Article(id=1195402181890327389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, issueId=1195402179973526439, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19620/j.cnki.1000-3703.20231107, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=1740585600000, revisedDateStr=2025-02-27, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1762935689660, onlineDateStr=2025-11-12, pubDate=1750694400000, pubDateStr=2025-06-24, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1762935689660, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-11-12, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1762935689660, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762935689660, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1195402179973526439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, year='2025', volume='', issue='6', pageStart='1', pageEnd='62', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1762935689204, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1762938972759, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1195415952272699544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, issueId=1195402179973526439, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1195415952272699545, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, issueId=1195402179973526439, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=45, endPage=53, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1195402182297174880, articleId=1195402181890327389, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, language=EN, title=Coupling Research of Fuel Cell Vehicle Energy Management and Thermal Management Based on ECMS, columnId=null, journalTitle=Automobile Technology, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to improve economy of Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV) and thermal management effect of fuel cells, this paper proposes an adaptive hydrogen equivalent consumption minimization strategy based on fuel cell temperature feedback on the basis of hydrogen equivalent consumption minimization strategy. Then, the control effect of the proposed strategy is verified by simulations. The simulation results show that the proposed strategy exhibits strong robustness. Under various driving conditions, including the China Light-duty vehicle Test Cycle for Passenger car (CLTC-P), New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) and World Light Vehicle Test Cycle (WLTC), it achieves a hydrogen consumption reduction of 10.7% to 11.8% compared to rule-based energy management strategies. Furthermore, it demonstrates improvements in thermal management of the fuel cell compared to strategies without considering thermal management, thereby further enhancing the economy of fuel cell vehicles.

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为在提高燃料电池汽车整车经济性的同时提升燃料电池的热管理效果,在等效氢耗最小策略基础上提出一种基于燃料电池温度反馈的自适应等效氢耗最小策略,并通过仿真验证所提出策略的控制效果。仿真结果表明:该策略具有较强的鲁棒性,在中国乘用车行驶工况(CLTC-P)、新欧洲驾驶循环(NEDC)和全球轻型汽车测试循环(WLTC)等工况下,相较于基于规则的能量管理策略均可实现10.7%~11.8%的节氢效果提升,相较于未考虑热管理的策略可实现燃料电池热管理效果的改善,并进一步提升燃料电池汽车的经济性。

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label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
算法 等效因子调整 SOC初始值 Kp 燃料电池初始温度/℃
AECMS-heat 基于燃料电池温度与SOC反馈 0.7 0.01 70
AECMS-
noheat
基于SOC反馈
), ArticleFig(id=1195414552037863524, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, articleId=1195402181890327389, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

两种对比算法仿真条件

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
算法 等效因子调整 SOC初始值 Kp 燃料电池初始温度/℃
AECMS-heat 基于燃料电池温度与SOC反馈 0.7 0.01 70
AECMS-
noheat
基于SOC反馈
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基于ECMS的燃料电池汽车能量管理与热管理耦合研究
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褚观耀 1 , 苏梦月 1 , 宁竞 2 , 曾小华 2
汽车技术 | 2025,(6): 45-53
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汽车技术 | 2025, (6): 45-53
基于ECMS的燃料电池汽车能量管理与热管理耦合研究
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褚观耀1, 苏梦月1, 宁竞2, 曾小华2
作者信息
  • 1 中汽院(重庆)汽车检测有限公司,重庆 402371
  • 2 吉林大学汽车仿真与控制国家重点实验室,长春 130025
Coupling Research of Fuel Cell Vehicle Energy Management and Thermal Management Based on ECMS
Guanyao Chu1, Mengyue Su1, Jing Ning2, Xiaohua Zeng2
Affiliations
  • 1 China Automobile Institute (Chongqing) Automobile Testing Co., Ltd., Chongqing 402371
  • 2 State Key Laboratory of Automotive Simulation and Control, Jilin University, Changchun 130025
出版时间: 2025-06-24 doi: 10.19620/j.cnki.1000-3703.20231107
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为在提高燃料电池汽车整车经济性的同时提升燃料电池的热管理效果,在等效氢耗最小策略基础上提出一种基于燃料电池温度反馈的自适应等效氢耗最小策略,并通过仿真验证所提出策略的控制效果。仿真结果表明:该策略具有较强的鲁棒性,在中国乘用车行驶工况(CLTC-P)、新欧洲驾驶循环(NEDC)和全球轻型汽车测试循环(WLTC)等工况下,相较于基于规则的能量管理策略均可实现10.7%~11.8%的节氢效果提升,相较于未考虑热管理的策略可实现燃料电池热管理效果的改善,并进一步提升燃料电池汽车的经济性。

燃料电池汽车  /  等效氢耗最小策略  /  能量管理  /  热管理

In order to improve economy of Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV) and thermal management effect of fuel cells, this paper proposes an adaptive hydrogen equivalent consumption minimization strategy based on fuel cell temperature feedback on the basis of hydrogen equivalent consumption minimization strategy. Then, the control effect of the proposed strategy is verified by simulations. The simulation results show that the proposed strategy exhibits strong robustness. Under various driving conditions, including the China Light-duty vehicle Test Cycle for Passenger car (CLTC-P), New European Driving Cycle (NEDC) and World Light Vehicle Test Cycle (WLTC), it achieves a hydrogen consumption reduction of 10.7% to 11.8% compared to rule-based energy management strategies. Furthermore, it demonstrates improvements in thermal management of the fuel cell compared to strategies without considering thermal management, thereby further enhancing the economy of fuel cell vehicles.

Fuel cell vehicles  /  Equivalent consumption minimization strategy of hydrogen  /  Energy management  /  Thermal management
褚观耀, 苏梦月, 宁竞, 曾小华. 基于ECMS的燃料电池汽车能量管理与热管理耦合研究. 汽车技术, 2025 , (6) : 45 -53 . DOI: 10.19620/j.cnki.1000-3703.20231107
Guanyao Chu, Mengyue Su, Jing Ning, Xiaohua Zeng. Coupling Research of Fuel Cell Vehicle Energy Management and Thermal Management Based on ECMS[J]. Automobile Technology, 2025 , (6) : 45 -53 . DOI: 10.19620/j.cnki.1000-3703.20231107
燃料电池汽车(Fuel Cell Vehicle,FCV)被视为促进未来交通系统低碳化转型的重要手段之一[1-3],随着研究的深入,燃料电池汽车的能量管理问题和热管理问题逐渐成为现阶段的研究重点[4-5]
在能量管理领域,现有研究成果表明,对燃料电池汽车的动力系统进行精确的功率配置优化,能显著提高车辆的能源利用效率[6-8]。FCV的能量管理策略主要分为两种:规则驱动策略和优化驱动策略[9]。在规则驱动的能量管理策略研究方面,王骞利用模糊逻辑控制机制设计了能量管理方案,通过调节燃料电池输出补充动力电池的能量消耗,以提升系统能效[10]。宋昱考察了不同规则的能量管理策略对FCV经济性的影响,识别了策略与经济性之间的作用机制[11]。Bankati等提出了一种基于剩余使用寿命预测的能量管理策略,并结合规则驱动的能量管理策略实现燃料电池堆栈负荷分配,降低了氢气消耗量并延长了电池寿命[12]。在优化驱动的能量管理策略研究方面,Ansarey提出了一种基于多维动态规划的优化策略,通过优化功率分配提升整车经济性[13]。Fares采用基于加权改进的动态规划技术,提高了算法的收敛速度[14]。随着人工智能技术的发展,Ghaderi等提出基于深度强化学习(Deep Reinforcement Learning,DRL)算法的功率分配方法,采用深度Q网络(Deep Q-Network,DQN)来优化燃料电池与动力电池之间的功率分配,较传统方法具有显著优势[15]。李卫基于深度确定性策略梯度(Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient,DDPG)算法框架构建了能量管理策略,其展现出对未知工况的高适应性和优异控制效果[16-17]。刘新天采用改进的快速非支配排序遗传算法,以最小化氢气消耗和延长燃料电池寿命为双重优化目标,该策略在降低FCV运行成本和增强燃料电池耐用性方面具有显著优势[18]
在热管理方面,良好的热管理系统不仅能提高系统工作效率、延长燃料电池使用寿命,还能提升整车经济性[19]。Sachin等通过MATLAB建立质子交换膜燃料电池(Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell,PEMFC)电堆稳态模型,分析了操作温度和湿度对电堆性能的影响[20]。Zhu等研究了高温燃料电池汽车的散热需求,并提出了高温PEMFC冷却系统的优化方案[21]。郑文杰团队利用AMESim开发了PEMFC的热管理系统模型,深入分析了风速、风温等因素对电堆冷却液出口温度的影响,为热管理系统的设计与优化提供了有力支撑[22]。热管理研究主要针对FCV部件产热的计算、温度和流量控制、冷却方式及其效果对比开展,缺乏对热管理能量进行分配利用的研究[23-27]
综上,现有研究主要集中在单一的能量管理或热管理领域,二者间的耦合研究相对缺乏。针对多目标优化问题,等效消耗最小策略(Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy,ECMS)广泛应用于能量管理中。基于此,本文提出一种基于ECMS的能量及热管理一体化策略,以优化FCV的经济性,同时提高燃料电池的热效率,并通过仿真验证所提出策略的控制效果。
整车集成热管理系统主要由乘员舱热管理系统、燃料电池热管理系统、动力电池热管理系统及电机热管理系统构成。燃料电池与动力电池热管理系统主要负责调节二者的运行温度,一般控制动力电池的温度在18~45 ℃区间、燃料电池的温度在60~80 ℃区间。电机工作时的损耗转化为热量,温度过高会影响其性能,为提高能效并减少能量损耗,可回收电机余热,通过冷却液为电池和乘员舱制热。
燃料电池汽车的整车热管理系统将各子系统集成,使独立的子系统之间可以实现热量交换。基于热泵空调节能高效的特点,热管理系统可在高温条件下为各子系统制冷与散热,在低温条件下进行制热与预热,同时回收电机余热再利用。系统原理如图1所示。
图1可知,整车热管理系统由4个子系统循环回路构成。在热泵系统中,为了调节冷却液的流动方向,设置了1个四通阀和5个开关阀,该回路中冷却液的流速由压缩机转速调节。在各子系统回路中分别设置相应的水泵来调节冷却液流速;为使各回路经过换热器从而与热泵空调循环回路实现热量交换,在各回路中分别设置相应的三通阀来调节冷却液的流动方向。在燃料电池循环回路中,通过三通阀4改变冷却液流动方向,进而决定是否经过散热器。
根据实际需求,质子交换膜燃料电池系统中更多采用离心式循环水泵,其流量与转速成正比关系,水泵流量Wp的计算公式为:

Wp=dpnpheff

式中:dp为水泵排量,np为水泵转速,heff为水泵体积效率。
水泵综合压力通过引入修正参数确定:

pp=fc pin+(1-fc)pout

式中:pp为水泵综合压力,fc为修正参数,pinpout分别为水泵进口、出口压力。
水泵转矩Tp的计算公式为:

Tp=dpdpreheffmeff

式中:dpre为压差,meff为水泵机械效率。
作为冷却回路中的核心部件,散热器通过内部管路与外界空气进行对流换热,将冷却液的热量传递到外界环境中,进而实现冷却液温度调节功能。散热器的散热能力很大程度上决定了整个热管理回路的散热能力。模型中冷却液和通过散热器的空气之间交换的热量是冷却液流量和穿过散热器的空气速度的函数。
穿过散热器的空气速度Vvs由散热器入口风速和电子风扇工作时增加的风速构成:

Vvs=Vairrad+Vfan

式中:Vairrad为散热器入口风速;Vfan为电子风扇工作时增加的风速,与电子风扇开度成正比。
散热器的实际散热量Hreal可计算为:
H r e a l = f H e x p × ( T c r e a l - T a i r r e a l ) Δ T e x p × S e f f
式中:Hexp为理论散热量,Tcreal为散热器入口处的冷却液温度,Tairreal为散热器入口处的空气温度,ΔTexp为理论温度变化量,Seff为散热器表面效率。
按照整车集成热管理系统中燃料电池、动力电池与电机热管理回路方案设计搭建对应的AMESim模型,如图2所示。
在整车热管理系统中,压缩机通过调整制冷量实现温度控制。在控制方面,通常通过调节电机转速来控制压缩机,依据热管理需求确定相应转速,并根据压缩机特性曲线计算制冷功率,结合能效比计算实际制冷量。该制冷量用于平衡乘员舱和电池系统的热负荷。受外界环境和内部热交换现象影响,乘员舱和电池系统呈现非线性时变特性,因此采用PI控制算法对压缩机进行调节。
为实现不同运行工况下压缩机的有效控制,以乘员舱反馈温度与设定温度的差值作为输入量,通过脉冲宽度调制(Pulse Width Modulation,PWM)占空比信号控制电机转速,进而实现对压缩机电压与转速的控制。温度反馈误差的调节基于基准占空比为0.5、比例增益为0.2、积分增益为0.001 5进行,从而提高控制鲁棒性,如图3所示。
针对热管理系统的工作模式,利用MATLAB建立整车热管理系统状态机,并对热管理系统模型与整车热管理系统状态机开展联合仿真,从而对整车热管理系统的仿真结果进行进一步分析与探究。
在现代控制理论中,庞特里亚金极小值原理能够在优化问题中找到最佳控制决策[28]。该原理通过使优化问题的成本函数达到极小值来实现,核心在于确保相关哈密顿函数达到最小可能值。本文应用该原理,首先构建数学模型来表示等效氢耗最小化问题,然后引入协态变量,利用哈密顿函数对系统状态和控制变量进行优化,通过求解最优控制问题的微分方程,确保系统在满足边界条件的前提下达到氢耗的最小化。优化目标可以通过以下形式来表达:
性能指标函数为:
J ( u ) = t 0 t T L [ x ( t ) , u ( t ) , t ] d t
式中:t0tT分别为初始时刻、终止时刻,L[x(t),u(t),t]为拉格朗日函数,x(t)为各时刻的状态变量,u(t)为各时刻的控制变量。
哈密顿函数引入协态变量后的表达式为:
H ( x , λ , u , t ) = L ( x , u , t ) + λ T f ( x , u , t )
式中:H(x,λ,u,t)为哈密顿函数;λT为协态变量;f (x,u,t)为系统的动态方程,即所应用的数学模型。
通过对哈密顿函数进行求解,可以得到最优控制策略,优化问题的解需满足以下条件:
a. 在最优控制策略u*下,哈密顿函数必须始终取得最小值,其数学表征如下:
H ( x , λ , u , t ) H x , λ , u * , t , u ( t ) u * ( t )
b. 对于协态变量,必须满足:
λ ˙ = - H x = - f ( x , u , t ) x
等效氢耗最小策略是在庞特里亚金极小值原理的基础上提出的实时控制策略,在优化问题中利用该策略可以将全局优化问题转化为瞬时优化问题[29]。本文的优化目标为瞬时等效总氢耗最小。在计算过程中,电池等效氢耗需通过等效因子计算获得。等效因子的取值影响了优化目标的准确性,因此,如何准确确定等效因子是该算法的重点和难点。
针对实现等效因子动态优化调整的需求,本文提出基于燃料电池温度反馈的自适应算法。该算法以等效氢耗最小化为导向构建目标函数,旨在对FCV动力系统的功率分配进行优化,同时降低燃料电池温度的波动幅度。
自适应等效氢耗最小化策略具体包括以下步骤[30]
a. 在燃料电池汽车能量管理策略中,以整车总氢耗的最小化作为主要优化目标,并在此基础上定义相关优化函数的约束条件。在约束条件框架下,策略致力于寻找使氢耗最小化的控制方案,以实现动力系统功率的精确分配,同时对燃料电池的温度波动范围进行更精细的调控。
b. 进一步整合燃料电池的温度信息和动力电池的荷电状态(State of Charge,SOC)数据,基于此构建自适应的等效因子调整算法,以实现等效因子的动态优化调整,从而进行更加精确和高效的实时能量管理。
在追求等效氢耗最小化的优化问题中,选择恰当的状态变量和控制变量对于获得最优化结果至关重要。本文选定动力电池的SOC和燃料电池的输出功率作为关键变量,以最小化等效总氢耗作为性能优化的指标。据此,该优化问题的最小化代价函数可表示为:
  M i n i m i z e   J ( u , x ) J ( u , x ) = 0 T m ˙ f c ( u ( t ) ) 2 d t
式中: m ˙fc(u(t))为燃料电池的氢耗,T为总时间。
其约束条件为:
s t . P f c , m i n P f c P f c , m a x P b a t , m i n P b a t P b a t , m a x S S O C m i n S S O C S S O C m a x
式中:Pfc为燃料电池输出功率,Pbat为动力电池的需求功率,SSOC为动力电池的SOC,Pfc,minPfc,max分别为燃料电池输出功率的最小、最大值,Pbat,minPbat,max分别为动力电池需求功率的最小、最大值,SSOCminSSOCmax分别为动力电池SOC的最小、最大值。
燃料电池输出功率的频繁波动会对其使用寿命产生不利影响,因此,对燃料电池的输出功率Pfc(t)施加限制是必要的。在系统的约束条件范围内,既要对产热功率进行限制以避免燃料电池电堆在高功率区间长时间运行,又要对产热功率的变化率施加约束,以减少由于短期内功率的迅速变化引起电堆温度剧烈波动的情况:
Δ P f c , m i n Δ P f c ( t ) Δ P f c , m a x P f c , h e a t , m i n P f c , h e a t ( t ) P f c , h e a t , m a x Δ P f c , h e a t , m i n Δ P f c , h e a t ( t ) Δ P f c , h e a t , m a x
式中:ΔPfc为燃料电池输出功率变化率,Pfc,heat为燃料电池产热功率,ΔPfc,heat为燃料电池产热功率变化率,ΔPfc,min、ΔPfc,max分别为燃料电池输出功率变化率的最小、最大值,Pfc,heat,minPfc,heat,max分别为燃料电池产热功率的最小、最大值,ΔPfc,heat,min、ΔPfc,heat,max分别为燃料电池产热功率变化率的最小、最大值。
基于上述分析,可得优化问题的哈密顿函数为:
H ( x , λ , u , t ) = m ˙ f c ( u ( t ) ) + λ f x , P b a t , t
式中:λ·f (x,Pbat,t)为将动力电池的电耗量转换为等效氢耗的表征。
为了更加细致地揭示电耗与氢耗的转换关系,本文采用等效因子,并据此对之前定义的哈密顿函数进行改写,以便更准确地反映这两种耗能方式之间的相互转换:
H ( x , u , s ) = m ˙ f c ( t ) + m ˙ b a t ( t ) = m ˙ f c ( t ) + s ( t ) P b a t H L H V
式中:s(t)为电耗与氢耗之间的等效因子,HLHV为氢气的低热值。
电堆氢耗率的公式可表示为:
m ˙ f c = P f c H L H V η f c = c P f c 2 + b P f c + a
式中:ηfc为燃料电池的能量转化效率,abc为拟合系数。
本文利用合作项目中获得的试验数据对所研究的燃料电池电堆的效率与功率之间的关系进行数据拟合。数据分析结果揭示了氢耗率与功率之间的定量关系,如图4所示[31]
电堆氢耗率与功率间的关系可表示为:
m ˙ f c = P f c H L H V η f c = 2.909 × 10 - 5 P f c 2 + 0.013   31 P f c - 0.005   992
为实现燃料电池热管理与能量管理的综合优化,本文对试验得到的电堆功率与产热功率数据进行拟合,建立二者间的关系模型,如图5所示。
图5揭示了电堆功率与产热功率之间的关系:
P f c , h e a t = 3.129 × 10 - 3 P f c 2 + 0.645 P f c - 2.007
在燃料电池汽车的氢耗计算中,等效因子具有决定性作用,它直接关联动力电池的等效氢耗,进而显著影响整车的总氢耗。因此,精确设定等效因子是实现有效能量管理策略的关键环节。在这一背景下,自适应等效氢耗最小化策略(Adaptive Equivalent Consumption Minimization Strategy,AECMS)通过应用实时反馈数据实现了等效因子的自适应调整,具体方法为:
a. 基于电池SOC的等效因子调整:为保证仿真结果的准确性,确保仿真开始和结束时SOC的一致性至关重要。在仿真过程中,等效因子将根据SOC的实时差异进行调整,以反映SOC变化对等效因子的影响:
s ( t ) = s 0 + K p · ( S S O C o b j - S S O C ( t ) )
式中:s0Kp为调整参数,SSOCobj为电池SOC的参考值,SSOC(t)为当前电池SOC。
基于上述分析可知,在仿真分析中,电池的状态量SOC递减导致等效因子递增,反映出随着SOC降低,电池的等效氢耗增加,这要求燃料电池承担更大的动力输出任务。相对地,高SOC水平对应较低的等效氢耗,允许燃料电池输出功率降低。此现象表明,动力管理系统需动态调整燃料电池输出功率,以适应电池能量变化,确保动力系统的经济运行。
b. 基于燃料电池温度与电池SOC的等效因子调整:本文聚焦于丰田Mirai燃料电池汽车的动力系统,特别是其燃料电池作为主要动力源和动力电池作为辅助能源的配置。在此系统中,燃料电池的工作温度对其能量转换效率具有显著影响,进而影响车辆的动力性能和能源效率。相比之下,电机的效率对温度变化的敏感性较低。鉴于此,本文提出基于燃料电池温度并结合动力电池的SOC反馈,通过调节系数Kp调整等效因子,以降低燃料电池的温度波动,并提升车辆的整体能源效率:
s ( k + 1 ) = s ( k ) + K p × T s t a c k ( t 0 ) - T s t a c k ( t ) ×                                         S S O C ( t 0 ) - S S O C ( t ) ,         t = k T ,   k = 1,2 , 3 ,
式中:Tstack(t0)为燃料电池初始温度,Tstack(t)为燃料电池当前温度,SSOC(t0)为电池初始SOC。
在结合燃料电池温度与电池SOC的等效因子调节方法中,等效因子应随燃料电池的温度变化动态调整。模拟结果表明:较高的温度差值反映较大的燃料电池热输出,此时需依靠动力电池提供额外的动力以维持SOC平衡,故等效因子应增大;相对地,较低的温度差值意味着燃料电池热输出减少,应相应减小等效因子。
为了验证本文策略的有效性,基于中国乘用车行驶工况(China Light-duty vehicle Test Cycle for Passenger car,CLTC-P)进行了系列仿真分析,对比不同工况下燃料电池的氢耗和最高温度。对比方法包括融合了燃料电池温度和SOC反馈的等效因子调整方法(AECMS-heat)和未考虑热效应的方法(AECMS-noheat),两种方法的具体条件如表1所示。
分别针对不同功率阈值条件下的氢耗量及电池SOC进行了仿真,结果如图6图7所示。
图6显示,电堆功率与产热功率阈值降低导致氢耗减少。这是因为燃料电池汽车的等效氢耗包括燃料电池氢耗和动力电池的等效氢耗。随着动力电池输出功率比例的增加,电堆功率输出环境变得稳定,有利于动力电池回收更多制动能量,降低等效氢耗。同时,电堆工作温度下降使热管理系统能耗减少,进一步降低了整车氢耗。图7表明,不同功率阈值下仿真结束时电池SOC均在70%左右,且随功率阈值减小而递减。对比不同功率阈值下电池SOC的变化可知,50 kW阈值下电池SOC维持性最佳,因此选定50 kW作为仿真阈值。
图8展示了不同策略下电堆与电池的输出功率变化情况,相应策略下电池SOC与电堆温度的变化曲线如图9所示。由仿真结果可知:在仿真开始后第520 s,两种策略的功率分配出现差异,在AECMS-heat策略下,电池输出较大功率,导致电池SOC低于采用AECMS-noheat策略时的SOC;第1 100 s后,AECMS-heat策略使电堆输出更大功率以满足车辆需求,导致动力电池输出功率减小,该策略下电池SOC逐渐超过采用AECMS-noheat策略时的SOC;第1 700 s后,AECMS-heat策略下电池输出更大功率,电堆输出功率低于采用AECMS-noheat策略时的输出功率,导致该策略下电池SOC下降幅度较AECMS-noheat策略高。总体来看,AECMS-noheat策略由于未考虑燃料电池温度,在高速工况下可为车辆提供更大动力,同时为平衡动力电池SOC对其充电,导致燃料电池温度较高。AECMS-heat策略下燃料电池的最低温度升高0.1 ℃,最高温度降低0.3 ℃,体现出更合理的温度控制效果。
两种策略下总氢耗变化情况如图10所示,不考虑燃料电池温度时的等效总氢耗为130.5 g,考虑燃料电池温度时的总氢耗
对比两种控制策略的经济性,在CLTC-P工况下,功率阈值设为50 kW时,考虑燃料电池温度与电池SOC的等效因子调整策略(AECMS-heat)的百公里氢耗为877.75 g,而未考虑热效应策略(AECMS-noheat)的百公里氢耗为901.23 g,经济性提升2.61%。进一步,将AECMS-heat算法在新欧洲驾驶循环(New European Driving Cycle,NEDC)和全球轻型汽车测试循环(World Light Vehicle Test Cycle,WLTC)工况下进行仿真验证,并与AECMS-noheat及基于规则的算法进行比较,结果如图11所示。
图11可知:在NEDC工况下,相较于对照算法,AECMS-heat策略使燃料电池的最高温度降低了0.57 ℃,氢耗减少了2.3 g;在WLTC工况下,该策略使燃料电池的最高温度降低了0.66 ℃,氢耗减少了5.7 g。综上,本文提出的考虑燃料电池温度的等效因子调整算法(AECMS-heat)在不同的工况下均有效提升了整车的经济性和热管理性能。
综合比较3种不同算法在各工况下的经济性,可以发现:在CLTC-P工况下,由于最高车速和平均车速的降低及增加高速路况测试,该工况的百公里氢耗相比NEDC工况有所减少;在WLTC工况下,受超高速路况和显著的车速波动影响,氢耗呈现最高值。进一步对比显示:相较于基于规则的控制算法,AECMS-heat策略在CLTC-P工况下实现了11.5%的经济性提升,百公里氢耗降至877.8 g;在NEDC工况下,百公里氢耗为956.5 g,经济性提升10.7%;在WLTC工况下,氢耗减少至1 116.5 g,经济性提升11.8%。
本文提出了一种基于燃料电池温度反馈的自适应等效氢耗最小化策略,通过优化燃料电池与动力电池的功率分配和温度控制来提升燃料电池汽车的整体经济性和热管理效果,并将其与基于SOC误差反馈的传统等效因子调整算法进行仿真对比验证,结果表明,本文算法能够在节氢效果和温度控制方面取得显著提升。在综合考虑不同工况的情况下,基于SOC误差反馈的等效因子调整算法在各工况下展现了8.7%~9.8%的节氢效果。对比之下,考虑燃料电池温度反馈的等效因子调整算法能够进一步降低等效氢耗,实现更显著的节氢效果,范围在10.7%~11.8%之间。故本文算法不仅在提高燃料电池汽车的经济性方面表现出色,同时有效提升了燃料电池的热管理性能,显著优化了整体的能源效率。
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doi: 10.19620/j.cnki.1000-3703.20231107
  • 首发时间:2025-11-12
  • 出版时间:2025-06-24
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  • 修回日期:2025-02-27
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    1 中汽院(重庆)汽车检测有限公司,重庆 402371
    2 吉林大学汽车仿真与控制国家重点实验室,长春 130025
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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