,降低误码率。而OOK调制方式通过控制载波的存在表示不同的符号或比特,频谱效率相对较低,对噪声和衰落更敏感,导致误码率较高。
在MPSK调制中,不同调制阶数的BER与SNR的关系如图10所示。在相同的信噪比条件下,随着调制阶数的增大,各符号间相位差减小,即符号间距离减小,符号间的区分更加困难,导致误码率提升。因此,随着调制阶数的增大,误码率性能衰减。
本文设计了一种IRS辅助下的可见光非视距通信系统模型,探究了模型在非视距链路中,服从双瑞利分布和瑞利-莱斯联合分布对误码率、停机概率以及块误码率的影响,同时,考虑复合指向误差,提升通信系统性能。后续将在路灯与车辆间增配多个IRS单元,通过选取或切换合适的IRS,实现接收信号的智能覆盖,为智慧交通中光电信号传输系统的分析提供科学依据。
  • *中央高校基金专项研究项目(300102384901)
  • “十四五”国家重点研发计划(2021YFB1600200)
  • 高层次领军人才“千人”项目支持计划(300201000156)
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doi: 10.19620/j.cnki.1000-3703.20241044
  • 首发时间:2025-11-14
  • 出版时间:2025-05-24
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  • 修回日期:2025-03-17
基金
*中央高校基金专项研究项目(300102384901)
“十四五”国家重点研发计划(2021YFB1600200)
高层次领军人才“千人”项目支持计划(300201000156)
作者信息
    1 长安大学能源与电气工程学院,西安 710018
    2 比亚迪汽车股份有限公司,西安 710018

通讯作者:

牛明博(1981—),教授,主要研究方向为智能电网与储能科学、无线感知与传输、集成交通系统与智能道路技术等,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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