Article(id=1189868452614566657, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, issueId=1190221820944024075, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.19620/j.cnki.1000-3703.20240993, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=null, receivedDateStr=null, revisedDate=1739116800000, revisedDateStr=2025-02-10, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1761616345789, onlineDateStr=2025-10-28, pubDate=1753286400000, pubDateStr=2025-07-24, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1761616345789, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-10-28, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1761616345789, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761616345789, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1190221820944024075, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, year='2025', volume='', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='62', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1761700595354, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1761700595354, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext=null, issueFiles=null}, startPage=40, endPage=48, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1189868452807504645, articleId=1189868452614566657, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, language=EN, title=Behavior-Extendable Vehicle Platooning Control Method and Real-Vehicle Verification, columnId=null, journalTitle=Automobile Technology, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To address the limitations of existing vehicle platooning control methods, such as poor behavior-extendable capabilities, difficulties in handling diverse platoon behaviors during highway driving, and the lack of real-world road testing, this paper proposes a behavior-extendable vehicle platooning control method. Additionally, a leader vehicle acceleration prediction method under packet loss conditions is designed, and a real-vehicle platooning test platform is established. The proposed method is implemented on the real-vehicle platform, and real-vehicle experiments are conducted under packet loss conditions to validate its effectiveness. Road test results, with a maximum speed of 80 km/h and a cumulative distance of approximately 1 000 kilometers, demonstrate that the proposed vehicle platooning control method can safely and effectively manage and extend various platoon behaviors. During stable driving, the average speed errors of the following vehicles are less than 0.62 km/h and 1.55 km/h, respectively, while maintaining stable inter-vehicle spacing. These results verify the effectiveness, real-time performance, and robustness of the proposed control method and the real-vehicle platform.

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【摘要】为解决现有车辆队列控制方法可拓展性差、难以应对高速公路行驶过程中各种队列行为及较少开展实车道路测试的问题,提出一种行为可拓展的车辆队列控制方法,同时设计通信丢包条件下的头车加速度预测方法,并搭建队列实车试验平台,将所提出方法应用于实车平台,最后在通信丢包条件下进行实车试验,对所提出方法进行验证。最高时速80 km/h、累计约1 000 km的道路测试结果表明:所提出的车辆队列控制方法可以安全有效处理多种队列行为并进行拓展,且稳定行驶过程中,跟随车速度平均误差小于分别为0.62 km/h和1.55 km/h,间距保持稳定,验证了控制方法和实车平台的有效性和实时性。

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孔伟伟(1987—),副教授,主要研究方向为智能网联车辆、自动驾驶车辆、智能农机多机协同,
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时间 执行动作
t1 1车、2车组队
t2 3车尾部入队
t3~t4 稳定行驶,1车加减速
t4 3车尾部离队
t5 2车尾部离队
), ArticleFig(id=1190222425481647023, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1189621681917173762, articleId=1189868452614566657, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

试验流程

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时间 执行动作
t1 1车、2车组队
t2 3车尾部入队
t3~t4 稳定行驶,1车加减速
t4 3车尾部离队
t5 2车尾部离队
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行为可拓展式车辆队列控制方法与实车验证*
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朱洧震 1 , 杨皓宇 2 , 刘畅 3 , 罗禹贡 2 , 孔伟伟 1
汽车技术 | 2025,(7): 40-48
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汽车技术 | 2025, (7): 40-48
行为可拓展式车辆队列控制方法与实车验证*
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朱洧震1, 杨皓宇2, 刘畅3, 罗禹贡2, 孔伟伟1
作者信息
  • 1 中国农业大学工学院, 北京 100083
  • 2 清华大学车辆与运载学院, 北京 100084
  • 3 小米汽车科技有限公司, 北京 100085

通讯作者:

孔伟伟(1987—),副教授,主要研究方向为智能网联车辆、自动驾驶车辆、智能农机多机协同,
Behavior-Extendable Vehicle Platooning Control Method and Real-Vehicle Verification
Weizhen Zhu1, Haoyu Yang2, Chang Liu3, Yugong Luo2, Weiwei Kong1
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100083
  • 2 School of Vehicle and Mobility, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084
  • 3 Xiaomi Auto Co., Ltd., Beijing 100085
出版时间: 2025-07-24 doi: 10.19620/j.cnki.1000-3703.20240993
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【摘要】为解决现有车辆队列控制方法可拓展性差、难以应对高速公路行驶过程中各种队列行为及较少开展实车道路测试的问题,提出一种行为可拓展的车辆队列控制方法,同时设计通信丢包条件下的头车加速度预测方法,并搭建队列实车试验平台,将所提出方法应用于实车平台,最后在通信丢包条件下进行实车试验,对所提出方法进行验证。最高时速80 km/h、累计约1 000 km的道路测试结果表明:所提出的车辆队列控制方法可以安全有效处理多种队列行为并进行拓展,且稳定行驶过程中,跟随车速度平均误差小于分别为0.62 km/h和1.55 km/h,间距保持稳定,验证了控制方法和实车平台的有效性和实时性。

行为可拓展  /  车辆队列控制  /  实车验证

To address the limitations of existing vehicle platooning control methods, such as poor behavior-extendable capabilities, difficulties in handling diverse platoon behaviors during highway driving, and the lack of real-world road testing, this paper proposes a behavior-extendable vehicle platooning control method. Additionally, a leader vehicle acceleration prediction method under packet loss conditions is designed, and a real-vehicle platooning test platform is established. The proposed method is implemented on the real-vehicle platform, and real-vehicle experiments are conducted under packet loss conditions to validate its effectiveness. Road test results, with a maximum speed of 80 km/h and a cumulative distance of approximately 1 000 kilometers, demonstrate that the proposed vehicle platooning control method can safely and effectively manage and extend various platoon behaviors. During stable driving, the average speed errors of the following vehicles are less than 0.62 km/h and 1.55 km/h, respectively, while maintaining stable inter-vehicle spacing. These results verify the effectiveness, real-time performance, and robustness of the proposed control method and the real-vehicle platform.

Behavior-extendable  /  Vehicle platoon control  /  Real-vehicle verification
朱洧震, 杨皓宇, 刘畅, 罗禹贡, 孔伟伟. 行为可拓展式车辆队列控制方法与实车验证*. 汽车技术, 2025 , (7) : 40 -48 . DOI: 10.19620/j.cnki.1000-3703.20240993
Weizhen Zhu, Haoyu Yang, Chang Liu, Yugong Luo, Weiwei Kong. Behavior-Extendable Vehicle Platooning Control Method and Real-Vehicle Verification[J]. Automobile Technology, 2025 , (7) : 40 -48 . DOI: 10.19620/j.cnki.1000-3703.20240993
智能交通系统旨在实现高安全性和交通效率,是未来交通发展的重要方向[1-2]。在智能交通系统环境下,车辆以队列形式在高速公路上行驶,研究表明,车辆队列可保障行驶安全[3]、提高运输能力[4]、节约能源消耗[5]
车辆队列的研究起源于美国加州的PATH项目[6-7],该项目首次提出了车辆“队列化”的概念[8]。随着队列技术的发展,各国研究者对车辆队列进行了广泛研究,涉及队列跟随稳定性[9]、通信对队列控制影响[10]及队列燃油经济性改善等[11]
车辆队列在行驶过程中需应对常规、紧急和故障容错等行为,因此需要对队列行为进行管理。现有研究通过提取队列行为执行过程的共性部分,使管理策略更易实现。例如,Maiti等[12]利用网络本体语言抽象出队列行为基本构件,Ivanchev等[13]为自动驾驶车辆队列设计了行为框架。现有研究还探讨了队列行为的执行过程,Badnava等[14]综述指出,当前研究集中在组队、入队、离队和换道四类行为,但这些方法难以灵活应对新增队列行为类型。
在车辆队列研究中,需通过仿真试验和实车试验进行验证。徐明诚等[15]在Matlab/Carsim联合仿真环境下对5车油电混合队列进行仿真,验证节能策略和控制方法。刘迪[16]提出商用车队列油耗与排放协调优化方法,并通过硬件在环试验验证效果。然而,仿真试验真实性不足,因此学者们也采用了更具说服力的实车试验,微型车方案较多使用实车试验。温国强等[17]基于微型线控底盘构建智能网联车辆队列试验系统,开展队列跟随、超车等试验。边有钢等[18]研究了过弯场景下车辆队列的抗扰与协同路径跟踪方法,并进行了实车验证。
车辆队列通过无线通信技术实现信息交互,然而,网络时延、丢包和错序等特性可能影响控制效果,降低系统性能并引发协同不稳定。Zhang等[19]将时延建模为马尔可夫链,研究网络控制系统稳定性;AZIMI-SADJADI B等[20]针对丢包问题,将其建模为切换线性系统,只有成功接收新数据时才更新数据。尽管已有处理方法,但实车验证仍较少。
综上,本文针对现有车辆队列研究中缺乏高速公路场景下的队列行为控制方法和实车试验验证问题,提出开展一种可拓展的队列控制方法,设计分层控制系统,重点开展队列管理层和车辆控制层设计,并在通信正常与丢包条件下验证方法的有效性。
本文采用分层式控制系统架构,根据系统需要,总结出所使用的分层架构如图1所示。
该架构从上至下依次是云端管理层、队列通信层、队列管理层、车辆控制层以及执行系统层。云端管理层实现更广域和宏观的功能,而队列通信层、队列管理层和车辆控制层进行多源信息的处理、队列行为的执行,执行系统层实现对车辆的控制:
a. 云端管理层。队列控制系统的设计中假设有云平台支持,该层可以通过相关车辆上的传感器和路侧基础设施感知一定区域周围当前的交通信息,在本文中通过通信设备模拟路侧设施与3台试验车辆进行指令交互。此外,该层还可以获取相关车辆出行规划,接收车辆的加入或离开请求,从而负责优化出行时间和交通流量。该层决定了相关车辆是否应该加入或离开队列以及何时执行该行为。
b. 队列通信层。队列通信层主要负责在车对车通信(Vehicle to Vehicle,V2V)和车对基础设施通信(Vehicle to Infrastructure,V2I)的通信范围内发送或接收必要的消息。具体来说,该层处理来自3个来源的信息:从云端接收的控制指令、来自其他相关车辆的V2V信息,以及来自车载传感器的信息。
c. 队列管理层。队列管理层包含队列行为选择和车辆角色确定的逻辑,并完成相应的行为执行过程。为了实现这一功能,本文设计了可拓展式队列行为管理结构,在队列行为执行过程中,会选择需要使用的控制策略,并将控制器选择指令发送给车辆控制层。
d. 车辆控制层。车辆控制层负责使用队列管理层选择的纵向和横向控制策略计算所需的期望扭矩或减速度以及期望转向盘转角。
e. 执行系统层。执行系统层的主要作用是根据车辆执行机构的特点执行控制层输出的纵、横向控制命令,并直接操作车辆。每辆车的队列通信层、队列管理层和车辆控制层完全相同,但执行系统层因不同品牌的相关车辆之间动力学特性不同而有所不同。
其中,队列管理层和车辆控制层是本文需要重点设计的内容。
商用车队列在高速公路实际行驶中需要处理多种队列行为。在每种队列行中,商用车队列的不同角色会完成不同的执行过程。所有执行过程都将通过队列管理层中的队列行为管理结构来实施,如图2所示。图2中的队列行为管理结构从队列行为和车辆角色两个维度对队列行为执行过程进行解耦。其中纵向为高速公路典型队列行为,横向为队列中的车辆角色。队列行为包括但不限于图中所列出的常规行为、紧急行为以及容错行为3类。本文中暂不涉及紧急行为和容错行为执行策略的研究,但在队列管理层可拓展结构设计中需将紧急行为和容错行为考虑在内,以保证所设计结构的完整性。
车辆角色包括头车、跟随车及自由车辆,其中头车是指人类驾驶员驾驶的领航车辆,跟随车是已经成为队列车辆的车,自由车是指可以和队列车辆通信但暂时没有成为队列车辆的车,自由车在没有执行入队行为前也由人类驾驶员驾驶。
队列行为管理结构中含有行为选择状态机以及角色选择状态机,队列管理层会结合控制信息选择队列行为,并从3种车辆角色中选择一种。每辆车一次只能切换到一种队列行为和一种车辆角色。随后,车辆在特定的队列行为和车辆角色下完成相应的执行过程。
在没有发生切换时,车辆队列的角色维持不变。所有相关车辆都是自由车,初始化后,头车被选定,并由人类驾驶员驾驶。车辆角色的切换逻辑可以表示为一个有限状态机,如图3所示。
队列行为的切换逻辑可以表示为另一个有限状态机,如图4所示。假设车辆在初始化后保持队列稳定行驶状态,在触发常规行为、紧急行为和容错行为后,队列车辆的状态将发生转换。除了硬件故障行为外,其他队列行为执行过程完成后,车辆均会返回到稳定行驶状态。
经过车辆角色选择后和队列行为选择后,队列行为管理结构会执行特定行为和特定角色下的队列行为执行过程。队列行为执行过程通常包括以下动作:发送或接收消息、更新车辆队列信息、等待特定事件、选择合适的控制器以及切换队列中的角色。不同角色的执行过程通过V2V通信来关联和同步。本节对组队、尾部入队、稳定行驶和尾部离队行为进行策略设计。
车辆组队是指车辆由自由行驶状态变成队列行驶状态的转变过程。组队仅针对两辆车进行,两车组队完成后,其余车辆以入队方式加入队列。如图5所示,路侧单元发出组队信息,待组队车辆进行组队。根据待组队车辆的初始位置,可分为非换道组队和换道组队,考虑到实车的应用难度以及安全问题,本文中采用非换道组队。
当自由车接收到云端发送的组队指令并确认自己是组队车辆后,需根据自车与另外一辆组队车辆的相对位置来判断自己为头车或跟随车。若为跟随车,横向控制器保持车道居中控制(Lane Centering Control,LCC)不变,而纵向控制器切换为自适应巡航控制(Adaptive Cruise Control,ACC),加速拉近与前车的距离。当距离达到期望阈值ddes时,发送组队完成标志给头车,并等待头车完成队列信息更新后,将纵向控制器切换为协同式自适应巡航控制(Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control,CACC),角色由自由车切换为跟随车,完成该流程;若为头车,则在接收到云端入队指令后也会进入组队行为,等待另外一辆组队车辆发送组队完成标志后,更新队列长度和ID序列,这里ID序列是队列车辆物理ID的排序序列。队列长度加1,在ID序列中的末尾添加入队车辆的物理ID。之后会向自由车发送更新完成标志,结束该流程。
车辆入队是指当已有至少两辆车形成车辆队列后,其他车辆继续加入队列、拓展队列长度的转变过程。根据入队请求车辆进入队列的位置,可分为尾部入队和队列中部入队两种情况,出于实车应用难度和安全考虑,本文采用尾部入队,如图6所示。
车辆入队过程中待入队车辆和头车所执行的行为与组队过程中两辆待组队车辆所执行的行为相同。
队列稳定行驶场景是整个队列行驶过程中最常见的场景。如图7所示,3辆及以上车辆以期望的队形、期望车间距和期望车速进行稳定行驶。
在稳定行驶过程中,头车、跟随车、自由车均无需执行任何行为。除头车外,自车的前方车辆出于传感器视野范围内,整个队列均可实现V2V通信,队列内的车间距和相对速度满足队列稳定行驶的范围,即车间距和相对速度波动不大,本文采用前车跟随车通信拓扑结构,即每辆车同时接收头车和前车的状态信息。
车辆离队是指队列稳定行驶时,队列中的车辆发出离队请求,希望进入单车自由行驶状态并离开队列的转变过程。如图8所示,根据离队请求车辆在队列中所处的位置,可分为尾车离队、头车离队和队列中部跟随车离队3种情况,考虑实车应用难度和安全问题,本文只考虑尾车离队一种情况。
自由车在尾车离队时无需执行任何动作。跟随车在接收到云端发送的离队指令后会首先判断自己是否为离队车辆,如果不是,则无需执行任何动作,即可结束该行为执行过程。如果确认要离队,首先会将纵向控制策略从CACC切换到ACC,拉开与前车的距离。当车间距大于设定阈值ddes后,车辆会提示驾驶员接管车辆。此时跟随车会向头车发送离队完成标志,当收到头车返回的队列信息更新完成标志后,跟随车会将角色切换为自由车,完成执行过程。
当头车接收到云端离队指令后同样会进入到尾部离队行为,头车等待离队跟随车发送离队完成标志后,会更新队列长度和ID序列。队列长度减1,ID序列中将末端离队车辆的物理ID清除。头车将更新完成标志发给离队车后,完成该过程。
队列车辆在接收到队列管理层发送的控制器选择指令后,车辆控制层会调用相应的纵横向控制策略,实现对车辆的纵横向精准控制。本章对队列控制层的控制策略进行介绍,包括车辆纵向控制策略和横向控制策略,以及通信丢包时,基于卡尔曼滤波的头车加速度预测方法。
队列控制系统纵向控制器包括CACC、ACC以及定速巡航控制(Cruise Control,CC),使用比例-积分-微分控制器(Proportional-Integral-Derivative,PID)对车辆进行控制,间距策略示意图如图9所示。
期望跟车间距可以表示为:
ldes=hvi·l0
式中:ldes为两车期望间距,h为车头时距,vi为自车速度,l0为两车间的最小安全间距。
CACC和ACC采用的是固定时距策略,通过间距策略计算得到期望跟车距离。
队列稳定行驶采用的CACC控制器PID模型如图10所示。图中al为头车加速度,vrlr分别为与前车的相对速度和相对距离,vi为自车速度,Wi为误差权重模块,ei为加权后的误差,Hi为间距策略模块,Gi为车辆动力学模块。
在车辆接收到入队指令但还未进入队列或者接收到离队指令但未离开队列时,需要使用ACC控制器缩短或拉开间距,同时也用作遇到他车插入队列或是通信故障时暂时采取的控制策略,ACC控制器的PID模型如图11所示。
在车辆进入自动驾驶模式后起步或者需要按照给定车速行驶时会使用CC控制器。此外,在较远距离(大于50 m)入队时,为避免ACC控制器产生较大加速度,采用一个特殊的CC控制器,称为速度偏置定速巡航控制器(Velocity-offset Cruise Control,VCC),其期望速度vdes为:
vdes=vl+n
式中:vl为头车速度;n为速度偏置常数,其为标定值,本文试验中取3 m/s。
CC控制器的PID模型如图12所示。
本文中横向控制器即为队列车道保持控制器,即车辆队列在没有驾驶员操控,也不处于换道状态时的默认横向控制策略。
横向控制器首先根据车载相机给出车道中心线方程,根据中心线方程计算出给定预瞄距离下的横向偏差ey,用纯跟踪轨迹跟踪算法来计算车辆转向盘转角。
相机获取的车道线方程如下:
Y=C0+C1·X+C2·X2+C3·X3
式中:C0为车辆距离车道线距离,C1为车辆相对于车道线航向角,C2为车道线曲率,C3为车道线曲率变化率。
由于预瞄点与车辆之间的夹角α很小,近似预瞄距离ld为纵向距离,可以求得横向偏差ey如下:
${e}_{y}={C}_{0}+{C}_{1}·{l}_{d}+{C}_{2}·{l}_{d}^{2}+{C}_{3}·{l}_{d}^{3}$
根据几何关系推导轨迹曲率ρ与预瞄横向偏差ey和预瞄距离ld之间的关系:
$\rho =\frac{2{e}_{y}}{{l}_{d}^{2}}$
又根据阿克曼几何关系,转向盘转角$\delta $与轨迹曲率之间的关系满足:
$\rho =\frac{\delta }{iL}$
式中:i为转向传动机构传动比,L为车辆轴距。
最终可以得到转向盘转角的计算公式:
$\delta =\frac{2iL{e}_{y}}{{l}_{d}^{2}}$
队列稳定行驶时的CACC控制器依靠V2V通信获取头车加速度,而通信丢包对其产生影响,因此为保证通信丢包条件下,队列行驶过程中的跟随稳定性,设计基于卡尔曼滤波的头车加速度预测方法。
首先定义车辆的状态向量xk和观测向量zk如下:
${x}_{k}=\left[\begin{array}{l}{p}_{k}\\ {v}_{k}\\ {a}_{k}\end{array}\right]$
${z}_{k}=\left[\begin{array}{l}{p}_{k}\\ {v}_{k}\end{array}\right]$
式中:pk为车辆位置,vk为车辆速度,ak为车辆加速度。
状态转移方程和观测方程为:
xk+1=Axk+Buk+wk
zk=Hxk+vk
式中:A为状态转移矩阵,B为控制输入矩阵(在无外部控制输入的情况下可以忽略),H为观测矩阵,wkvk分别为过程噪声和观测噪声,矩阵形式为:
$A=\left[\begin{array}{ccc}1& \Delta t& \frac{1}{2}\Delta {t}^{2}\\ 0& 1& \Delta t\\ 0& 0& 1\end{array}\right]$
$H=\left[\begin{array}{ccc}1& 0& 0\\ 0& 1& 0\end{array}\right]$
然后通过卡尔曼滤波进行预测和更新,预测步骤为:
${\widehat{x}}_{k+1}=A{x}_{k}+B{u}_{k}$
Pk+1=APkAT+Q
更新步骤为:
${K}_{k+1}={P}_{k+1\left|k\right.}{H}^{T}(H{P}_{k+1\left|k\right.}{H}^{T}{+R)}^{-1}$
${\widehat{x}}_{k+1}={\widehat{x}}_{k+1\left|k\right.}+{K}_{k+1}({z}_{k+1}-H{\widehat{x}}_{k+1\left|k\right.})$
${P}_{k+1}=(I-{K}_{k+1}H){P}_{k+1\left|k\right.}$
式中:${\widehat{x}}_{k}$为估计的状态向量,Pk为状态协方差矩阵,Q为过程噪声协方差矩阵,R为观测噪声协方差矩阵,Kk为卡尔曼增益矩阵,I为单位矩阵。
最后通过预测步骤预测未来(k+j)时刻的头车加速度:
${\widehat{a}}_{k+j|k}=\left[\begin{array}{ccc}0& 0& 1\end{array}\right] {\widehat{x}}_{k+j|k}$
队列内通信正常时,使用V2V通信获取的头车加速度进行纵向队列控制;当检测到通信丢包时,使用预测的头车加速度进行纵向队列控制。
本节对3辆纯电重载牵引卡车进行改装,包括传感器系统、执行系统、控制器以及人机交互系统的硬件改装,各硬件之间通过CAN通信实现信息交互,其结构如图13所示,硬件布置方案如图14所示,3辆车布置方案相同。
其中,毫米波雷达安装在车辆前保险杠面罩中心处,摄像头安装在前风窗玻璃中间,队列控制器和通信终端的主机安装在驾驶员后方卧铺厢内,通信终端自带天线安装在车辆顶端。另外,队列CAN和底盘A-CAN的2个CAN通道均预留调试接口,从卧铺厢内接出,可以通过CAN卡连接笔记本电脑,方便进行调试和烧写程序。
毫米波雷达用于检测自车与前车的相对距离和相对速度,为跟随车的纵向控制提供信息。队列车辆需通过单目视觉相机获取道路车道线信息,获取车辆横向控制所需的控制参数。
队列内各车辆之间需通过通信终端进行V2V通信,各通信终端之间交互的信息主要包括指令信息和各车的状态信息。指令信息如领航车发送的队列整体行为变更信息;状态信息既包括车辆的物理状态,如自车编号、车速、加速度等,也包括自车队列行为的状态,如开始入队、入队完成等。云端OBU与车载终端之间交互的信息主要为云端通过通信终端下发的指令。
本文使用的执行系统为陕汽德创未来汽车科技有限公司生产的纯电动重载牵引卡车,该执行系统为线性执行系统,包括VCU以及线性驱动系统、线性挡位系统、线性电动助力转向系统和线性电子制动系统,负责车辆的驱制动、换挡以及转向。
本文开发的车辆队列试验平台支持驾驶员驾驶和自动驾驶2种模式,因此需设计人机交互系统,以满足试验过程中2种驾驶模式切换的需求,其相关交互逻辑如图15图16所示。在自动驾驶模式下,可通过底盘VCU实现对商用车队列执行系统的纵横向控制。
3辆队列试验车,按前后位置规定为1车、2车和3车,每辆车均需配备驾驶员,队列1车在试验过程中由驾驶员驾驶,队列2车和3车在试验前由驾驶员驾驶以将车辆居中停放至同一车道,调整初始间距,试验开始时进入自动驾驶模式。给出多行为联合试验的流程如表1所示。
此外通过对通信终端天线的遮挡,影响其高频通信信号来产生通信丢包,截取一段时间内2车发出信息的通信生命信号和接收来自1车、3车信息的通信生命信号如图17所示。通信正常时,生命信号为从0到3的循环数,图中2车发出信息的生命信号密集表示2车通信发送正常,而2车收到1车和3车信息的生命信号均出现间断,表面该处出现通信丢包现象,如接收1车的209 s和接收3车的223 s等。
本文进行了300余次不同速度间距下的实车道路调试和测试,给出最高时速80 km/h的测试结果如下。
图18展示了试验中云端指令、行为完成标志、队列信息更新标志、队列长度以及队列ID序列的变化。同时图18也展示了试验中头车所管理的队列信息的变化,队列信息的每次变化都是与队列信息更新标志同步的。初始时刻队列长度为1,ID序列仅在第一位有1车物理ID信息。在t1t2时刻,云端分别发送1车2车组队和3车尾部入队指令,行为完成后,均有行为完成标志和队列信息更新标志跳变,队列长度增加,ID序列也相应扩充,队列进入稳定行驶状态。在t4t5时刻,云端分别发送3车和2车尾部离队指令,同样地,行为完成后,也有行为完成标志和队列信息更新标志跳变,队列长度减小,ID序列也相应清零,队列内各车进入自由行驶状态。
图19将2车和3车的特征变化放在同一张图进行展示,以更好的展现两车的切换同步关系。在组队(t1)和入队(t2)指令发出后,由于距离前车距离超过50 m,2车和3车控制器首先由CC控制器切换为VCC拉近0与前车距离,然后依次切换为ACC和CACC,进入稳定行驶状态,2车和3车角色由自由车切换为跟随车。云端下发离队指令,即t4t5时刻,离队车辆控制器切换为ACC拉开与前车间距至阈值后完成离队,控制器切换为CC,角色由跟随车切换为自由车。图18图19的结果表明,所研发的商用车队列控制系统可以应对多种队列行为的连续进行,并保证每种队列行为执行过程的正确性。
图20展示了联合试验过程中速度和距离的变化曲线,图21展示了2车和3车相对于头车的速度误差和间距误差。t3之前,3辆车处于起步、组队以及尾部入队阶段。在组队和尾部入队阶段,3车、2车均加速缩短与前车间距,与图中各自车速和车距曲线对应。t3之后,队列内3辆车开始稳定行驶,头车进行阶梯加减速,以验证所设计的商用车队列控制系统对于车速波动和不同车速下的控制效果。车速和车速误差曲线表明,对于头车20~80 km/h的阶梯式加、减速,2辆跟随车均可以较好地跟随,稳定行驶状态下3辆车车速基本保持一致,2车速度平均误差为0.62 km/h,最大误差为4.2 km/h;3车速度平均误差为1.55 km/h,最大误差虽为7.75 km/h,但其可以迅速减小。而车距曲线表明,随着车速增大,期望车距按照间距策略随之增大,且可以很快保持稳定。
本文提出可拓展式队列控制系统分层架构,适用于包括常规行为、紧急行为和容错行为在内的队列行为,使车辆队列控制系统具有可拓展性和通用性。通过对队列行为执行过程的解耦,设计可拓展式队列行为结构和常见队列行为执行策略,并设计车辆队列纵横向控制器和头车加速度预测方法,满足通信丢包条件下队列行为的决策和精准控制。最后,搭建队列实车试验平台,将所提出的控制方法应用到实车平台上,在通信丢包条件下进行实车道路测试,结果表明:所提出的车辆队列控制方法可以安全有效地完成组队、尾部入队等常见队列行为,且稳定行驶过程中的控制误差较小,验证了所提出控制方法在实车试验平台上的有效性、安全性和实时性。
  • *国家自然科学基金创新研究群体项目(52221005)
  • 北京市科技新星计划(20220484040)
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doi: 10.19620/j.cnki.1000-3703.20240993
  • 首发时间:2025-10-28
  • 出版时间:2025-07-24
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  • 修回日期:2025-02-10
基金
*国家自然科学基金创新研究群体项目(52221005)
北京市科技新星计划(20220484040)
作者信息
    1 中国农业大学工学院, 北京 100083
    2 清华大学车辆与运载学院, 北京 100084
    3 小米汽车科技有限公司, 北京 100085

通讯作者:

孔伟伟(1987—),副教授,主要研究方向为智能网联车辆、自动驾驶车辆、智能农机多机协同,
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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genus
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Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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